A Comprehensive Pharmacological and Clinical Monograph on Plantago Seed (Psyllium)

Botanical Origin and Substance Identification

The therapeutic agent commonly known as Plantago seed or psyllium is a natural product with a long history of use in traditional medicine that has transitioned into a well-established, evidence-based therapy in modern clinical practice. Its identity is complex, defined by a variety of names, multiple botanical source species, and specific pharmacopoeial characteristics. A precise understanding of its origin and identification is fundamental to its safe and effective use.

Nomenclature, Synonyms, and Commercial Identity

The substance is derived from the seeds of plants belonging to the Plantago genus and is referred to by a wide array of names that reflect its global use and different preparations.[1] While "Plantago seed" is a correct botanical descriptor, the most prevalent common name in commerce and clinical literature is "psyllium".[1] Other significant synonyms include Ispaghula or Isabgol, particularly in the context of its use in South Asia, and Fleaseed, a historical European term.[3]

It is critical to distinguish between the different parts of the seed used therapeutically. The term "psyllium husk" or "seed coat" refers specifically to the episperm and collapsed adjacent layers removed from the ripe seeds.[1] This husk is the primary source of the active mucilaginous fiber and is the component most frequently used in over-the-counter laxative preparations and dietary supplements.[1] "Psyllium seed" may refer to the whole, dried, ripe seed, which contains the husk as well as the nutrient-rich endosperm and embryo.[6] "Psyllium gum" typically refers to the extracted and purified polysaccharide mucilage itself.[8]