Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorp...
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
SAMU 31 Hôpital PURPAN, Toulouse, France
Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States
Capital Health -QE II HSC, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre / Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
GSK Investigational Site, Zwolle, Netherlands
Johns Hopkins University (BPRU) Bayview Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States
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