Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorp...
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Newfoundland Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation, St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
Washington DC VA, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
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