Comprehensive Monograph: Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃)

1.0 Executive Summary

Silver nitrate () is an inorganic compound with a long and multifaceted history in medicine, valued primarily as a topical anti-infective and chemical cauterizing agent.[1] Its therapeutic utility is derived from the potent, dual-action biological activity of the free silver ion (

), which is released upon dissolution in an aqueous environment.[2] This monograph provides a comprehensive analysis of its chemical properties, pharmacology, clinical applications, toxicology, and regulatory status.

The compound's mechanism of action is twofold. It exerts a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and some viruses through multiple pathways, including the disruption of microbial proteins via binding to sulfhydryl groups, the destabilization of cell membranes, and the inhibition of DNA replication.[3] Concurrently, its caustic action on mammalian tissue results from the coagulation of cellular proteins to form a protective eschar. This process facilitates chemical debridement and provides effective hemostasis for minor capillary bleeding.[3]

Primary clinical applications are focused on topical treatments where both antimicrobial and caustic effects are desired. These include the cauterization of wounds, management of hypergranulation tissue, treatment of ulcers, control of epistaxis, and the removal of verrucae (warts) and skin tags.[7]