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Icaridin, also known as Picaridin or hydroxy-ethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, is a cyclic amine and a member of the piperidine chemical family. Piperidines are structural components of piperine, which is a plant extract from the genus _Piper _, or pepper. Icaridin has been commonly used as a topically-applied insect repellent in various countries but was officially licensed for use in the United States in 2001 and Canada in 2012 . Icaridin was synthesized by Bayer in the 1980s based on molecular modeling . It is considered to be the first choice of repellent by the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Canadian Advisory Committee on Tropical Medicine and Travel for travelers six months to 12 years of age . Icaridin is reported to be less irritating than Diethyltoluamide, another common insect repellant, and products containing up to 20% of icaridin are considered safe for long-term use in adults .
Icaridin, also known as Picaridin or hydroxy-ethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, is a cyclic amine and a member of the piperidine chemical family. Piperidines are structural components of piperine, which is a plant extract from the genus _Piper _, or pepper. Icaridin has been commonly used as a topically-applied insect repellent in various countries but was officially licensed for use in the United States in 2001 and Canada in 2012 . Icaridin was synthesized by Bayer in the 1980s based on molecular modeling . It is considered to be the first choice of repellent by the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Canadian Advisory Committee on Tropical Medicine and Travel for travelers six months to 12 years of age . Icaridin is reported to be less irritating than Diethyltoluamide, another common insect repellant, and products containing up to 20% of icaridin are considered safe for long-term use in adults .
The exact mechanism and target molecules of icaridin repelling insects are not fully understood; it is presumed that piperine interacts with the olfactory system consisting of odorant receptors (ORs) that need a common co-receptor (ORCO), and of ionotropic receptors (IR) , leading to the insect's inability to recognize its host's cues . It is also suggested that icaridin may bind to odorant binding protein 1 (AgamOBP1) at different binding sites . A study demonstrated that icaridin inhibited the odorant-induced responses of AaOR2 and AaOR8 expressed in Xenopus oocytes, leading to altered olfactory inputs by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) .
Icaridin is indicated for use to repel insects, such as mosquitoes, biting flies, ticks, chiggers, and fleas, via topical use or over clothing .
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