References discuss periodontitis, RANKL/OPG regulation by Porphyromonas gingivalis, silibinin's anti-inflammatory effects, oxidative injury in periodontal diseases, mesenchymal stem cell therapy, 2D/3D culture impacts, organ-on-a-chip applications, periodontal tissue regeneration, local adjuncts in periodontal therapy, icariin's benefits, microfluidic platforms, 3D cell printing, hMSC cocultures, osteogenesis regulation, quercetin and catechin effects, nanoemulgel development, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling.