Propylene glycol

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Vitamin D3-loaded ethosomes were prepared using a cold technique with varying soya lecithin concentrations, achieving high entrapment efficiency. The optimal formulation, ED3-7, showed significant drug entrapment and controlled release. Ethosomes demonstrated high skin permeability and were non-irritating to rabbit skin, indicating potential for transdermal delivery.

Simvastatin solubility in cinnamon oil (61.93 ± 4.04 mg/mL) and clove oil (56.356 ± 5.26 mg/mL) surpasses other oils, selected for SNEDDS. Ethyl oleate chosen for its lymphatic pathway stimulation. Non-ionic surfactants like Tween 20, Cremophor RH40, and Tween 80 evaluated; Transcutol-P (194.92 ± 4.09 mg/mL) and Labrasol (76.09 ± 1.4 mg/mL) top co-surfactants. Essential oils show higher emulsification efficiency. SNEDDS stability tested under stress conditions; essential oil-based systems robust against 1000x dilution. Self-emulsification efficiency high, droplet size crucial for in-vivo performance. Simvastatin release from SNEDDS significantly higher than drug suspension. Selected formulations CL 14 and EO 5 stable, effective in reducing hyperlipidemia and enhancing simvastatin bioavailability.