Interventions for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) include augmentation and switch pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The STAR*D study guided TRD treatment for 20 years, showing difficulty in achieving remission. Since then, new treatments like atypical antipsychotic augmentation, intranasal esketamine, and rTMS have emerged, with rTMS being a significant advancement due to its efficacy and neuroscience-based tools for optimization. Recent studies like Dalhuisen et al. and ASCERTAIN-TRD suggest rTMS is more effective than pharmacotherapy in TRD, potentially positioning it earlier in treatment algorithms.