2024 research on multiple sclerosis (MS) revealed new treatments and insights, including the discovery of progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA), genetic risk factors brought into Europe by ancient herders, and a specific autoantibody signature detectable before clinical symptoms. Investigational treatments like frexalimab and tolebrutinib showed promise, while revised diagnostic criteria incorporating new biomarkers were proposed. High-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) were found to reduce relapse risks and long-term disability, especially when started early. Other studies explored cancer risks, comorbidities, intermittent fasting, and the safety of COVID boosters in MS patients.