Hydromorphone is a pure opioid, a semi-synthetic hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine that has been available clinically since 1920. Structurally, hydromorphone derived from morphine in the modification of the hydroxyl group in the carbon 6 to a carbonyl and the absence of a double bond between the carbon 7 and 8. Due to these modifications, it present...
Hydromorphone is indicated for the management of moderate to severe acute pain and severe chronic pain. Due to its addictive potential and overdose risk, hydromorphone is only prescribed when other first-line treatments have failed.
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A.O. Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italia, Italy
Ospedale di Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
Ospedale Magati, Scandiano, Italia, Italy
Montefiore Medical Center Moses Emegency Department, Bronx, New York, United States
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
North Central Bronx Hospital, Bronx, New York, United States
Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States
Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States
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