Tantalum (DB12859): A Comprehensive Analysis of a Pivotal Biomaterial in Modern Medicine

Executive Summary

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of Tantalum (DrugBank ID: DB12859), a metallic element that has become a cornerstone material in modern medicine. While cataloged in pharmaceutical-centric databases, Tantalum is not a pharmacologically active small molecule in the conventional sense. Its therapeutic and clinical value is derived not from metabolic interaction but from a unique combination of physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties that make it an exemplary material for implantable medical devices.[1] Its role is primarily structural and bio-interactive.

Tantalum's preeminence as a biomaterial is founded on its exceptional biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, attributes that stem from the spontaneous formation of a chemically inert and highly stable surface layer of tantalum pentoxide ($Ta_2O_5$).[2] This passive layer prevents the release of metallic ions into the body, mitigating the risk of inflammation, toxicity, and immune response. A key innovation has been the development of porous Tantalum, an open-cell structure that mimics the architecture of cancellous bone. This biomimetic design possesses a low modulus of elasticity, which minimizes stress shielding, and provides an osteoconductive scaffold that promotes robust bone in-growth for long-term biological fixation.[4] Furthermore, its high atomic density confers excellent radiopacity, making it easily visible under X-ray imaging and enhancing surgical precision.[6]

These properties have led to its widespread adoption across numerous medical disciplines. It is used extensively in orthopedics for hip, knee, and spinal implants; in dentistry for enhancing osseointegration; in cardiovascular medicine for stents and pacemaker casings; and as high-precision radiopaque markers for guiding minimally invasive procedures.[6]