- Approval Id
- 1acd665aff835629
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Aloxi 250 micrograms solution for injection
- Drug Name
- Aloxi 250 micrograms solution for injection
- Company Name
- Chugai Pharma UK Limited
- Company Address
- Mulliner House, Flanders Road, Turnham Green, London, W4 1NN
- Company Website
- http://www.chugai.eu/our-medicines/uk/
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0)208 987 5600
- Company Medical Info Email
- medinfo@chugai-pharm.co.uk
- Atc Code
- A04AA05
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Helsinn Birex Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Damastown
Mulhuddart
Dublin 15
Ireland
- Authorisation Number
- PLGB 12333/0014
- Authorisation Date
- 01/01/2021
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Helsinn Birex Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Damastown
Mulhuddart
Dublin 15
Ireland
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PLGB 12333/0014
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 01/01/2021
- Instruction Composition
- Each ml of solution contains 50 micrograms palonosetron (as hydrochloride).
Each vial of 5 ml of solution contains 250 micrograms palonosetron (as hydrochloride).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Solution for injection.
Clear, colourless solution.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Aloxi is indicated in adults for:
• the prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy,
• the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.
Aloxi is indicated in paediatric patients 1 month of age and older for:
• the prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy and prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.4.2 Posology and method of administration
Aloxi should be used only before chemotherapy administration. This medicinal product should be administered by a healthcare professional under appropriate medical supervision.
Posology
\*Adults\*
250 micrograms palonosetron administered as a single intravenous bolus approximately 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapy. Aloxi should be injected over 30 seconds.
The efficacy of Aloxi in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by highly emetogenic chemotherapy may be enhanced by the addition of a corticosteroid administered prior to chemotherapy.
\*Elderly people\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for the elderly.
\*Paediatric population\*
\*Children and Adolescents (aged 1 month to 17 years):\*
20 micrograms/kg (the maximum total dose should not exceed 1500 micrograms) palonosetron administered as a single 15 minute intravenous infusion beginning approximately 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapy.
The safety and efficacy of Aloxi in children aged less than 1 month have not been established. No data are available. There are limited data on the use of Aloxi in the prevention of nausea and vomiting in children under 2 years of age.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired hepatic function.
\*Renal impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired renal function.
No data are available for patients with end stage renal disease undergoing haemodialysis.
Method of administration
For intravenous use.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
As palonosetron may increase large bowel transit time, patients with a history of constipation or signs of subacute intestinal obstruction should be monitored following administration. Two cases of constipation with faecal impaction requiring hospitalisation have been reported in association with palonosetron 750 micrograms.
At all dose levels tested, palonosetron did not induce clinically relevant prolongation of the QTc interval. A specific thorough QT/QTc study was conducted in healthy volunteers for definitive data demonstrating the effect of palonosetron on QT/QTc (see section 5.1).
However, as for other 5-HT3 antagonists, caution should be exercised in the use of palonosetron in patients who have or are likely to develop prolongation of the QT interval. These conditions include patients with a personal or family history of QT prolongation, electrolyte abnormalities, congestive heart failure, bradyarrhythmias, conduction disturbances and in patients taking anti- arrhythmic agents or other medicinal products that lead to QT prolongation or electrolyte abnormalities. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia should be corrected prior to 5-HT3-antagonist administration.
There have been reports of serotonin syndrome with the use of 5-HT3 antagonists either alone or in combination with other serotonergic drugs (including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Appropriate observation of patients for serotonin syndrome-like symptoms is advised.
Aloxi should not be used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting in the days following chemotherapy if not associated with another chemotherapy administration.
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per vial, i.e. essentially 'sodium- free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Palonosetron is mainly metabolised by CYP2D6, with minor contribution by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 isoenzymes. Based on \*in vitro\* studies, palonosetron does not inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 isoenzyme at clinically relevant concentrations.
Chemotherapeutic agents
In preclinical studies, palonosetron did not inhibit the antitumour activity of the five chemotherapeutic agents tested (cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, doxorubicin and mitomycin C).
Metoclopramide
In a clinical study, no significant pharmacokinetic interaction was shown between a single intravenous dose of palonosetron and steady state concentration of oral metoclopramide, which is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
CYP2D6 inducers and inhibitors
In a population pharmacokinetic analysis, it has been shown that there was no significant effect on palonosetron clearance when co-administered with CYP2D6 inducers (dexamethasone and rifampicin) and inhibitors (including amiodarone, celecoxib, chlorpromazine, cimetidine, doxorubicin, fluoxetine, haloperidol, paroxetine, quinidine, ranitidine, ritonavir, sertraline or terbinafine).
Corticosteroids
Palonosetron has been administered safely with corticosteroids.
Serotonergic Drugs (e.g. SSRIs and SNRIs)
There have been reports of serotonin syndrome following concomitant use of 5-HT3 antagonists and other serotonergic drugs (including SSRIs and SNRIs).
Other medicinal products
Palonosetron has been administered safely with analgesics, antiemetic/antinauseants, antispasmodics and anticholinergic medicinal products.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
For Palonosetron no clinical data on exposed pregnancies are available.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development. Only limited data from animal studies are available regarding the placental transfer (see section 5.3).
There is no experience of palonosetron in human pregnancy. Therefore, palonosetron should not be used in pregnant women unless it is considered essential by the physician.
Breast-feeding
As there are no data concerning palonosetron excretion in breast milk, breast- feeding should be discontinued during therapy.
Fertility
There are no data concerning the effect of palonosetron on fertility.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
Since palonosetron may induce dizziness, somnolence or fatigue, patients should be cautioned when driving or operating machines.4.8 Undesirable effects
In clinical studies in adults at a dose of 250 micrograms (total 633 patients) the most frequently observed adverse reactions, at least possibly related to Aloxi, were headache (9 %) and constipation (5 %).
In the clinical studies the following adverse reactions (ARs) were observed as possibly or probably related to Aloxi. These were classified as common (≥1/100 to <1/10) or uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100). Very rare (<1/10,000) adverse reactions were reported post-marketing.
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented below in order of decreasing seriousness.
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* | \*\*Common ARs\*\* \*\*(\*\*≥\*\*1/100 to<1/10)\*\* | \*\*Uncommon ARs\*\* \*\*(\*\*≥\*\*1/1,000 to <1/100)\*\* | \*\*Very rare ARs°\*\* \*\*(<1/10,000)\*\* |
| Immune system disorders | | | Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, anaphylactic/ anaphylactoid reactions and shock |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | | Hyperkalaemia, metabolic disorders, hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, anorexia, hyperglycaemia, appetite decreased | |
| Psychiatric disorders | | Anxiety, euphoric mood | |
| Nervous system disorders | Headache Dizziness | Somnolence, insomnia, paraesthesia, hypersomnia, peripheral sensory neuropathy | |
| Eye disorders | | Eye irritation, amblyopia | |
| Ear and labyrinth disorders | | Motion sickness, tinnitus | |
| Cardiac disorders | | Tachycardia, bradycardia, extrasystoles, myocardial ischaemia, sinus tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia, supraventricular extrasystoles | |
| Vascular disorders | | Hypotension, hypertension, vein discolouration, vein distended | |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | | Hiccups | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Constipation Diarrhoea | Dyspepsia, abdominal pain, abdominal pain upper, dry mouth, flatulence | |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | | Hyperbilirubinaemia | |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | | Dermatitis allergic, pruritic rash | |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | | Arthralgia | |
| Renal and urinary disorders | | Urinary retention, glycosuria | |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | | Asthenia, pyrexia, fatigue, feeling hot, influenza like illness | Injection site reaction\\* |
| Investigations | | Elevated transaminases-, electrocardiogram QT prolonged | |
° From post-marketing experience
\\* Includes the following: burning, induration, discomfort and pain
\*Paediatric population\*
In paediatric clinical trials for the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy, 402 patients received a single dose of palonosetron (3, 10 or 20 mcg/kg). The following common or uncommon adverse reactions were reported for palonosetron, none were reported at a frequency of >1%.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* | \*\*Common ARs\*\* \*\*(\*\*≥\*\*1/100 to<1/10)\*\* | \*\*Uncommon ARs\*\* \*\*(\*\*≥\*\*1/1,000 to <1/100)\*\* |
| Nervous system disorders | Headache | Dizziness, dyskinesia |
| Cardiac disorders | | Electrocardiogram QT prolonged conduction disorder, sinus tachycardia |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | | Cough, dyspnoea, epistaxis |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | | Dermatitis allergic, pruritus, skin disorder, urticaria |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | | Pyrexia, infusion site pain, infusion site reaction, pain |
Adverse reactions were evaluated in paediatric patients receiving palonosetron for up to 4 chemotherapy cycles.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.4.9 Overdose
No case of overdose has been reported.
Doses of up to 6 mg have been used in adult clinical studies. The highest dose group showed a similar incidence of adverse reactions compared to the other dose groups and no dose response effects were observed. In the unlikely event of overdose with Aloxi, this should be managed with supportive care. Dialysis studies have not been performed, however, due to the large volume of distribution, dialysis is unlikely to be an effective treatment for Aloxi overdose.
\*Paediatric population\*
No case of overdose has been reported in paediatric clinical studies.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antiemetics and antinauseants, serotonin (5HT3) antagonists. ATC code: A04AA05
Palonosetron is a selective high-affinity receptor antagonist of the 5HT3 receptor.
In two randomised, double-blind studies with a total of 1,132 patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy that included cisplatin ≤50 mg/m2, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide ≤1,500 mg/m2 and doxorubicin >25 mg/m2, palonosetron 250 micrograms and 750 micrograms were compared with ondansetron 32 mg (half-life 4 hours) or dolasetron 100 mg (half-life 7.3 hours) administered intravenously on Day 1, without dexamethasone.
In a randomised, double-blind study with a total of 667 patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy that included cisplatin ≥ 60 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide > 1,500 mg/m2 and dacarbazine, palonosetron 250 micrograms and 750 micrograms were compared with ondansetron 32 mg administered intravenously on Day 1. Dexamethasone was administered prophylactically before chemotherapy in 67 % of patients.
The pivotal studies were not designed to assess efficacy of palonosetron in delayed onset nausea and vomiting. The antiemetic activity was observed during 0-24 hours, 24-120 hours and 0-120 hours. Results for the studies on moderately emetogenic chemotherapy and for the study on highly emetogenic chemotherapy are summarised in the following tables.
Palonosetron was non-inferior versus the comparators in the acute phase of emesis both in moderately and highly emetogenic setting.
Although comparative efficacy of palonosetron in multiple cycles has not been demonstrated in controlled clinical studies, 875 patients enrolled in the three phase 3 trials continued in an open label safety study and were treated with palonosetron 750 micrograms for up to 9 additional cycles of chemotherapy. The overall safety was maintained during all cycles.
\*\*Table 1: Percentage of patients a responding by treatment group and phase in the Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy study versus ondansetron\*\*
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Aloxi 250 micrograms (n= 189) | Ondansetron 32 milligrams (n= 185) | Delta | |
| | % | % | % | |
| \*\*Complete Response (No Emesis and No Rescue Medication)\*\* | | | | \*\*97.5 % CI\*\* b |
| 0 – 24 hours | 81.0 | 68.6 | 12.4 | [1.8 %, 22.8 %] |
| 24 – 120 hours | 74.1 | 55.1 | 19.0 | [7.5 %, 30.3 %] |
| 0 – 120 hours | 69.3 | 50.3 | 19.0 | [7.4 %, 30.7 %] |
| \*\*Complete Control (Complete Response and No More Than Mild Nausea)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 76.2 | 65.4 | 10.8 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 66.7 | 50.3 | 16.4 | 0.001 |
| 0 – 120 hours | 63.0 | 44.9 | 18.1 | 0.001 |
| \*\*No Nausea (Likert Scale)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 60.3 | 56.8 | 3.5 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 51.9 | 39.5 | 12.4 | NS |
| 0 – 120 hours | 45.0 | 36.2 | 8.8 | NS |
\*\*a\*\* Intent-to-treat cohort.
b The study was designed to show non-inferiority. A lower bound greater than –15 % demonstrates non-inferiority between Aloxi and comparator.
c Chi-square test. Significance level at α=0.05.
\*\*Table 2: Percentage of patients a responding by treatment group and phase in the Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy study versus dolasetron\*\*
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Aloxi 250 micrograms (n= 185) | Dolasetron 100 milligrams (n= 191) | Delta | |
| | % | % | % | |
| \*\*Complete Response (No Emesis and No Rescue Medication)\*\* | | | | \*\*97.5 % CI\*\* b |
| 0 – 24 hours | 63.0 | 52.9 | 10.1 | [-1.7 %, 21.9 %] |
| 24 – 120 hours | 54.0 | 38.7 | 15.3 | [3.4 %, 27.1 %] |
| 0 – 120 hours | 46.0 | 34.0 | 12.0 | [0.3 %, 23.7 %] |
| \*\*Complete Control (Complete Response and No More Than Mild Nausea)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 57.1 | 47.6 | 9.5 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 48.1 | 36.1 | 12.0 | 0.018 |
| 0 – 120 hours | 41.8 | 30.9 | 10.9 | 0.027 |
| \*\*No Nausea (Likert Scale)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 48.7 | 41.4 | 7.3 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 41.8 | 26.2 | 15.6 | 0.001 |
| 0 – 120 hours | 33.9 | 22.5 | 11.4 | 0.014 |
\*\*a\*\* Intent-to-treat cohort.
b The study was designed to show non-inferiority. A lower bound greater than –15 % demonstrates non-inferiority between Aloxi and comparator.
c Chi-square test. Significance level at α=0.05.
\*\*Table 3: Percentage of patients a responding by treatment group and phase in the Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy study versus ondansetron\*\*
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Aloxi 250 micrograms (n= 223) | Ondansetron 32 milligrams (n= 221) | Delta | |
| | % | % | % | |
| \*\*Complete Response (No Emesis and No Rescue Medication)\*\* | | | | \*\*97.5 % CI\*\* b |
| 0 – 24 hours | 59.2 | 57.0 | 2.2 | [-8.8 %, 13.1 %] |
| 24 – 120 hours | 45.3 | 38.9 | 6.4 | [-4.6 %, 17.3 %] |
| 0 – 120 hours | 40.8 | 33.0 | 7.8 | [-2.9 %, 18.5 %] |
| \*\*Complete Control (Complete Response and No More Than Mild Nausea)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 56.5 | 51.6 | 4.9 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 40.8 | 35.3 | 5.5 | NS |
| 0 – 120 hours | 37.7 | 29.0 | 8.7 | NS |
| \*\*No Nausea (Likert Scale)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 53.8 | 49.3 | 4.5 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 35.4 | 32.1 | 3.3 | NS |
| 0 – 120 hours | 33.6 | 32.1 | 1.5 | NS |
\*\*a\*\* Intent-to-treat cohort.
b The study was designed to show non-inferiority. A lower bound greater than –15 % demonstrates non-inferiority between Aloxi and comparator.
c Chi-square test. Significance level at α=0.05.
The effect of palonosetron on blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG parameters including QTc were comparable to ondansetron and dolasetron in CINV clinical studies. In non-clinical studies palonosetron possesses the ability to block ion channels involved in ventricular de- and re-polarisation and to prolong action potential duration.
The effect of palonosetron on QTc interval was evaluated in a double blind, randomised, parallel, placebo and positive (moxifloxacin) controlled trial in adult men and women. The objective was to evaluate the ECG effects of IV administered palonosetron at single doses of 0.25, 0.75 or 2.25 mg in 221 healthy subjects. The study demonstrated no effect on QT/QTc interval duration as well as any other ECG interval at doses up to 2.25 mg. No clinically significant changes were shown on heart rate, atrioventricular (AV) conduction and cardiac repolarisation.
\*Paediatric population\*
Prevention of Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV):
The safety and efficacy of Palonosetron i.v at single doses of 3 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg was investigated in the first clinical study in 72 patients in the following age groups, >28 days to 23 months (12 patients), 2 to 11 years (31 patients), and 12 to 17 years of age (29 patients), receiving highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. No safety concerns were raised at either dose level. The primary efficacy variable was the proportion of patients with a complete response (CR, defined as no emetic episode and no rescue medication) during the first 24 hours after the start of chemotherapy administration. Efficacy after palonosetron 10 µg/kg compared to palonosetron 3µg/kg was 54.1% and 37.1% respectively.
The efficacy of Aloxi for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in paediatric cancer patients was demonstrated in a second non- inferiority pivotal trial comparing a single intravenous infusion of palonosetron versus an i.v. ondansetron regimen. A total of 493 paediatric patients, aged 64 days to 16.9 years, receiving moderately (69.2%) or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (30.8%) were treated with palonosetron 10 µg/kg (maximum 0.75 mg), palonosetron 20 µg/kg (maximum 1.5 mg) or ondansetron (3 x 0.15 mg/kg , maximum total dose 32 mg) 30 minutes prior to the start of emetogenic chemotherapy during Cycle 1. Most patients were non- naïve to chemotherapy (78.5%) across all treatment groups. Emetogenic chemotherapies administered included doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (<1500 mg/m2), ifosfamide, cisplatin, dactinomycin, carboplatin, and daunorubicin. Adjuvant corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, were administered with chemotherapy in 55% of patients. The primary efficacy endpoint was Complete Response in the acute phase of the first cycle of chemotherapy, defined as no vomiting, no retching, and no rescue medication in the first 24 hours after starting chemotherapy. Efficacy was based on demonstrating non- inferiority of intravenous palonosetron compared to intravenous ondansetron. Non-inferiority criteria were met if the lower bound of the 97.5% confidence interval for the difference in Complete Response rates of intravenous palonosetron minus intravenous ondansetron was larger than -15%. In the palonosetron 10 µg/kg, 20 µg/kg and ondansetron groups, the proportion of patients with CR0-24h was 54.2%, 59.4% and 58.6%. Since the 97.5% confidence interval (stratum adjusted Mantel-Haenszel test) of the difference in CR0-24h between palonosetron 20 µg/kg and ondansetron was [-11.7%, 12.4%], the 20 µg/kg palonosetron dose demonstrated non-inferiority to ondansetron.
While this study demonstrated that paediatric patients require a higher palonosetron dose than adults to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, the safety profile is consistent with the established profile in adults (see section 4.8). Pharmacokinetic information is provided in section 5.2.
Prevention of Post Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV):
Two paediatric trials were performed. The safety and efficacy of Palonosetron i.v at single doses of 1µg/kg and 3µg/kg was compared in the first clinical study in 150 patients in the following age groups, >28 days to 23 months (7 patients), 2 to 11 years (96 patients), and 12 to 16 years of age (47 patients) undergoing elective surgery. No safety concerns were raised in either treatment group. The proportion of patients without emesis during 0-72 hours post-operatively was similar after palonosetron 1 µg/kg or 3 µg/kg (88% vs 84%).
The second paediatric,trial was a multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, parallel group, active control, single-dose non-inferiority study, comparing i.v. palonosetron (1 µg/kg, max 0.075 mg) versus I.V. ondansetron. A total of 670 paediatric surgical patients participated, age 30 days to 16.9 years. The primary efficacy endpoint, Complete Response (CR: no vomiting, no retching, and no antiemetic rescue medication) during the first 24 hours postoperatively was achieved in 78.2% of patients in the palonosetron group and 82.7% in the ondansetron group. Given the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of -10%, the stratum adjusted Mantel-Haenszel statistical non- inferiority confidence interval for the difference in the primary endpoint, complete response (CR), was [-10.5, 1.7%], therefore non-inferiority was not demonstrated. No new safety concerns were raised in either treatment group.
Please see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Following intravenous administration, an initial decline in plasma concentrations is followed by slow elimination from the body with a mean terminal elimination half-life of approximately 40 hours. Mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) are generally dose-proportional over the dose range of 0.3–90 µg/kg in healthy subjects and in cancer patients.
Following intravenous administration of palonosetron 0.25 mg once every other day for 3 doses in 11 testicular cancer patients, the mean (± SD) increase in plasma concentration from Day 1 to Day 5 was 42 ± 34 %. After intravenous administration of palonosetron 0.25 mg once daily for 3 days in 12 healthy subjects, the mean (± SD) increase in plasma palonosetron concentration from Day 1 to Day 3 was 110 ± 45 %.
Pharmacokinetic simulations indicate that the overall exposure (AUC0-∞) of 0.25 mg intravenous palonosetron administered once daily for 3 consecutive days was similar to a single intravenous dose of 0.75 mg, although Cmax of the 0.75 mg single dose was higher.
Distribution
Palonosetron at the recommended dose is widely distributed in the body with a volume of distribution of approximately 6.9 to 7.9 l/kg. Approximately 62 % of palonosetron is bound to plasma proteins.
Biotransformation
Palonosetron is eliminated by dual route, about 40 % eliminated through the kidney and with approximately 50 % metabolised to form two primary metabolites, which have less than 1 % of the 5HT3 receptor antagonist activity of palonosetron. \*In vitro\* metabolism studies have shown that CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 isoenzymes are involved in the metabolism of palonosetron. However, clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are not significantly different between poor and extensive metabolisers of CYP2D6 substrates. Palonosetron does not inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 isoenzymes at clinically relevant concentrations.
Elimination
After a single intravenous dose of 10 micrograms/kg [14C]-palonosetron, approximately 80 % of the dose was recovered within 144 hours in the urine with palonosetron representing approximately 40 % of the administered dose, as unchanged active substance. After a single intravenous bolus administration in healthy subjects the total body clearance of palonosetron was 173 ± 73 ml/min and renal clearance was 53 ± 29 ml/min. The low total body clearance and large volume of distribution resulted in a terminal elimination half-life in plasma of approximately 40 hours. Ten percent of patients have a mean terminal elimination half-life greater than 100 hours.
Pharmacokinetics in special populations
\*Elderly people\*
Age does not affect the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron. No dosage adjustment is necessary in elderly patients.
\*Gender\*
Gender does not affect the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron. No dosage adjustment is necessary based on gender.
\*Paediatric population\*
Single-dose i.v. Aloxi pharmacokinetic data was obtained from a subset of paediatric cancer patients (n=280) that received 10 µg/kg or 20 µg/kg. When the dose was increased from10 µg/kg to 20 µg/kg a dose-proportional increase in mean AUC was observed. Following single dose intravenous infusion of Aloxi 20 µg/kg, peak plasma concentrations (CT) reported at the end of the 15 minute infusion were highly variable in all age groups and tended to be lower in patients < 6 years than in older paediatric patients. Median half-life was 29.5 hours in overall age groups and ranged from about 20 to 30 hours across age groups after administration of 20 µg/kg.
The total body clearance (L/h/kg) in patients 12 to 17 years old was similar to that in healthy adults. There are no apparent differences in volume of distribution when expressed as L/kg.
\*\*Table 4: Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Paediatric Cancer Patients following intravenous infusion of Aloxi at 20 µg/kg over 15 min and in Adult Cancer Patients receiving 3 and 10 µg/kg palonosetron doses via intravenous bolus.\*\*
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | \*\*Paediatric Cancer Patientsa\*\* | | | | \*\*Adults Cancer Patientsb\*\* | |
| | \*\*<2 y\*\* | \*\*2 to <6 y\*\* | \*\*6 to <12 y\*\* | \*\*12 to <17 y\*\* | \*\*3.0 µg/kg\*\* | \*\*10 µg/kg\*\* |
| | \*\*N=3\*\* | \*\*N=5\*\* | \*\*N=7\*\* | \*\*N=10\*\* | \*\*N=6\*\* | \*\*N=5\*\* |
| AUC0-∞, h·µg/L | 69.0 (49.5) | 103.5 (40.4) | 98.7 (47.7) | 124.5 (19.1) | 35.8 (20.9) | 81.8 (23.9) |
| t½, hours | 24.0 | 28 | 23.3 | 30.5 | 56.4 (5.81) | 49.8 (14.4) |
| | \*\*N=6\*\* | \*\*N=14\*\* | \*\*N=13\*\* | \*\*N=19\*\* | \*\*N=6\*\* | \*\*N=5\*\* |
| Clearance c, L/h/kg | 0.31 (34.7) | 0.23 (51.3) | 0.19 (46.8) | 0.16 (27.8) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.05) |
| Volume of distribution c, d, L/kg | 6.08 (36.5) | 5.29 (57.8) | 6.26 (40.0) | 6.20 (29.0) | 7.91 (2.53) | 9.56 (4.21) |
a PK parameters expressed as Geometric Mean (CV) except for T½ which is median.
b PK parameters expressed as Arithmetic mean (SD)
c Clearance and Volume of distribution in paediatric patients were calculated weight-adjusted from both 10 µg /kg and 20 µg /kg dose groups combined. In adults, different dose levels are indicated in column title.
d Vss is reported for paediatric cancer patients, whereas Vz is reported for adult cancer patients.
\*Renal impairment\*
Mild to moderate renal impairment does not significantly affect palonosetron pharmacokinetic parameters. Severe renal impairment reduces renal clearance, however total body clearance in these patients is similar to healthy subjects. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal insufficiency. No pharmacokinetic data in haemodialysis patients are available.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Hepatic impairment does not significantly affect total body clearance of palonosetron compared to the healthy subjects. While the terminal elimination half-life and mean systemic exposure of palonosetron is increased in the subjects with severe hepatic impairment, this does not warrant dose reduction.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Effects in non-clinical studies were observed only at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure indicating little relevance to clinical use.
Non-clinical studies indicate that palonosetron, only at very high concentrations, may block ion channels involved in ventricular de- and re-polarisation and prolong action potential duration.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development. Only limited data from animal studies are available regarding the placental transfer (see section 4.6).
Palonosetron is not mutagenic. High doses of palonosetron (each dose causing at least 30 times the human therapeutic exposure) applied daily for two years caused an increased rate of liver tumours, endocrine neoplasms (in thyroid, pituitary, pancreas, adrenal medulla) and skin tumours in rats but not in mice. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, but because of the high doses employed and since Aloxi is intended for single application in humans, these findings are not considered relevant for clinical use.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Mannitol
Disodium edetate
Sodium citrate
Citric acid monohydrate
Sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment)
Hydrochloric acid (for pH adjustment)
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.6.3 Shelf life
5 years.
Upon opening of the vial, use immediately and discard any unused solution.6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Type I glass vial with chlorobutyl siliconised rubber stopper and aluminium cap.
Available in packs of 1 vial containing 5 ml of solution.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Single use only, any unused solution should be discarded.
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Each ml of solution contains 50 micrograms palonosetron (as hydrochloride).
Each vial of 5 ml of solution contains 250 micrograms palonosetron (as hydrochloride).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Solution for injection.
Clear, colourless solution.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Aloxi is indicated in adults for:
• the prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy,
• the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.
Aloxi is indicated in paediatric patients 1 month of age and older for:
• the prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy and prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.4.2 Posology and method of administration
Aloxi should be used only before chemotherapy administration. This medicinal product should be administered by a healthcare professional under appropriate medical supervision.
Posology
\*Adults\*
250 micrograms palonosetron administered as a single intravenous bolus approximately 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapy. Aloxi should be injected over 30 seconds.
The efficacy of Aloxi in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by highly emetogenic chemotherapy may be enhanced by the addition of a corticosteroid administered prior to chemotherapy.
\*Elderly people\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for the elderly.
\*Paediatric population\*
\*Children and Adolescents (aged 1 month to 17 years):\*
20 micrograms/kg (the maximum total dose should not exceed 1500 micrograms) palonosetron administered as a single 15 minute intravenous infusion beginning approximately 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapy.
The safety and efficacy of Aloxi in children aged less than 1 month have not been established. No data are available. There are limited data on the use of Aloxi in the prevention of nausea and vomiting in children under 2 years of age.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired hepatic function.
\*Renal impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired renal function.
No data are available for patients with end stage renal disease undergoing haemodialysis.
Method of administration
For intravenous use.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
As palonosetron may increase large bowel transit time, patients with a history of constipation or signs of subacute intestinal obstruction should be monitored following administration. Two cases of constipation with faecal impaction requiring hospitalisation have been reported in association with palonosetron 750 micrograms.
At all dose levels tested, palonosetron did not induce clinically relevant prolongation of the QTc interval. A specific thorough QT/QTc study was conducted in healthy volunteers for definitive data demonstrating the effect of palonosetron on QT/QTc (see section 5.1).
However, as for other 5-HT3 antagonists, caution should be exercised in the use of palonosetron in patients who have or are likely to develop prolongation of the QT interval. These conditions include patients with a personal or family history of QT prolongation, electrolyte abnormalities, congestive heart failure, bradyarrhythmias, conduction disturbances and in patients taking anti- arrhythmic agents or other medicinal products that lead to QT prolongation or electrolyte abnormalities. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia should be corrected prior to 5-HT3-antagonist administration.
There have been reports of serotonin syndrome with the use of 5-HT3 antagonists either alone or in combination with other serotonergic drugs (including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Appropriate observation of patients for serotonin syndrome-like symptoms is advised.
Aloxi should not be used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting in the days following chemotherapy if not associated with another chemotherapy administration.
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per vial, i.e. essentially 'sodium- free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Palonosetron is mainly metabolised by CYP2D6, with minor contribution by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 isoenzymes. Based on \*in vitro\* studies, palonosetron does not inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 isoenzyme at clinically relevant concentrations.
Chemotherapeutic agents
In preclinical studies, palonosetron did not inhibit the antitumour activity of the five chemotherapeutic agents tested (cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, doxorubicin and mitomycin C).
Metoclopramide
In a clinical study, no significant pharmacokinetic interaction was shown between a single intravenous dose of palonosetron and steady state concentration of oral metoclopramide, which is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
CYP2D6 inducers and inhibitors
In a population pharmacokinetic analysis, it has been shown that there was no significant effect on palonosetron clearance when co-administered with CYP2D6 inducers (dexamethasone and rifampicin) and inhibitors (including amiodarone, celecoxib, chlorpromazine, cimetidine, doxorubicin, fluoxetine, haloperidol, paroxetine, quinidine, ranitidine, ritonavir, sertraline or terbinafine).
Corticosteroids
Palonosetron has been administered safely with corticosteroids.
Serotonergic Drugs (e.g. SSRIs and SNRIs)
There have been reports of serotonin syndrome following concomitant use of 5-HT3 antagonists and other serotonergic drugs (including SSRIs and SNRIs).
Other medicinal products
Palonosetron has been administered safely with analgesics, antiemetic/antinauseants, antispasmodics and anticholinergic medicinal products.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
For Palonosetron no clinical data on exposed pregnancies are available.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development. Only limited data from animal studies are available regarding the placental transfer (see section 5.3).
There is no experience of palonosetron in human pregnancy. Therefore, palonosetron should not be used in pregnant women unless it is considered essential by the physician.
Breast-feeding
As there are no data concerning palonosetron excretion in breast milk, breast- feeding should be discontinued during therapy.
Fertility
There are no data concerning the effect of palonosetron on fertility.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
Since palonosetron may induce dizziness, somnolence or fatigue, patients should be cautioned when driving or operating machines.4.8 Undesirable effects
In clinical studies in adults at a dose of 250 micrograms (total 633 patients) the most frequently observed adverse reactions, at least possibly related to Aloxi, were headache (9 %) and constipation (5 %).
In the clinical studies the following adverse reactions (ARs) were observed as possibly or probably related to Aloxi. These were classified as common (≥1/100 to <1/10) or uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100). Very rare (<1/10,000) adverse reactions were reported post-marketing.
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented below in order of decreasing seriousness.
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* | \*\*Common ARs\*\* \*\*(\*\*≥\*\*1/100 to<1/10)\*\* | \*\*Uncommon ARs\*\* \*\*(\*\*≥\*\*1/1,000 to <1/100)\*\* | \*\*Very rare ARs°\*\* \*\*(<1/10,000)\*\* |
| Immune system disorders | | | Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, anaphylactic/ anaphylactoid reactions and shock |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | | Hyperkalaemia, metabolic disorders, hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, anorexia, hyperglycaemia, appetite decreased | |
| Psychiatric disorders | | Anxiety, euphoric mood | |
| Nervous system disorders | Headache Dizziness | Somnolence, insomnia, paraesthesia, hypersomnia, peripheral sensory neuropathy | |
| Eye disorders | | Eye irritation, amblyopia | |
| Ear and labyrinth disorders | | Motion sickness, tinnitus | |
| Cardiac disorders | | Tachycardia, bradycardia, extrasystoles, myocardial ischaemia, sinus tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia, supraventricular extrasystoles | |
| Vascular disorders | | Hypotension, hypertension, vein discolouration, vein distended | |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | | Hiccups | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Constipation Diarrhoea | Dyspepsia, abdominal pain, abdominal pain upper, dry mouth, flatulence | |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | | Hyperbilirubinaemia | |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | | Dermatitis allergic, pruritic rash | |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | | Arthralgia | |
| Renal and urinary disorders | | Urinary retention, glycosuria | |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | | Asthenia, pyrexia, fatigue, feeling hot, influenza like illness | Injection site reaction\\* |
| Investigations | | Elevated transaminases-, electrocardiogram QT prolonged | |
° From post-marketing experience
\\* Includes the following: burning, induration, discomfort and pain
\*Paediatric population\*
In paediatric clinical trials for the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy, 402 patients received a single dose of palonosetron (3, 10 or 20 mcg/kg). The following common or uncommon adverse reactions were reported for palonosetron, none were reported at a frequency of >1%.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* | \*\*Common ARs\*\* \*\*(\*\*≥\*\*1/100 to<1/10)\*\* | \*\*Uncommon ARs\*\* \*\*(\*\*≥\*\*1/1,000 to <1/100)\*\* |
| Nervous system disorders | Headache | Dizziness, dyskinesia |
| Cardiac disorders | | Electrocardiogram QT prolonged conduction disorder, sinus tachycardia |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | | Cough, dyspnoea, epistaxis |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | | Dermatitis allergic, pruritus, skin disorder, urticaria |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | | Pyrexia, infusion site pain, infusion site reaction, pain |
Adverse reactions were evaluated in paediatric patients receiving palonosetron for up to 4 chemotherapy cycles.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.4.9 Overdose
No case of overdose has been reported.
Doses of up to 6 mg have been used in adult clinical studies. The highest dose group showed a similar incidence of adverse reactions compared to the other dose groups and no dose response effects were observed. In the unlikely event of overdose with Aloxi, this should be managed with supportive care. Dialysis studies have not been performed, however, due to the large volume of distribution, dialysis is unlikely to be an effective treatment for Aloxi overdose.
\*Paediatric population\*
No case of overdose has been reported in paediatric clinical studies.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antiemetics and antinauseants, serotonin (5HT3) antagonists. ATC code: A04AA05
Palonosetron is a selective high-affinity receptor antagonist of the 5HT3 receptor.
In two randomised, double-blind studies with a total of 1,132 patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy that included cisplatin ≤50 mg/m2, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide ≤1,500 mg/m2 and doxorubicin >25 mg/m2, palonosetron 250 micrograms and 750 micrograms were compared with ondansetron 32 mg (half-life 4 hours) or dolasetron 100 mg (half-life 7.3 hours) administered intravenously on Day 1, without dexamethasone.
In a randomised, double-blind study with a total of 667 patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy that included cisplatin ≥ 60 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide > 1,500 mg/m2 and dacarbazine, palonosetron 250 micrograms and 750 micrograms were compared with ondansetron 32 mg administered intravenously on Day 1. Dexamethasone was administered prophylactically before chemotherapy in 67 % of patients.
The pivotal studies were not designed to assess efficacy of palonosetron in delayed onset nausea and vomiting. The antiemetic activity was observed during 0-24 hours, 24-120 hours and 0-120 hours. Results for the studies on moderately emetogenic chemotherapy and for the study on highly emetogenic chemotherapy are summarised in the following tables.
Palonosetron was non-inferior versus the comparators in the acute phase of emesis both in moderately and highly emetogenic setting.
Although comparative efficacy of palonosetron in multiple cycles has not been demonstrated in controlled clinical studies, 875 patients enrolled in the three phase 3 trials continued in an open label safety study and were treated with palonosetron 750 micrograms for up to 9 additional cycles of chemotherapy. The overall safety was maintained during all cycles.
\*\*Table 1: Percentage of patients a responding by treatment group and phase in the Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy study versus ondansetron\*\*
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Aloxi 250 micrograms (n= 189) | Ondansetron 32 milligrams (n= 185) | Delta | |
| | % | % | % | |
| \*\*Complete Response (No Emesis and No Rescue Medication)\*\* | | | | \*\*97.5 % CI\*\* b |
| 0 – 24 hours | 81.0 | 68.6 | 12.4 | [1.8 %, 22.8 %] |
| 24 – 120 hours | 74.1 | 55.1 | 19.0 | [7.5 %, 30.3 %] |
| 0 – 120 hours | 69.3 | 50.3 | 19.0 | [7.4 %, 30.7 %] |
| \*\*Complete Control (Complete Response and No More Than Mild Nausea)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 76.2 | 65.4 | 10.8 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 66.7 | 50.3 | 16.4 | 0.001 |
| 0 – 120 hours | 63.0 | 44.9 | 18.1 | 0.001 |
| \*\*No Nausea (Likert Scale)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 60.3 | 56.8 | 3.5 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 51.9 | 39.5 | 12.4 | NS |
| 0 – 120 hours | 45.0 | 36.2 | 8.8 | NS |
\*\*a\*\* Intent-to-treat cohort.
b The study was designed to show non-inferiority. A lower bound greater than –15 % demonstrates non-inferiority between Aloxi and comparator.
c Chi-square test. Significance level at α=0.05.
\*\*Table 2: Percentage of patients a responding by treatment group and phase in the Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy study versus dolasetron\*\*
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Aloxi 250 micrograms (n= 185) | Dolasetron 100 milligrams (n= 191) | Delta | |
| | % | % | % | |
| \*\*Complete Response (No Emesis and No Rescue Medication)\*\* | | | | \*\*97.5 % CI\*\* b |
| 0 – 24 hours | 63.0 | 52.9 | 10.1 | [-1.7 %, 21.9 %] |
| 24 – 120 hours | 54.0 | 38.7 | 15.3 | [3.4 %, 27.1 %] |
| 0 – 120 hours | 46.0 | 34.0 | 12.0 | [0.3 %, 23.7 %] |
| \*\*Complete Control (Complete Response and No More Than Mild Nausea)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 57.1 | 47.6 | 9.5 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 48.1 | 36.1 | 12.0 | 0.018 |
| 0 – 120 hours | 41.8 | 30.9 | 10.9 | 0.027 |
| \*\*No Nausea (Likert Scale)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 48.7 | 41.4 | 7.3 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 41.8 | 26.2 | 15.6 | 0.001 |
| 0 – 120 hours | 33.9 | 22.5 | 11.4 | 0.014 |
\*\*a\*\* Intent-to-treat cohort.
b The study was designed to show non-inferiority. A lower bound greater than –15 % demonstrates non-inferiority between Aloxi and comparator.
c Chi-square test. Significance level at α=0.05.
\*\*Table 3: Percentage of patients a responding by treatment group and phase in the Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy study versus ondansetron\*\*
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Aloxi 250 micrograms (n= 223) | Ondansetron 32 milligrams (n= 221) | Delta | |
| | % | % | % | |
| \*\*Complete Response (No Emesis and No Rescue Medication)\*\* | | | | \*\*97.5 % CI\*\* b |
| 0 – 24 hours | 59.2 | 57.0 | 2.2 | [-8.8 %, 13.1 %] |
| 24 – 120 hours | 45.3 | 38.9 | 6.4 | [-4.6 %, 17.3 %] |
| 0 – 120 hours | 40.8 | 33.0 | 7.8 | [-2.9 %, 18.5 %] |
| \*\*Complete Control (Complete Response and No More Than Mild Nausea)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 56.5 | 51.6 | 4.9 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 40.8 | 35.3 | 5.5 | NS |
| 0 – 120 hours | 37.7 | 29.0 | 8.7 | NS |
| \*\*No Nausea (Likert Scale)\*\* | | | | \*\*p-value\*\* c |
| 0 – 24 hours | 53.8 | 49.3 | 4.5 | NS |
| 24 – 120 hours | 35.4 | 32.1 | 3.3 | NS |
| 0 – 120 hours | 33.6 | 32.1 | 1.5 | NS |
\*\*a\*\* Intent-to-treat cohort.
b The study was designed to show non-inferiority. A lower bound greater than –15 % demonstrates non-inferiority between Aloxi and comparator.
c Chi-square test. Significance level at α=0.05.
The effect of palonosetron on blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG parameters including QTc were comparable to ondansetron and dolasetron in CINV clinical studies. In non-clinical studies palonosetron possesses the ability to block ion channels involved in ventricular de- and re-polarisation and to prolong action potential duration.
The effect of palonosetron on QTc interval was evaluated in a double blind, randomised, parallel, placebo and positive (moxifloxacin) controlled trial in adult men and women. The objective was to evaluate the ECG effects of IV administered palonosetron at single doses of 0.25, 0.75 or 2.25 mg in 221 healthy subjects. The study demonstrated no effect on QT/QTc interval duration as well as any other ECG interval at doses up to 2.25 mg. No clinically significant changes were shown on heart rate, atrioventricular (AV) conduction and cardiac repolarisation.
\*Paediatric population\*
Prevention of Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV):
The safety and efficacy of Palonosetron i.v at single doses of 3 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg was investigated in the first clinical study in 72 patients in the following age groups, >28 days to 23 months (12 patients), 2 to 11 years (31 patients), and 12 to 17 years of age (29 patients), receiving highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. No safety concerns were raised at either dose level. The primary efficacy variable was the proportion of patients with a complete response (CR, defined as no emetic episode and no rescue medication) during the first 24 hours after the start of chemotherapy administration. Efficacy after palonosetron 10 µg/kg compared to palonosetron 3µg/kg was 54.1% and 37.1% respectively.
The efficacy of Aloxi for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in paediatric cancer patients was demonstrated in a second non- inferiority pivotal trial comparing a single intravenous infusion of palonosetron versus an i.v. ondansetron regimen. A total of 493 paediatric patients, aged 64 days to 16.9 years, receiving moderately (69.2%) or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (30.8%) were treated with palonosetron 10 µg/kg (maximum 0.75 mg), palonosetron 20 µg/kg (maximum 1.5 mg) or ondansetron (3 x 0.15 mg/kg , maximum total dose 32 mg) 30 minutes prior to the start of emetogenic chemotherapy during Cycle 1. Most patients were non- naïve to chemotherapy (78.5%) across all treatment groups. Emetogenic chemotherapies administered included doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (<1500 mg/m2), ifosfamide, cisplatin, dactinomycin, carboplatin, and daunorubicin. Adjuvant corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, were administered with chemotherapy in 55% of patients. The primary efficacy endpoint was Complete Response in the acute phase of the first cycle of chemotherapy, defined as no vomiting, no retching, and no rescue medication in the first 24 hours after starting chemotherapy. Efficacy was based on demonstrating non- inferiority of intravenous palonosetron compared to intravenous ondansetron. Non-inferiority criteria were met if the lower bound of the 97.5% confidence interval for the difference in Complete Response rates of intravenous palonosetron minus intravenous ondansetron was larger than -15%. In the palonosetron 10 µg/kg, 20 µg/kg and ondansetron groups, the proportion of patients with CR0-24h was 54.2%, 59.4% and 58.6%. Since the 97.5% confidence interval (stratum adjusted Mantel-Haenszel test) of the difference in CR0-24h between palonosetron 20 µg/kg and ondansetron was [-11.7%, 12.4%], the 20 µg/kg palonosetron dose demonstrated non-inferiority to ondansetron.
While this study demonstrated that paediatric patients require a higher palonosetron dose than adults to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, the safety profile is consistent with the established profile in adults (see section 4.8). Pharmacokinetic information is provided in section 5.2.
Prevention of Post Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV):
Two paediatric trials were performed. The safety and efficacy of Palonosetron i.v at single doses of 1µg/kg and 3µg/kg was compared in the first clinical study in 150 patients in the following age groups, >28 days to 23 months (7 patients), 2 to 11 years (96 patients), and 12 to 16 years of age (47 patients) undergoing elective surgery. No safety concerns were raised in either treatment group. The proportion of patients without emesis during 0-72 hours post-operatively was similar after palonosetron 1 µg/kg or 3 µg/kg (88% vs 84%).
The second paediatric,trial was a multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, parallel group, active control, single-dose non-inferiority study, comparing i.v. palonosetron (1 µg/kg, max 0.075 mg) versus I.V. ondansetron. A total of 670 paediatric surgical patients participated, age 30 days to 16.9 years. The primary efficacy endpoint, Complete Response (CR: no vomiting, no retching, and no antiemetic rescue medication) during the first 24 hours postoperatively was achieved in 78.2% of patients in the palonosetron group and 82.7% in the ondansetron group. Given the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of -10%, the stratum adjusted Mantel-Haenszel statistical non- inferiority confidence interval for the difference in the primary endpoint, complete response (CR), was [-10.5, 1.7%], therefore non-inferiority was not demonstrated. No new safety concerns were raised in either treatment group.
Please see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Following intravenous administration, an initial decline in plasma concentrations is followed by slow elimination from the body with a mean terminal elimination half-life of approximately 40 hours. Mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) are generally dose-proportional over the dose range of 0.3–90 µg/kg in healthy subjects and in cancer patients.
Following intravenous administration of palonosetron 0.25 mg once every other day for 3 doses in 11 testicular cancer patients, the mean (± SD) increase in plasma concentration from Day 1 to Day 5 was 42 ± 34 %. After intravenous administration of palonosetron 0.25 mg once daily for 3 days in 12 healthy subjects, the mean (± SD) increase in plasma palonosetron concentration from Day 1 to Day 3 was 110 ± 45 %.
Pharmacokinetic simulations indicate that the overall exposure (AUC0-∞) of 0.25 mg intravenous palonosetron administered once daily for 3 consecutive days was similar to a single intravenous dose of 0.75 mg, although Cmax of the 0.75 mg single dose was higher.
Distribution
Palonosetron at the recommended dose is widely distributed in the body with a volume of distribution of approximately 6.9 to 7.9 l/kg. Approximately 62 % of palonosetron is bound to plasma proteins.
Biotransformation
Palonosetron is eliminated by dual route, about 40 % eliminated through the kidney and with approximately 50 % metabolised to form two primary metabolites, which have less than 1 % of the 5HT3 receptor antagonist activity of palonosetron. \*In vitro\* metabolism studies have shown that CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 isoenzymes are involved in the metabolism of palonosetron. However, clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are not significantly different between poor and extensive metabolisers of CYP2D6 substrates. Palonosetron does not inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 isoenzymes at clinically relevant concentrations.
Elimination
After a single intravenous dose of 10 micrograms/kg [14C]-palonosetron, approximately 80 % of the dose was recovered within 144 hours in the urine with palonosetron representing approximately 40 % of the administered dose, as unchanged active substance. After a single intravenous bolus administration in healthy subjects the total body clearance of palonosetron was 173 ± 73 ml/min and renal clearance was 53 ± 29 ml/min. The low total body clearance and large volume of distribution resulted in a terminal elimination half-life in plasma of approximately 40 hours. Ten percent of patients have a mean terminal elimination half-life greater than 100 hours.
Pharmacokinetics in special populations
\*Elderly people\*
Age does not affect the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron. No dosage adjustment is necessary in elderly patients.
\*Gender\*
Gender does not affect the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron. No dosage adjustment is necessary based on gender.
\*Paediatric population\*
Single-dose i.v. Aloxi pharmacokinetic data was obtained from a subset of paediatric cancer patients (n=280) that received 10 µg/kg or 20 µg/kg. When the dose was increased from10 µg/kg to 20 µg/kg a dose-proportional increase in mean AUC was observed. Following single dose intravenous infusion of Aloxi 20 µg/kg, peak plasma concentrations (CT) reported at the end of the 15 minute infusion were highly variable in all age groups and tended to be lower in patients < 6 years than in older paediatric patients. Median half-life was 29.5 hours in overall age groups and ranged from about 20 to 30 hours across age groups after administration of 20 µg/kg.
The total body clearance (L/h/kg) in patients 12 to 17 years old was similar to that in healthy adults. There are no apparent differences in volume of distribution when expressed as L/kg.
\*\*Table 4: Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Paediatric Cancer Patients following intravenous infusion of Aloxi at 20 µg/kg over 15 min and in Adult Cancer Patients receiving 3 and 10 µg/kg palonosetron doses via intravenous bolus.\*\*
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | \*\*Paediatric Cancer Patientsa\*\* | | | | \*\*Adults Cancer Patientsb\*\* | |
| | \*\*<2 y\*\* | \*\*2 to <6 y\*\* | \*\*6 to <12 y\*\* | \*\*12 to <17 y\*\* | \*\*3.0 µg/kg\*\* | \*\*10 µg/kg\*\* |
| | \*\*N=3\*\* | \*\*N=5\*\* | \*\*N=7\*\* | \*\*N=10\*\* | \*\*N=6\*\* | \*\*N=5\*\* |
| AUC0-∞, h·µg/L | 69.0 (49.5) | 103.5 (40.4) | 98.7 (47.7) | 124.5 (19.1) | 35.8 (20.9) | 81.8 (23.9) |
| t½, hours | 24.0 | 28 | 23.3 | 30.5 | 56.4 (5.81) | 49.8 (14.4) |
| | \*\*N=6\*\* | \*\*N=14\*\* | \*\*N=13\*\* | \*\*N=19\*\* | \*\*N=6\*\* | \*\*N=5\*\* |
| Clearance c, L/h/kg | 0.31 (34.7) | 0.23 (51.3) | 0.19 (46.8) | 0.16 (27.8) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.05) |
| Volume of distribution c, d, L/kg | 6.08 (36.5) | 5.29 (57.8) | 6.26 (40.0) | 6.20 (29.0) | 7.91 (2.53) | 9.56 (4.21) |
a PK parameters expressed as Geometric Mean (CV) except for T½ which is median.
b PK parameters expressed as Arithmetic mean (SD)
c Clearance and Volume of distribution in paediatric patients were calculated weight-adjusted from both 10 µg /kg and 20 µg /kg dose groups combined. In adults, different dose levels are indicated in column title.
d Vss is reported for paediatric cancer patients, whereas Vz is reported for adult cancer patients.
\*Renal impairment\*
Mild to moderate renal impairment does not significantly affect palonosetron pharmacokinetic parameters. Severe renal impairment reduces renal clearance, however total body clearance in these patients is similar to healthy subjects. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal insufficiency. No pharmacokinetic data in haemodialysis patients are available.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Hepatic impairment does not significantly affect total body clearance of palonosetron compared to the healthy subjects. While the terminal elimination half-life and mean systemic exposure of palonosetron is increased in the subjects with severe hepatic impairment, this does not warrant dose reduction.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Effects in non-clinical studies were observed only at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure indicating little relevance to clinical use.
Non-clinical studies indicate that palonosetron, only at very high concentrations, may block ion channels involved in ventricular de- and re-polarisation and prolong action potential duration.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development. Only limited data from animal studies are available regarding the placental transfer (see section 4.6).
Palonosetron is not mutagenic. High doses of palonosetron (each dose causing at least 30 times the human therapeutic exposure) applied daily for two years caused an increased rate of liver tumours, endocrine neoplasms (in thyroid, pituitary, pancreas, adrenal medulla) and skin tumours in rats but not in mice. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, but because of the high doses employed and since Aloxi is intended for single application in humans, these findings are not considered relevant for clinical use.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Mannitol
Disodium edetate
Sodium citrate
Citric acid monohydrate
Sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment)
Hydrochloric acid (for pH adjustment)
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.6.3 Shelf life
5 years.
Upon opening of the vial, use immediately and discard any unused solution.6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Type I glass vial with chlorobutyl siliconised rubber stopper and aluminium cap.
Available in packs of 1 vial containing 5 ml of solution.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Single use only, any unused solution should be discarded.
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
