- Approval Id
- 2a57178a459f9585
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Apidra SoloStar 100 Units/ml solution for injection in a pre-filled pen
- Drug Name
- Apidra SoloStar 100 Units/ml solution for injection in a pre-filled pen
- Company Address
- Sanofi, 410 Thames Valley Park Drive, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 1PT, UK
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0)118 354 3000
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 (0)800 035 2525
- Company Medical Info Email
- uk-medicalinformation@sanofi.com
- Atc Code
- A10AB06
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Aventis Pharma Limited
410 Thames Valley Park Drive
Reading
Berkshire
RG6 1PT
UK
Trading as:
Sanofi
410 Thames Valley Park Drive
Reading
Berkshire
RG6 1PT
UK
- Authorisation Number
- PLGB 04425/0800
- Authorisation Date
- Date of first authorisation: 27 September 2004
Date of CAP conversion: 01 January 2021
Date of latest renewal: 20 August 2009
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Aventis Pharma Limited
410 Thames Valley Park Drive
Reading
Berkshire
RG6 1PT
UK
Trading as:
Sanofi
410 Thames Valley Park Drive
Reading
Berkshire
RG6 1PT
UK
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PLGB 04425/0800
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- Date of first authorisation: 27 September 2004
Date of CAP conversion: 01 January 2021
Date of latest renewal: 20 August 2009
- Instruction Composition
- Each ml contains 100 Units insulin glulisine (equivalent to 3.49 mg).
Each pen contains 3 ml of solution for injection, equivalent to 300 Units.
Insulin glulisine is produced by recombinant DNA technology in \*Escherichia coli\*.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Solution for injection in a pre-filled pen.
Clear, colourless, aqueous solution.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of adults, adolescents and children 6 years or older, with diabetes mellitus, where treatment with insulin is required.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
The potency of this preparation is stated in units. These units are exclusive to Apidra and are not the same as IU or the units used to express the potency of other insulin analogues (see section 5.1).
Apidra should be used in regimens that include an intermediate or long acting insulin or basal insulin analogue and can be used with oral hypoglycaemic agents.
The dose of Apidra should be individually adjusted.
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Renal impairment\*
The pharmacokinetic properties of insulin glulisine are generally maintained in patients with renal impairment. However, insulin requirements may be reduced in the presence of renal impairment (see section 5.2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
The pharmacokinetic properties of insulin glulisine have not been investigated in patients with decreased liver function. In patients with hepatic impairment, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis and reduced insulin metabolism.
\*Elderly\*
Limited pharmacokinetic data are available in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. Deterioration of renal function may lead to a decrease in insulin requirements.
\*Paediatric population\*
There is insufficient clinical information on the use of Apidra in children younger than the age of 6 years.
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
Apidra SoloStar 100 Units/ml in pre-filled pen is only suitable for subcutaneous injections. If administration by syringe, intravenous injection or infusion pump is necessary, a vial should be used (see section 4.4).
Subcutaneous use
Apidra should be given by subcutaneous injection shortly (0-15 min) before or soon after meals or by continuous subcutaneous pump infusion.
Apidra should be administered subcutaneously in the abdominal wall, thigh or deltoid or by continuous infusion in the abdominal wall. Injection sites and infusion sites within an injection area (abdomen, thigh or deltoid) should be rotated from one injection to the next in order to reduce the risk of lipodystrophy and cutaneous amyloidosis (see section 4.4 and 4.8).
The rate of absorption, and consequently the onset and duration of action, may be affected by the injection site, exercise and other variables. Subcutaneous injection in the abdominal wall ensures a slightly faster absorption than other injection sites (see section 5.2).
Care should be taken to ensure that a blood vessel has not been entered. After injection, the site of injection should not be massaged. Patients must be educated to use proper injection techniques.
Mixing with insulins
When administered as a subcutaneous injection, Apidra must not be mixed with other medicinal products except NPH human insulin.
For further details on handling, see section 6.6.
Before using SoloStar, the Instructions for use included in the Package leaflet must be read carefully (see section 6.6).4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Hypoglycaemia.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*\*Traceability\*\*
In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.
Transferring a patient to another type or brand of insulin should be done under strict medical supervision. Changes in strength, brand (manufacturer), type (regular, neutral protamine Hagedorn [NPH], lente, long-acting, etc.), origin (animal, human, human insulin analogue) and/or method of manufacture may result in the need for a change in dose. Concomitant oral antidiabetic treatment may need to be adjusted.
Patients must be instructed to perform continuous rotation of the injection site to reduce the risk of developing lipodystrophy and cutaneous amyloidosis. There is a potential risk of delayed insulin absorption and worsened glycaemic control following insulin injections at sites with these reactions. A sudden change in the injection site to an unaffected area has been reported to result in hypoglycaemia. Blood glucose monitoring is recommended after the change in the injection site, and dose adjustment of antidiabetic medications may be considered.
\*\*Hyperglycaemia\*\*
The use of inadequate doses or discontinuation of treatment, especially in insulin-dependent diabetic, may lead to hyperglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis; conditions which are potentially lethal.
\*\*Hypoglycaemia\*\*
The time of occurrence of hypoglycaemia depends on the action profile of the insulins used and may, therefore, change when the treatment regimen is changed.
Conditions which may make the early warning symptoms of hypoglycaemia different or less pronounced include long duration of diabetes, intensified insulin therapy, diabetic nerve disease, medicinal products such as beta blockers or after transfer from animal-source insulin to human insulin.
Adjustment of dose may be also necessary if patients undertake increased physical activity or change their usual meal plan. Exercise taken immediately after a meal may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia.
When compared with soluble human insulin, if hypoglycaemia occurs after an injection with rapid acting analogues, it may occur earlier.
Uncorrected hypoglycaemic or hyperglycaemic reactions can cause loss of consciousness, coma, or death.
Insulin requirements may be altered during illness or emotional disturbances.
\*\*Medication errors\*\*
Medication errors have been reported in which other insulins, particularly long-acting insulins, have been accidentally administered instead of insulin glulisine. Insulin label must always be checked before each injection to avoid medication errors between insulin glulisine and other insulins.
\*\*Excipients\*\*
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per dose, i.e. it is essentially 'sodium-free'.
Apidra contains metacresol, which may cause allergic reactions.
\*\*Combination of Apidra with pioglitazone\*\*
Cases of cardiac failure have been reported when pioglitazone was used in combination with insulin, especially in patients with risk factors for development of cardiac heart failure. This should be kept in mind if treatment with the combination of pioglitazone and Apidra is considered. If the combination is used, patients should be observed for signs and symptoms of heart failure, weight gain and oedema.
Pioglitazone should be discontinued if any deterioration in cardiac symptoms occurs.
\*\*Handling of the SoloStar pre-filled pen\*\*
Apidra SoloStar 100 units/ml in pre-filled pen is only suitable for subcutaneous injections. If administration by syringe, intravenous injection or infusion pump is necessary, a vial should be used.
Before using SoloStar, the Instructions for use included in the Package leaflet must be read carefully. SoloStar has to be used as recommended in these Instructions for use (see section 6.6).4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Studies on pharmacokinetic interactions have not been performed. Based on empirical knowledge from similar medicinal products, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions are unlikely to occur.
A number of substances affect glucose metabolism and may require dose adjustment of insulin glulisine and particularly close monitoring.
Substances that may enhance the blood-glucose-lowering activity and increase susceptibility to hypoglycaemia include oral antidiabetic medicinal products, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, disopyramide, fibrates, fluoxetine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), pentoxifylline, propoxyphene, salicylates and sulphonamide antibiotics.
Substances that may reduce the blood-glucose-lowering activity include corticosteroids, danazol, diazoxide, diuretics, glucagon, isoniazid, phenothiazine derivatives, somatropin, sympathomimetic medicinal products (e.g. epinephrine [adrenaline], salbutamol, terbutaline), thyroid hormones, oestrogens, progestins (e.g. in oral contraceptives), protease inhibitors and atypical antipsychotic medicinal products (e.g. olanzapine and clozapine).
Beta-blockers, clonidine, lithium salts or alcohol may either potentiate or weaken the blood-glucose-lowering activity of insulin. Pentamidine may cause hypoglycaemia, which may sometimes be followed by hyperglycaemia.
In addition, under the influence of sympatholytic medicinal products such as beta-blockers, clonidine, guanethidine and reserpine, the signs of adrenergic counter-regulation may be reduced or absent.4.6 Pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of insulin glulisine in pregnant women.
Animal reproduction studies have not revealed any differences between insulin glulisine and human insulin regarding pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development (see section 5.3).
Caution should be exercised when prescribing to pregnant women. Careful monitoring of glucose control is essential.
It is essential for patients with pre-existing or gestational diabetes to maintain good metabolic control throughout pregnancy. Insulin requirements may decrease during the first trimester and generally increase during the second and third trimesters. Immediately after delivery, insulin requirements decline rapidly.
\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*
It is unknown whether insulin glulisine is excreted in human milk, but in general insulin does not pass into breast milk and is not absorbed after oral administration.
Breast-feeding mothers may require adjustments in insulin dose and diet.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
Animal reproduction studies with insulin glulisine have not revealed any adverse effects on fertility.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
The patient's ability to concentrate and react may be impaired as a result of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia or, for example, as a result of visual impairment. This may constitute a risk in situations where these abilities are of special importance (e.g. driving a car or operating machines).
Patients should be advised to take precautions to avoid hypoglycaemia whilst driving. This is particularly important in those who have reduced or absent awareness of the warning symptoms of hypoglycaemia or have frequent episodes of hypoglycaemia. The advisability of driving should be considered in these circumstances.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Summary of the safety profile\*\*
Hypoglycaemia, the most frequent adverse reaction of insulin therapy, may occur if the insulin dose is too high in relation to the insulin requirement.
\*\*Tabulated list of adverse reactions\*\*
The following related adverse reactions from clinical studies were listed below by system organ class and in order of decreasing incidence (very common: ≥1/10; common: ≥1/100 to <1/10; uncommon: ≥1/1,000 to <1/100; rare: ≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000; very rare: <1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*MedDRA Organ system classes\*\* | \*\*Very common\*\* | \*\*Common\*\* | \*\*Uncommon\*\* | \*\*Rare\*\* | \*\*Not known\*\* |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | Hypoglycaemia | | | | Hyperglycaemia (potentially leading to Diabetic ketoacidosis(1)) |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | | Injection site reactions Local hypersensitivity reactions | | Lipodystrophy | Cutaneous amyloidosis |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | | | Systemic hypersensitivity reactions | | |
| (1) \*Apidra 100 Units/ml solution for injection in a vial:\* Most of the cases were related to handling errors or pump system failure when Apidra was used with CSII. | | | | | |
\*\*Description of selected adverse reactions\*\*
• Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Symptoms of hypoglycaemia usually occur suddenly. They may include cold sweats, cool pale skin, fatigue, nervousness or tremor, anxiousness, unusual tiredness or weakness, confusion, difficulty in concentration, drowsiness, excessive hunger, vision changes, headache, nausea and palpitation. Hypoglycaemia can become severe and may lead to unconsciousness and/or convulsions and may result in temporary or permanent impairment of brain function or even death.
• Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Local hypersensitivity reactions (redness, swelling and itching at the injection site) may occur during treatment with insulin. These reactions are usually transitory and normally they disappear during continued treatment.
Lipodystrophy and cutaneous amyloidosis may occur at the injection site and delay local insulin absorption. Continuous rotation of the injection site within the given injection area may help to reduce or prevent these reactions (see section 4.4).
• General disorders and administration site conditions
Systemic hypersensitivity reactions may include urticaria, chest tightness, dyspnoea, allergic dermatitis and pruritus. Severe cases of generalized allergy, including anaphylactic reaction, may be life-threatening.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
\*\*Symptoms\*\*
Hypoglycaemia may occur as a result of an excess of insulin activity relative to food intake and energy expenditure.
There are no specific data available concerning overdoses with insulin glulisine. However, hypoglycaemia may develop over sequential stages.
\*\*Management\*\*
Mild hypoglycaemic episodes can be treated by oral administration of glucose or sugary products. It is therefore recommended that the diabetic patient constantly carries some sugar lumps, sweets, biscuits or sugary fruit juice.
Severe hypoglycaemic episodes, where the patient has become unconscious, can be treated by glucagon (0.5 mg to 1 mg) given intramuscularly or subcutaneously by a person who has received appropriate instruction, or by glucose given intravenously by a healthcare professional. Glucose must also be given intravenously, if the patient does not respond to glucagon within 10 to 15 minutes.
Upon regaining consciousness, administration of oral carbohydrate is recommended for the patient in order to prevent relapse.
After an injection of glucagon, the patient should be monitored in a hospital in order to find the reason for this severe hypoglycaemia and prevent other similar episodes.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs used in diabetes, insulins and analogues for injection, fast-acting. ATC code: A10AB06
\*\*Mechanism of action\*\*
Insulin glulisine is a recombinant human insulin analogue that is equipotent to regular human insulin. Insulin glulisine has a more rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action than regular human insulin.
The primary activity of insulins and insulin analogues, including insulin glulisine, is regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulins lower blood glucose levels by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake, especially by skeletal muscle and fat, and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Insulin inhibits lipolysis in the adipocyte, inhibits proteolysis and enhances protein synthesis.
Studies in healthy volunteers and patients with diabetes demonstrated that insulin glulisine is more rapid in onset of action and of shorter duration of action than regular human insulin when given subcutaneously. When insulin glulisine is injected subcutaneously, the glucose lowering activity will begin within 10-20 minutes. After intravenous administration, a faster onset and shorter duration of action, as well as a greater peak response were observed as compared with subcutaneous administration. The glucose-lowering activities of insulin glulisine and regular human insulin are equipotent when administered by intravenous route.
One unit of insulin glulisine has the same glucose-lowering activity as one unit of regular human insulin.
\*\*Dose proportionality\*\*
In a study with 18 male subjects with diabetes mellitus type 1 aged 21 to 50 years, insulin glulisine displayed dose-proportional glucose lowering effect in the therapeutic relevant dose range 0.075 to 0.15 Units/kg, and less than proportional increase in glucose lowering effect with 0.3 Units/kg or higher, like human insulin.
Insulin glulisine takes effect about twice as fast as regular human insulin and completes the glucose lowering effect about 2 hours earlier than regular human insulin.
A phase I study in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus assessed the glucose lowering profiles of insulin glulisine and regular human insulin administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.15 Units/kg, at different times in relation to a 15-minute standard meal. Data indicated that insulin glulisine administered 2 minutes before the meal gives similar postprandial glycaemic control compared to regular human insulin given 30 minutes before the meal. When given 2 minutes prior to meal, insulin glulisine provided better postprandial control than regular human insulin given 2 minutes before the meal. Insulin glulisine administered 15 minutes after starting the meal gives similar glycaemic control as regular human insulin given 2 minutes before the meal (see figure 1).
Figure 1: Average glucose-lowering effect over 6 hours in 20 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Insulin glulisine given 2 minutes (GLULISINE pre) before the start of a meal compared to regular human insulin given 30 minutes (REGULAR 30 min) before the start of the meal (figure 1A) and compared to regular human insulin given 2 minutes (REGULAR pre) before a meal (figure 1B). Insulin glulisine given 15 minutes (GLULISINE post) after start of a meal compared to regular human insulin given 2 minutes (REGULAR pre) before start of the meal (figure 1C). On the x-axis, zero (arrow) is the start of a 15-minute meal.
\*\*Obesity\*\*
A phase I study carried out with insulin glulisine, lispro and regular human insulin in an obese population has demonstrated that insulin glulisine maintains its rapid-acting properties. In this study, the time to 20% of total AUC and the AUC (0-2h) representing the early glucose lowering activity were respectively of 114 minutes and 427 mg/kg for insulin glulisine, 121 minutes and 354 mg/kg for lispro, 150 minutes and 197 mg/kg for regular human insulin (see figure 2).
Figure 2: Glucose infusion rates (GIR) after subcutaneous injection of 0.3 Units/kg of insulin glulisine (GLULISINE) or insulin lispro (LISPRO) or regular human insulin (REGULAR) in an obese population.
Another phase I study with insulin glulisine and insulin lispro in a non-diabetic population in 80 subjects with a wide range of body mass indices (18-46 kg/m²) has demonstrated that rapid action is generally maintained across a wide range of body mass indices (BMI), while total glucose lowering effect decreases with increasing obesity.
The average total GIR AUC between 0-1 hour was 102 ± 75 mg/kg and 158 ± 100 mg/kg with 0.2 and 0.4 Units/kg insulin glulisine, respectively, and was 83.1 ± 72.8 mg/kg and 112.3 ± 70.8 mg/kg with 0.2 and 0.4 Units/kg insulin lispro, respectively.
A phase I study in 18 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (BMI between 35 and 40 kg/m2) with insulin glulisine and insulin lispro [90% CI: 0.81, 0.95 (p=<0.01)] has shown that insulin glulisine effectively controls diurnal postprandial blood glucose excursions.
\*\*Clinical efficacy and safety\*\*
\*Type 1 diabetes mellitus\* – \*Adults\*
In a 26-week phase III clinical study comparing insulin glulisine with insulin lispro both injected subcutaneously shortly (0-15 minutes) before a meal in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using insulin glargine as basal insulin, insulin glulisine was comparable to insulin lispro for glycaemic control as reflected by changes in glycated haemoglobin (expressed as HbA1c equivalent) from baseline to endpoint. Comparable self-monitored blood glucose values were observed. No increase in the basal insulin dose was needed with insulin glulisine, in contrast to insulin lispro.
A 12-week phase III clinical study performed in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus receiving insulin glargine as basal therapy indicate that the immediate post-meal administration of insulin glulisine provides efficacy that was comparable to immediate pre-meal insulin glulisine (0-15 minutes) or regular insulin (30-45 minutes).
In the per-protocol population there was a significantly larger observed reduction in GHb in the pre-meal glulisine group compared with the regular insulin group.
\*Type 1 diabetes mellitus\* – \*Paediatric\*
A 26-week phase III clinical study compared insulin glulisine with insulin lispro both injected subcutaneously shortly (0-15 minutes) before a meal in children (4-5 years: n=9; 6-7 years: n=32 and 8-11 years: n=149) and adolescents (12-17 years: n=382) with type 1 diabetes mellitus using insulin glargine or NPH as basal insulin. Insulin glulisine was comparable to insulin lispro for glycaemic control as reflected by changes in glycated haemoglobin (GHb expressed as HbA1c equivalent) from baseline to endpoint and by self-monitored blood glucose values.
There is insufficient clinical information on the use of Apidra in children younger than the age of 6 years.
\*Type 2 diabetes mellitus\* – \*Adults\*
A 26-week phase III clinical study followed by a 26-week extension safety study was conducted to compare insulin glulisine (0-15 minutes before a meal) with regular human insulin (30-45 minutes before a meal) injected subcutaneously in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus also using NPH insulin as basal insulin. The average body mass index (BMI) of patients was 34.55 kg/m2. Insulin glulisine was shown to be comparable to regular human insulin with regard to glycated haemoglobin (expressed as HbA1c equivalent) changes from baseline to the 6-month endpoint (-0.46% for insulin glulisine and -0.30% for regular human insulin, p=0.0029) and from baseline to the 12-month endpoint (-0.23% for insulin glulisine and -0.13% for regular human insulin, difference not significant). In this study, the majority of patients (79%) mixed their short acting insulin with NPH insulin immediately prior to injection and 58% of subjects used oral hypoglycaemic agents at randomization and were instructed to continue to use them at the same dose.
\*Race and gender\*
In controlled clinical studies in adults, insulin glulisine did not show differences in safety and efficacy in subgroup analyses based on race and gender.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
In insulin glulisine the replacement of the human insulin amino acid asparagine in position B3 by lysine and the lysine in position B29 by glutamic acid favours more rapid absorption.
In a study with 18 male subjects with diabetes mellitus type 1, aged 21 to 50 years, insulin glulisine displays dose-proportionality for early, maximum and total exposure in the dose range 0.075 to 0.4 Units/kg.
\*\*Absorption and bioavailability\*\*
Pharmacokinetic profiles in healthy volunteers and diabetes patients (type 1 or 2) demonstrated that absorption of insulin glulisine was about twice as fast with a peak concentration approximately twice as high as compared to regular human insulin.
In a study in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus after subcutaneous administration of 0.15 Units/kg, for insulin glulisine the Tmax was 55 minutes and Cmax was 82 ± 1.3 µUnits/ml compared to a Tmax of 82 minutes and a Cmax of 46 ± 1.3 µUnits/ml for regular human insulin. The mean residence time of insulin glulisine was shorter (98 min) than for regular human insulin (161 min) (see figure 3).
Figure 3: Pharmacokinetic profile of insulin glulisine and regular human insulin in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients after a dose of 0.15 Units/kg.
In a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after subcutaneous administration of 0.2 Units/kg insulin glulisine, the Cmax was 91 µUnits/ml with the interquartile range from 78 to 104 µUnits/ml.
When insulin glulisine was injected subcutaneously into abdomen, deltoid and thigh, the concentration-time profiles were similar with a slightly faster absorption when administered in the abdomen compared to the thigh. Absorption from deltoid sites was in-between (see section 4.2). The absolute bioavailability (70%) of insulin glulisine was similar between injection sites and of low intra-subject variability (11% CV). Intravenous bolus administration of insulin glulisine resulted in a higher systemic exposure when compared to subcutaneous injection, with a Cmax approximately 40-fold higher.
\*Obesity\*
Another phase I study with insulin glulisine and insulin lispro in a non-diabetic population in 80 subjects with a wide range of body mass indices (18-46 kg/m²) has demonstrated that rapid absorption and total exposure is generally maintained across a wide range of body mass indices.
The time to 10% of total INS exposure was reached earlier by approximately 5-6 min with insulin glulisine.
\*\*Distribution and elimination\*\*
The distribution and elimination of insulin glulisine and regular human insulin after intravenous administration is similar with volumes of distribution of 13 l and 22 l and half-lives of 13 and 18 minutes, respectively.
After subcutaneous administration, insulin glulisine is eliminated more rapidly than regular human insulin with an apparent half-life of 42 minutes compared to 86 minutes. In an across study analysis of insulin glulisine in either healthy subjects or subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus the apparent half-life ranged from 37 to 75 minutes (interquartile range).
Insulin glulisine shows low plasma protein binding, similar to human insulin.
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Renal impairment\*
In a clinical study performed in non-diabetic subjects covering a wide range of renal function (CrCl >80 ml/min, 30-50 ml/min, <30 ml/min), the rapid-acting properties of insulin glulisine were generally maintained. However, insulin requirements may be reduced in the presence of renal impairment.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
The pharmacokinetic properties have not been investigated in patients with impaired liver function.
\*Elderly\*
Very limited pharmacokinetic data are available for elderly patients with diabetes mellitus.
\*Children and adolescents\*
The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin glulisine were investigated in children (7-11 years) and adolescents (12-16 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Insulin glulisine was rapidly absorbed in both age groups, with similar Tmax and Cmax as in adults (see section 4.2). Administered immediately before a test meal, insulin glulisine provided better postprandial control than regular human insulin, as in adults (see section 5.1). The glucose excursion (AUC 0-6h) was 641 mg.h.dl-1 for insulin glulisine and 801 mg.h.dl-1 for regular human insulin.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data did not reveal toxicity findings others than those linked to the blood glucose lowering pharmacodynamic activity (hypoglycaemia), different from regular human insulin or of clinical relevance for humans.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Metacresol
Sodium chloride
Trometamol
Polysorbate 20
Hydrochloric acid, concentrated
Sodium hydroxide
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except NPH human insulin.6.3 Shelf life
2 years.
\*\*Shelf life after first use of the pen\*\*
The product may be stored for a maximum of 4 weeks below 25°C away from direct heat or direct light. Pens in use must not be stored in the refrigerator. The pen cap must be put back on the pen after each injection in order to protect from light.6.4 Special precautions for storage
\*\*Not in-use pens\*\*
Store in a refrigerator (2°C-8°C).
Do not freeze.
Do not put Apidra next to the freezer compartment or a freezer pack.
Keep the pre-filled pen in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
\*\*In-use pens\*\*
For storage conditions after first opening of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
3 ml solution in a cartridge (colourless glass) with a plunger (elastomeric bromobutyl rubber) and a flanged cap (aluminium) with a stopper (elastomeric bromobutyl rubber). The cartridge is sealed in a disposable pre-filled pen. Packs of 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 pens are available.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Apidra SoloStar 100 units/ml in a pre-filled pen is only suitable for subcutaneous injections. If administration by syringe, intravenous injection or infusion pump is necessary, a vial should be used.
Before first use, the pen must be stored at room temperature for 1 to 2 hours.
Inspect the cartridge before use. It must only be used if the solution is clear, colourless, with no solid particles visible, and if it is of water-like consistency. Since Apidra is a solution, it does not require resuspension before use.
Empty pens must never be reused and must be properly discarded.
To prevent any kind of contamination, the use of the pre-filled pen should remain strictly for a single patient use.
Insulin label must always be checked before each injection to avoid medication errors between insulin glulisine and other insulins (see section 4.4).
\*\*Handling of the pen\*\*
\*\*The patient should be advised to read the instructions for use included in the package leaflet carefully before using SoloStar.\*\*
\*\*Important information for use of SoloStar:\*\*
• Before each use, a new needle must always be carefully attached and a safety test must be performed. A dose should not be selected and/or the injection button should not be pressed without a needle attached. Only use needles that are compatible for use with SoloStar.
• Special caution must be taken to avoid accidental needle injury and transmission of infection.
• SoloStar must never be used if it is damaged or if the patient is not sure if it is working properly.
• The patient must always have a spare SoloStar available in case the SoloStar is lost or damaged.
\*\*Storage instructions\*\*
Please check section 6.4 of this SPC for instructions on how to store SoloStar.
If SoloStar is in cool storage, it should be taken out 1 to 2 hours before you inject to allow it to warm up. Cold insulin is more painful to inject.
The used SoloStar must be discarded as required by your local authorities.
\*\*Maintenance\*\*
SoloStar has to be protected from dust and dirt.
The outside of the SoloStar can be cleaned by wiping it with a damp cloth.
The pen must not be soaked, washed or lubricated as this may damage it.
SoloStar is designed to work accurately and safely. It should be handled with care. The patient should avoid situations where SoloStar may be damaged. If the patient is concerned that the SoloStar may be damaged, he must use a new one.
\*\*Step 1\*\* \*\*Check the insulin\*\*
The label on the pen should be checked to make sure it contains the correct insulin. The Apidra SoloStar is blue. It has a dark blue injection button with a raised ring on the top. After removing the pen cap, the appearance of insulin should also be checked: the insulin solution must be clear, colourless, with no solid particles visible, and must have a water-like consistency.
\*\*Step 2\*\* \*\*Attach the needle\*\*
Only needles that are compatible for use with SoloStar should be used.
A new sterile needle will be always used for each injection. After removing the cap, the needle should be carefully attached straight onto the pen.
\*\*Step 3\*\* \*\*Perform a\*\* \*\*safety test\*\*
Prior to each injection a safety test has to be performed to ensure that pen and needle work properly and to remove air bubbles.
A dose of 2 units has to be selected.
The outer and inner needle caps should be removed.
While holding the pen with the needle pointing upwards, the insulin reservoir should be tapped gently with the finger so that any air bubbles rise up towards the needle.
Then the injection button should be pressed in completely.
If insulin has been expelled through the needle tip, then the pen and the needle are working properly.
If no insulin appears at the needle tip, step 3 should be repeated until insulin appears at the needle tip.
\*\*Step 4\*\* \*\*Select the dose\*\*
The dose can be set in steps of 1 unit, from a minimum of 1 unit to a maximum of 80 units. If a dose greater than 80 units is required, it should be given as two or more injections.
The dose window must show “0” following the safety test. The dose can then be selected.
\*\*Step 5 Inject the dose\*\*
The patient should be informed on the injection technique by his health care professional.
The needle should be inserted into the skin.
The injection button should be pressed in completely. Then the injection button should be held down 10 seconds before withdrawing the needle. This ensures that the full dose of insulin has been injected.
\*\*Step 6\*\* \*\*Remove and discard the needle\*\*
The needle should always be removed after each injection and discarded. This helps prevent contamination and/or infection, entry of air into the insulin reservoir and leakage of insulin. Needles must not be reused.
Special caution must be taken when removing and disposing the needle. Recommended safety measures for removal and disposal of needles must be followed (e.g. a one handed capping technique) in order to reduce the risk of accidental needle injury and transmission of infectious diseases.
The pen cap should be replaced on the pen.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Each ml contains 100 Units insulin glulisine (equivalent to 3.49 mg).
Each pen contains 3 ml of solution for injection, equivalent to 300 Units.
Insulin glulisine is produced by recombinant DNA technology in \*Escherichia coli\*.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Solution for injection in a pre-filled pen.
Clear, colourless, aqueous solution.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of adults, adolescents and children 6 years or older, with diabetes mellitus, where treatment with insulin is required.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
The potency of this preparation is stated in units. These units are exclusive to Apidra and are not the same as IU or the units used to express the potency of other insulin analogues (see section 5.1).
Apidra should be used in regimens that include an intermediate or long acting insulin or basal insulin analogue and can be used with oral hypoglycaemic agents.
The dose of Apidra should be individually adjusted.
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Renal impairment\*
The pharmacokinetic properties of insulin glulisine are generally maintained in patients with renal impairment. However, insulin requirements may be reduced in the presence of renal impairment (see section 5.2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
The pharmacokinetic properties of insulin glulisine have not been investigated in patients with decreased liver function. In patients with hepatic impairment, insulin requirements may be diminished due to reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis and reduced insulin metabolism.
\*Elderly\*
Limited pharmacokinetic data are available in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. Deterioration of renal function may lead to a decrease in insulin requirements.
\*Paediatric population\*
There is insufficient clinical information on the use of Apidra in children younger than the age of 6 years.
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
Apidra SoloStar 100 Units/ml in pre-filled pen is only suitable for subcutaneous injections. If administration by syringe, intravenous injection or infusion pump is necessary, a vial should be used (see section 4.4).
Subcutaneous use
Apidra should be given by subcutaneous injection shortly (0-15 min) before or soon after meals or by continuous subcutaneous pump infusion.
Apidra should be administered subcutaneously in the abdominal wall, thigh or deltoid or by continuous infusion in the abdominal wall. Injection sites and infusion sites within an injection area (abdomen, thigh or deltoid) should be rotated from one injection to the next in order to reduce the risk of lipodystrophy and cutaneous amyloidosis (see section 4.4 and 4.8).
The rate of absorption, and consequently the onset and duration of action, may be affected by the injection site, exercise and other variables. Subcutaneous injection in the abdominal wall ensures a slightly faster absorption than other injection sites (see section 5.2).
Care should be taken to ensure that a blood vessel has not been entered. After injection, the site of injection should not be massaged. Patients must be educated to use proper injection techniques.
Mixing with insulins
When administered as a subcutaneous injection, Apidra must not be mixed with other medicinal products except NPH human insulin.
For further details on handling, see section 6.6.
Before using SoloStar, the Instructions for use included in the Package leaflet must be read carefully (see section 6.6).4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Hypoglycaemia.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*\*Traceability\*\*
In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.
Transferring a patient to another type or brand of insulin should be done under strict medical supervision. Changes in strength, brand (manufacturer), type (regular, neutral protamine Hagedorn [NPH], lente, long-acting, etc.), origin (animal, human, human insulin analogue) and/or method of manufacture may result in the need for a change in dose. Concomitant oral antidiabetic treatment may need to be adjusted.
Patients must be instructed to perform continuous rotation of the injection site to reduce the risk of developing lipodystrophy and cutaneous amyloidosis. There is a potential risk of delayed insulin absorption and worsened glycaemic control following insulin injections at sites with these reactions. A sudden change in the injection site to an unaffected area has been reported to result in hypoglycaemia. Blood glucose monitoring is recommended after the change in the injection site, and dose adjustment of antidiabetic medications may be considered.
\*\*Hyperglycaemia\*\*
The use of inadequate doses or discontinuation of treatment, especially in insulin-dependent diabetic, may lead to hyperglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis; conditions which are potentially lethal.
\*\*Hypoglycaemia\*\*
The time of occurrence of hypoglycaemia depends on the action profile of the insulins used and may, therefore, change when the treatment regimen is changed.
Conditions which may make the early warning symptoms of hypoglycaemia different or less pronounced include long duration of diabetes, intensified insulin therapy, diabetic nerve disease, medicinal products such as beta blockers or after transfer from animal-source insulin to human insulin.
Adjustment of dose may be also necessary if patients undertake increased physical activity or change their usual meal plan. Exercise taken immediately after a meal may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia.
When compared with soluble human insulin, if hypoglycaemia occurs after an injection with rapid acting analogues, it may occur earlier.
Uncorrected hypoglycaemic or hyperglycaemic reactions can cause loss of consciousness, coma, or death.
Insulin requirements may be altered during illness or emotional disturbances.
\*\*Medication errors\*\*
Medication errors have been reported in which other insulins, particularly long-acting insulins, have been accidentally administered instead of insulin glulisine. Insulin label must always be checked before each injection to avoid medication errors between insulin glulisine and other insulins.
\*\*Excipients\*\*
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per dose, i.e. it is essentially 'sodium-free'.
Apidra contains metacresol, which may cause allergic reactions.
\*\*Combination of Apidra with pioglitazone\*\*
Cases of cardiac failure have been reported when pioglitazone was used in combination with insulin, especially in patients with risk factors for development of cardiac heart failure. This should be kept in mind if treatment with the combination of pioglitazone and Apidra is considered. If the combination is used, patients should be observed for signs and symptoms of heart failure, weight gain and oedema.
Pioglitazone should be discontinued if any deterioration in cardiac symptoms occurs.
\*\*Handling of the SoloStar pre-filled pen\*\*
Apidra SoloStar 100 units/ml in pre-filled pen is only suitable for subcutaneous injections. If administration by syringe, intravenous injection or infusion pump is necessary, a vial should be used.
Before using SoloStar, the Instructions for use included in the Package leaflet must be read carefully. SoloStar has to be used as recommended in these Instructions for use (see section 6.6).4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Studies on pharmacokinetic interactions have not been performed. Based on empirical knowledge from similar medicinal products, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions are unlikely to occur.
A number of substances affect glucose metabolism and may require dose adjustment of insulin glulisine and particularly close monitoring.
Substances that may enhance the blood-glucose-lowering activity and increase susceptibility to hypoglycaemia include oral antidiabetic medicinal products, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, disopyramide, fibrates, fluoxetine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), pentoxifylline, propoxyphene, salicylates and sulphonamide antibiotics.
Substances that may reduce the blood-glucose-lowering activity include corticosteroids, danazol, diazoxide, diuretics, glucagon, isoniazid, phenothiazine derivatives, somatropin, sympathomimetic medicinal products (e.g. epinephrine [adrenaline], salbutamol, terbutaline), thyroid hormones, oestrogens, progestins (e.g. in oral contraceptives), protease inhibitors and atypical antipsychotic medicinal products (e.g. olanzapine and clozapine).
Beta-blockers, clonidine, lithium salts or alcohol may either potentiate or weaken the blood-glucose-lowering activity of insulin. Pentamidine may cause hypoglycaemia, which may sometimes be followed by hyperglycaemia.
In addition, under the influence of sympatholytic medicinal products such as beta-blockers, clonidine, guanethidine and reserpine, the signs of adrenergic counter-regulation may be reduced or absent.4.6 Pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of insulin glulisine in pregnant women.
Animal reproduction studies have not revealed any differences between insulin glulisine and human insulin regarding pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development (see section 5.3).
Caution should be exercised when prescribing to pregnant women. Careful monitoring of glucose control is essential.
It is essential for patients with pre-existing or gestational diabetes to maintain good metabolic control throughout pregnancy. Insulin requirements may decrease during the first trimester and generally increase during the second and third trimesters. Immediately after delivery, insulin requirements decline rapidly.
\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*
It is unknown whether insulin glulisine is excreted in human milk, but in general insulin does not pass into breast milk and is not absorbed after oral administration.
Breast-feeding mothers may require adjustments in insulin dose and diet.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
Animal reproduction studies with insulin glulisine have not revealed any adverse effects on fertility.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
The patient's ability to concentrate and react may be impaired as a result of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia or, for example, as a result of visual impairment. This may constitute a risk in situations where these abilities are of special importance (e.g. driving a car or operating machines).
Patients should be advised to take precautions to avoid hypoglycaemia whilst driving. This is particularly important in those who have reduced or absent awareness of the warning symptoms of hypoglycaemia or have frequent episodes of hypoglycaemia. The advisability of driving should be considered in these circumstances.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Summary of the safety profile\*\*
Hypoglycaemia, the most frequent adverse reaction of insulin therapy, may occur if the insulin dose is too high in relation to the insulin requirement.
\*\*Tabulated list of adverse reactions\*\*
The following related adverse reactions from clinical studies were listed below by system organ class and in order of decreasing incidence (very common: ≥1/10; common: ≥1/100 to <1/10; uncommon: ≥1/1,000 to <1/100; rare: ≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000; very rare: <1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*MedDRA Organ system classes\*\* | \*\*Very common\*\* | \*\*Common\*\* | \*\*Uncommon\*\* | \*\*Rare\*\* | \*\*Not known\*\* |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | Hypoglycaemia | | | | Hyperglycaemia (potentially leading to Diabetic ketoacidosis(1)) |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | | Injection site reactions Local hypersensitivity reactions | | Lipodystrophy | Cutaneous amyloidosis |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | | | Systemic hypersensitivity reactions | | |
| (1) \*Apidra 100 Units/ml solution for injection in a vial:\* Most of the cases were related to handling errors or pump system failure when Apidra was used with CSII. | | | | | |
\*\*Description of selected adverse reactions\*\*
• Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Symptoms of hypoglycaemia usually occur suddenly. They may include cold sweats, cool pale skin, fatigue, nervousness or tremor, anxiousness, unusual tiredness or weakness, confusion, difficulty in concentration, drowsiness, excessive hunger, vision changes, headache, nausea and palpitation. Hypoglycaemia can become severe and may lead to unconsciousness and/or convulsions and may result in temporary or permanent impairment of brain function or even death.
• Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Local hypersensitivity reactions (redness, swelling and itching at the injection site) may occur during treatment with insulin. These reactions are usually transitory and normally they disappear during continued treatment.
Lipodystrophy and cutaneous amyloidosis may occur at the injection site and delay local insulin absorption. Continuous rotation of the injection site within the given injection area may help to reduce or prevent these reactions (see section 4.4).
• General disorders and administration site conditions
Systemic hypersensitivity reactions may include urticaria, chest tightness, dyspnoea, allergic dermatitis and pruritus. Severe cases of generalized allergy, including anaphylactic reaction, may be life-threatening.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
\*\*Symptoms\*\*
Hypoglycaemia may occur as a result of an excess of insulin activity relative to food intake and energy expenditure.
There are no specific data available concerning overdoses with insulin glulisine. However, hypoglycaemia may develop over sequential stages.
\*\*Management\*\*
Mild hypoglycaemic episodes can be treated by oral administration of glucose or sugary products. It is therefore recommended that the diabetic patient constantly carries some sugar lumps, sweets, biscuits or sugary fruit juice.
Severe hypoglycaemic episodes, where the patient has become unconscious, can be treated by glucagon (0.5 mg to 1 mg) given intramuscularly or subcutaneously by a person who has received appropriate instruction, or by glucose given intravenously by a healthcare professional. Glucose must also be given intravenously, if the patient does not respond to glucagon within 10 to 15 minutes.
Upon regaining consciousness, administration of oral carbohydrate is recommended for the patient in order to prevent relapse.
After an injection of glucagon, the patient should be monitored in a hospital in order to find the reason for this severe hypoglycaemia and prevent other similar episodes.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs used in diabetes, insulins and analogues for injection, fast-acting. ATC code: A10AB06
\*\*Mechanism of action\*\*
Insulin glulisine is a recombinant human insulin analogue that is equipotent to regular human insulin. Insulin glulisine has a more rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action than regular human insulin.
The primary activity of insulins and insulin analogues, including insulin glulisine, is regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulins lower blood glucose levels by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake, especially by skeletal muscle and fat, and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Insulin inhibits lipolysis in the adipocyte, inhibits proteolysis and enhances protein synthesis.
Studies in healthy volunteers and patients with diabetes demonstrated that insulin glulisine is more rapid in onset of action and of shorter duration of action than regular human insulin when given subcutaneously. When insulin glulisine is injected subcutaneously, the glucose lowering activity will begin within 10-20 minutes. After intravenous administration, a faster onset and shorter duration of action, as well as a greater peak response were observed as compared with subcutaneous administration. The glucose-lowering activities of insulin glulisine and regular human insulin are equipotent when administered by intravenous route.
One unit of insulin glulisine has the same glucose-lowering activity as one unit of regular human insulin.
\*\*Dose proportionality\*\*
In a study with 18 male subjects with diabetes mellitus type 1 aged 21 to 50 years, insulin glulisine displayed dose-proportional glucose lowering effect in the therapeutic relevant dose range 0.075 to 0.15 Units/kg, and less than proportional increase in glucose lowering effect with 0.3 Units/kg or higher, like human insulin.
Insulin glulisine takes effect about twice as fast as regular human insulin and completes the glucose lowering effect about 2 hours earlier than regular human insulin.
A phase I study in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus assessed the glucose lowering profiles of insulin glulisine and regular human insulin administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.15 Units/kg, at different times in relation to a 15-minute standard meal. Data indicated that insulin glulisine administered 2 minutes before the meal gives similar postprandial glycaemic control compared to regular human insulin given 30 minutes before the meal. When given 2 minutes prior to meal, insulin glulisine provided better postprandial control than regular human insulin given 2 minutes before the meal. Insulin glulisine administered 15 minutes after starting the meal gives similar glycaemic control as regular human insulin given 2 minutes before the meal (see figure 1).
Figure 1: Average glucose-lowering effect over 6 hours in 20 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Insulin glulisine given 2 minutes (GLULISINE pre) before the start of a meal compared to regular human insulin given 30 minutes (REGULAR 30 min) before the start of the meal (figure 1A) and compared to regular human insulin given 2 minutes (REGULAR pre) before a meal (figure 1B). Insulin glulisine given 15 minutes (GLULISINE post) after start of a meal compared to regular human insulin given 2 minutes (REGULAR pre) before start of the meal (figure 1C). On the x-axis, zero (arrow) is the start of a 15-minute meal.
\*\*Obesity\*\*
A phase I study carried out with insulin glulisine, lispro and regular human insulin in an obese population has demonstrated that insulin glulisine maintains its rapid-acting properties. In this study, the time to 20% of total AUC and the AUC (0-2h) representing the early glucose lowering activity were respectively of 114 minutes and 427 mg/kg for insulin glulisine, 121 minutes and 354 mg/kg for lispro, 150 minutes and 197 mg/kg for regular human insulin (see figure 2).
Figure 2: Glucose infusion rates (GIR) after subcutaneous injection of 0.3 Units/kg of insulin glulisine (GLULISINE) or insulin lispro (LISPRO) or regular human insulin (REGULAR) in an obese population.
Another phase I study with insulin glulisine and insulin lispro in a non-diabetic population in 80 subjects with a wide range of body mass indices (18-46 kg/m²) has demonstrated that rapid action is generally maintained across a wide range of body mass indices (BMI), while total glucose lowering effect decreases with increasing obesity.
The average total GIR AUC between 0-1 hour was 102 ± 75 mg/kg and 158 ± 100 mg/kg with 0.2 and 0.4 Units/kg insulin glulisine, respectively, and was 83.1 ± 72.8 mg/kg and 112.3 ± 70.8 mg/kg with 0.2 and 0.4 Units/kg insulin lispro, respectively.
A phase I study in 18 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (BMI between 35 and 40 kg/m2) with insulin glulisine and insulin lispro [90% CI: 0.81, 0.95 (p=<0.01)] has shown that insulin glulisine effectively controls diurnal postprandial blood glucose excursions.
\*\*Clinical efficacy and safety\*\*
\*Type 1 diabetes mellitus\* – \*Adults\*
In a 26-week phase III clinical study comparing insulin glulisine with insulin lispro both injected subcutaneously shortly (0-15 minutes) before a meal in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using insulin glargine as basal insulin, insulin glulisine was comparable to insulin lispro for glycaemic control as reflected by changes in glycated haemoglobin (expressed as HbA1c equivalent) from baseline to endpoint. Comparable self-monitored blood glucose values were observed. No increase in the basal insulin dose was needed with insulin glulisine, in contrast to insulin lispro.
A 12-week phase III clinical study performed in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus receiving insulin glargine as basal therapy indicate that the immediate post-meal administration of insulin glulisine provides efficacy that was comparable to immediate pre-meal insulin glulisine (0-15 minutes) or regular insulin (30-45 minutes).
In the per-protocol population there was a significantly larger observed reduction in GHb in the pre-meal glulisine group compared with the regular insulin group.
\*Type 1 diabetes mellitus\* – \*Paediatric\*
A 26-week phase III clinical study compared insulin glulisine with insulin lispro both injected subcutaneously shortly (0-15 minutes) before a meal in children (4-5 years: n=9; 6-7 years: n=32 and 8-11 years: n=149) and adolescents (12-17 years: n=382) with type 1 diabetes mellitus using insulin glargine or NPH as basal insulin. Insulin glulisine was comparable to insulin lispro for glycaemic control as reflected by changes in glycated haemoglobin (GHb expressed as HbA1c equivalent) from baseline to endpoint and by self-monitored blood glucose values.
There is insufficient clinical information on the use of Apidra in children younger than the age of 6 years.
\*Type 2 diabetes mellitus\* – \*Adults\*
A 26-week phase III clinical study followed by a 26-week extension safety study was conducted to compare insulin glulisine (0-15 minutes before a meal) with regular human insulin (30-45 minutes before a meal) injected subcutaneously in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus also using NPH insulin as basal insulin. The average body mass index (BMI) of patients was 34.55 kg/m2. Insulin glulisine was shown to be comparable to regular human insulin with regard to glycated haemoglobin (expressed as HbA1c equivalent) changes from baseline to the 6-month endpoint (-0.46% for insulin glulisine and -0.30% for regular human insulin, p=0.0029) and from baseline to the 12-month endpoint (-0.23% for insulin glulisine and -0.13% for regular human insulin, difference not significant). In this study, the majority of patients (79%) mixed their short acting insulin with NPH insulin immediately prior to injection and 58% of subjects used oral hypoglycaemic agents at randomization and were instructed to continue to use them at the same dose.
\*Race and gender\*
In controlled clinical studies in adults, insulin glulisine did not show differences in safety and efficacy in subgroup analyses based on race and gender.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
In insulin glulisine the replacement of the human insulin amino acid asparagine in position B3 by lysine and the lysine in position B29 by glutamic acid favours more rapid absorption.
In a study with 18 male subjects with diabetes mellitus type 1, aged 21 to 50 years, insulin glulisine displays dose-proportionality for early, maximum and total exposure in the dose range 0.075 to 0.4 Units/kg.
\*\*Absorption and bioavailability\*\*
Pharmacokinetic profiles in healthy volunteers and diabetes patients (type 1 or 2) demonstrated that absorption of insulin glulisine was about twice as fast with a peak concentration approximately twice as high as compared to regular human insulin.
In a study in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus after subcutaneous administration of 0.15 Units/kg, for insulin glulisine the Tmax was 55 minutes and Cmax was 82 ± 1.3 µUnits/ml compared to a Tmax of 82 minutes and a Cmax of 46 ± 1.3 µUnits/ml for regular human insulin. The mean residence time of insulin glulisine was shorter (98 min) than for regular human insulin (161 min) (see figure 3).
Figure 3: Pharmacokinetic profile of insulin glulisine and regular human insulin in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients after a dose of 0.15 Units/kg.
In a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after subcutaneous administration of 0.2 Units/kg insulin glulisine, the Cmax was 91 µUnits/ml with the interquartile range from 78 to 104 µUnits/ml.
When insulin glulisine was injected subcutaneously into abdomen, deltoid and thigh, the concentration-time profiles were similar with a slightly faster absorption when administered in the abdomen compared to the thigh. Absorption from deltoid sites was in-between (see section 4.2). The absolute bioavailability (70%) of insulin glulisine was similar between injection sites and of low intra-subject variability (11% CV). Intravenous bolus administration of insulin glulisine resulted in a higher systemic exposure when compared to subcutaneous injection, with a Cmax approximately 40-fold higher.
\*Obesity\*
Another phase I study with insulin glulisine and insulin lispro in a non-diabetic population in 80 subjects with a wide range of body mass indices (18-46 kg/m²) has demonstrated that rapid absorption and total exposure is generally maintained across a wide range of body mass indices.
The time to 10% of total INS exposure was reached earlier by approximately 5-6 min with insulin glulisine.
\*\*Distribution and elimination\*\*
The distribution and elimination of insulin glulisine and regular human insulin after intravenous administration is similar with volumes of distribution of 13 l and 22 l and half-lives of 13 and 18 minutes, respectively.
After subcutaneous administration, insulin glulisine is eliminated more rapidly than regular human insulin with an apparent half-life of 42 minutes compared to 86 minutes. In an across study analysis of insulin glulisine in either healthy subjects or subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus the apparent half-life ranged from 37 to 75 minutes (interquartile range).
Insulin glulisine shows low plasma protein binding, similar to human insulin.
\*\*Special populations\*\*
\*Renal impairment\*
In a clinical study performed in non-diabetic subjects covering a wide range of renal function (CrCl >80 ml/min, 30-50 ml/min, <30 ml/min), the rapid-acting properties of insulin glulisine were generally maintained. However, insulin requirements may be reduced in the presence of renal impairment.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
The pharmacokinetic properties have not been investigated in patients with impaired liver function.
\*Elderly\*
Very limited pharmacokinetic data are available for elderly patients with diabetes mellitus.
\*Children and adolescents\*
The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin glulisine were investigated in children (7-11 years) and adolescents (12-16 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Insulin glulisine was rapidly absorbed in both age groups, with similar Tmax and Cmax as in adults (see section 4.2). Administered immediately before a test meal, insulin glulisine provided better postprandial control than regular human insulin, as in adults (see section 5.1). The glucose excursion (AUC 0-6h) was 641 mg.h.dl-1 for insulin glulisine and 801 mg.h.dl-1 for regular human insulin.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data did not reveal toxicity findings others than those linked to the blood glucose lowering pharmacodynamic activity (hypoglycaemia), different from regular human insulin or of clinical relevance for humans.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Metacresol
Sodium chloride
Trometamol
Polysorbate 20
Hydrochloric acid, concentrated
Sodium hydroxide
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except NPH human insulin.6.3 Shelf life
2 years.
\*\*Shelf life after first use of the pen\*\*
The product may be stored for a maximum of 4 weeks below 25°C away from direct heat or direct light. Pens in use must not be stored in the refrigerator. The pen cap must be put back on the pen after each injection in order to protect from light.6.4 Special precautions for storage
\*\*Not in-use pens\*\*
Store in a refrigerator (2°C-8°C).
Do not freeze.
Do not put Apidra next to the freezer compartment or a freezer pack.
Keep the pre-filled pen in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
\*\*In-use pens\*\*
For storage conditions after first opening of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
3 ml solution in a cartridge (colourless glass) with a plunger (elastomeric bromobutyl rubber) and a flanged cap (aluminium) with a stopper (elastomeric bromobutyl rubber). The cartridge is sealed in a disposable pre-filled pen. Packs of 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 pens are available.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Apidra SoloStar 100 units/ml in a pre-filled pen is only suitable for subcutaneous injections. If administration by syringe, intravenous injection or infusion pump is necessary, a vial should be used.
Before first use, the pen must be stored at room temperature for 1 to 2 hours.
Inspect the cartridge before use. It must only be used if the solution is clear, colourless, with no solid particles visible, and if it is of water-like consistency. Since Apidra is a solution, it does not require resuspension before use.
Empty pens must never be reused and must be properly discarded.
To prevent any kind of contamination, the use of the pre-filled pen should remain strictly for a single patient use.
Insulin label must always be checked before each injection to avoid medication errors between insulin glulisine and other insulins (see section 4.4).
\*\*Handling of the pen\*\*
\*\*The patient should be advised to read the instructions for use included in the package leaflet carefully before using SoloStar.\*\*
\*\*Important information for use of SoloStar:\*\*
• Before each use, a new needle must always be carefully attached and a safety test must be performed. A dose should not be selected and/or the injection button should not be pressed without a needle attached. Only use needles that are compatible for use with SoloStar.
• Special caution must be taken to avoid accidental needle injury and transmission of infection.
• SoloStar must never be used if it is damaged or if the patient is not sure if it is working properly.
• The patient must always have a spare SoloStar available in case the SoloStar is lost or damaged.
\*\*Storage instructions\*\*
Please check section 6.4 of this SPC for instructions on how to store SoloStar.
If SoloStar is in cool storage, it should be taken out 1 to 2 hours before you inject to allow it to warm up. Cold insulin is more painful to inject.
The used SoloStar must be discarded as required by your local authorities.
\*\*Maintenance\*\*
SoloStar has to be protected from dust and dirt.
The outside of the SoloStar can be cleaned by wiping it with a damp cloth.
The pen must not be soaked, washed or lubricated as this may damage it.
SoloStar is designed to work accurately and safely. It should be handled with care. The patient should avoid situations where SoloStar may be damaged. If the patient is concerned that the SoloStar may be damaged, he must use a new one.
\*\*Step 1\*\* \*\*Check the insulin\*\*
The label on the pen should be checked to make sure it contains the correct insulin. The Apidra SoloStar is blue. It has a dark blue injection button with a raised ring on the top. After removing the pen cap, the appearance of insulin should also be checked: the insulin solution must be clear, colourless, with no solid particles visible, and must have a water-like consistency.
\*\*Step 2\*\* \*\*Attach the needle\*\*
Only needles that are compatible for use with SoloStar should be used.
A new sterile needle will be always used for each injection. After removing the cap, the needle should be carefully attached straight onto the pen.
\*\*Step 3\*\* \*\*Perform a\*\* \*\*safety test\*\*
Prior to each injection a safety test has to be performed to ensure that pen and needle work properly and to remove air bubbles.
A dose of 2 units has to be selected.
The outer and inner needle caps should be removed.
While holding the pen with the needle pointing upwards, the insulin reservoir should be tapped gently with the finger so that any air bubbles rise up towards the needle.
Then the injection button should be pressed in completely.
If insulin has been expelled through the needle tip, then the pen and the needle are working properly.
If no insulin appears at the needle tip, step 3 should be repeated until insulin appears at the needle tip.
\*\*Step 4\*\* \*\*Select the dose\*\*
The dose can be set in steps of 1 unit, from a minimum of 1 unit to a maximum of 80 units. If a dose greater than 80 units is required, it should be given as two or more injections.
The dose window must show “0” following the safety test. The dose can then be selected.
\*\*Step 5 Inject the dose\*\*
The patient should be informed on the injection technique by his health care professional.
The needle should be inserted into the skin.
The injection button should be pressed in completely. Then the injection button should be held down 10 seconds before withdrawing the needle. This ensures that the full dose of insulin has been injected.
\*\*Step 6\*\* \*\*Remove and discard the needle\*\*
The needle should always be removed after each injection and discarded. This helps prevent contamination and/or infection, entry of air into the insulin reservoir and leakage of insulin. Needles must not be reused.
Special caution must be taken when removing and disposing the needle. Recommended safety measures for removal and disposal of needles must be followed (e.g. a one handed capping technique) in order to reduce the risk of accidental needle injury and transmission of infectious diseases.
The pen cap should be replaced on the pen.
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