- Approval Id
- 2d45c66bc3a080bc
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Dropodex Eye Drops
- Drug Name
- Dropodex Eye Drops
- Company Name
- Rayner Pharmaceuticals Limited
- Company Address
- The Ridley Innovation Centre, 10 Dominion Way, Worthing, West Sussex, BN14 8AQ, UK
- Company Website
- https://www.rayner.com/
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0) 1903 258 900
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 (0) 800 0418 153
- Company Medical Info Email
- safety.rayner@apcerls.com
- Company Customer Care Direct Line
- +44 (0)1903 854 560
- Company Stock Availability
- +44 (0)1903 258 910
- Atc Code
- S01BA01
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Rayner Pharmaceuticals Ltd,
10 Dominion Way,
Worthing,
West Sussex,
BN14 8AQ,
United Kingdom.
- Authorisation Number
- PL 47069/0003
- Authorisation Date
- Date of first authorisation: 30 January 2013
Date of latest renewal: 28 September 2017
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Rayner Pharmaceuticals Ltd,
10 Dominion Way,
Worthing,
West Sussex,
BN14 8AQ,
United Kingdom.
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PL 47069/0003
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- Date of first authorisation: 30 January 2013
Date of latest renewal: 28 September 2017
- Instruction Composition
- Dexamethasone sodium phosphate Ph Eur equivalent to 0.1% w/v dexamethasone.
Each mL of solution contains 1 mg dexamethasone phosphate (as dexamethasone sodium phosphate).
Each individual single-dose unit contains 0.4 mg dexamethasone phosphate (as dexamethasone sodium phosphate) in 0.4 mL of solution.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Eye drops, solution
Single-use eye drops which are sterile and preservative free.
A colourless solution when examined under suitable conditions of visibility, clear and free from particles.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Dropodex is indicated for inflammatory conditions of the anterior segment of the eye, such as marginal keratitis, stromal oedema in keratitis, anterior uveitis, episcleritis (if NSAIDs are contraindicated or insufficient), scleritis, acute phase of severe allergic conjunctivitis not responding to standard therapy.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
\*Adults (including the elderly)\*
The usual dose in adults, including the elderly, is 1 drop, 4 to 6 times daily.
In severe conditions, the treatment can be used more frequently at first (1 drop every hour), and then reduced to 1 drop every 4 hours as the eye inflammation subsides. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate dosage should be progressively reduced.
\*Paediatric population\*
Use of Dropodex in children and adolescents must be restricted. No data on safety and efficacy are available for children aged less than 2 years. In children, long-term continuous corticosteroid therapy should be avoided due to possible adrenal suppression (see section 4.4).
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
Ocular use.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section6.1.
Use is contra-indicated in herpes simplex and other viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, fungal disease, ocular tuberculosis, untreated purulent infections, patients with a history of acute epithelial herpes simplex keratitis or hypersensitivity to any component of the preparation.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
For ocular use only. Not for injection into the eye.
Care should be taken to ensure that the eye is not infected before initiating treatment.
In those diseases causing thinning of the cornea or sclera, perforations have been known to occur with the use of topical corticosteroids.
Caution is also necessary when used in conjunction with antiviral therapy in the treatment of stromal keratitis or uveitis and use of periodic slit-lamp microscopy.
Corticosteroids may reduce resistance to and aid in the establishment of bacterial, viral and fungal infections and mask the clinical signs of infections, preventing recognition of ineffectiveness of the antibiotic. In such cases antibiotic therapy is mandatory. Fungal infection should be suspected in patients with persistent corneal ulceration who have been or are receiving these drugs, and corticosteroids therapy should be discontinued if fungal infection occurs.
This medicinal product contains phosphates which may lead to corneal deposits or corneal opacity when topically administered. It should be used with caution in patients presenting with compromised cornea and in instances where the patient is receiving polypharmacy with other phosphate-containing eye medications (see section 4.5).
Topical corticosteroids should not be used for longer than one week except under ophthalmic supervision. Prolonged use of topical ophthalmic corticosteroids may result in ocular hypertension and/or glaucoma, with damage to the optic nerve, reduced visual acuity, visual field defects and posterior subcapsular cataract formation. In patients receiving prolonged ophthalmic corticosteroid therapy, intraocular pressure and the lens should be checked routinely and frequently, particularly in patients with a history or presence of glaucoma. The dose of anti-glaucoma medication may need to be adjusted in these patients. Prolonged use may also increase the hazard of secondary ocular infections. Topical ophthalmic corticosteroids may slow corneal wound healing.
Cushing's syndrome and/or adrenal suppression associated with systemic absorption of ophthalmic dexamethasone may occur after intensive or long-term continuous therapy in predisposed patients, including children and patients treated with CYP3A4 inhibitors (including ritonavir and cobicistat). In these cases, treatment should be progressively discontinued.
Contact lenses should not be worn during treatment with corticosteroid eye drops due to increased risk of infection.
Systemic absorption may be reduced by compressing the lacrimal sac at the medial canthus for a minute during and following the instillation of the drops. (This blocks the passage of drops via the naso-lacrimal duct to the wide absorptive area of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa. It is especially advisable in children).
\*\*Visual disturbance\*\*
Visual disturbance may be reported with systemic and topical corticosteroid use. If a patient presents with symptoms such as blurred vision or other visual disturbances, the patient should be considered for referral to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of possible causes which may include cataract, glaucoma or rare diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) which have been reported after use of systemic and topical corticosteroids.
\*\*Paediatric population\*\*
In children, long-term, continuous corticosteroid therapy should be avoided due to possible adrenal suppression.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
The risk of increased intraocular pressure associated with prolonged corticosteroid therapy may be more likely to occur with concomitant use of anticholinergics, especially atropine and related compounds, in patients predisposed to acute angle closure.
The risk of corneal deposits or corneal opacity may be more likely to occur in patients presenting with compromised cornea and receiving polypharmacy with other phosphate-containing eye medications.
The following drug interactions are possible, but are unlikely to be of clinical significance, following the use of Dropodex in the eye:
The therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone may be reduced by phenytoin, phenobarbitone, ephedrine and rifampicin.
Glucocorticoids may increase the need for salicylates as plasma salicylate clearance is increased.
CYP3A4 inhibitors (including ritanovir and cobicistat) may decrease dexamethasone clearance resulting in increased effects and adrenal suppression/Cushing's syndrome. The combination should be avoided unless the benefit outweighs the increased risk of systemic corticosteroid side-effects, in which case patients should be monitored for systemic corticosteroid effects.
If more than one topical ophthalmic medicinal product is being used, the medicines must be administered at least 5 minutes apart. Eye ointments should be administered last.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of dexamethasone eye drops in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown that topically applied steroids can be absorbed systemically and can cause abnormalities of foetal development in pregnant animals (see section 5.3), although the relevance of these findings to human beings has not been established. As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Dropodex during pregnancy.
\*\*Breastfeeding\*\*
Systemically administered corticosteroids appear in human milk in quantities that could affect the child being breastfed. However, when instilled topically, systemic exposure is low. It is unknown whether dexamethasone is excreted in human milk. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from Dropodex therapy taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Dropodex has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines; however, instillation of eye drops may cause transient blurring of vision. Warn patients not to drive or operate hazardous machinery until vision is clear.4.8 Undesirable effects
The following undesirable effects are classified according to the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1000), very rare (< 1/10,000), or not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in decreasing order of seriousness.
Endocrine disorders:
- Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data): Cushing's syndrome, adrenal suppression (see section 4.4)
Eye disorders:
- Very common (> 1/10): intraocular pressure increased (after 2 weeks of treatment).
- Common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10): ocular discomfort after instillation, irritation, burning, eye pruritus (see also section 4.4). These symptoms are mild and transient with no consequences.
- Uncommon (≥ 1/1,000, < 1/100): signs and symptoms of allergic or hypersensitive reactions can occur. The following corticoid specific undesirable effects can occur: delay in healing, risk of posterior subcapsular cataract formation, opportunist infections glaucoma and blurred vision.
- Very rare (< 1/10,000, including isolated reports): conjunctivitis, eyelid oedema, corticoid-induced uveitis, keratitis, corneal thinning, corneal oedema and ulcerations. Cases of corneal calcification have been reported in association with the use of phosphate containing eye drops in some patients with significantly damaged corneas. Due to the steroid component, in diseases causing thinning of the cornea or sclera, there is a higher risk for perforation especially after topical long treatments.
General disorders and administration site conditions:
- Uncommon (≥ 1/1,000, < 1/100): after long treatment posology, systemic absorption can occur with an inhibition of the adrenal function.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
Overdose is unlikely to occur as Dropodex are single-dose units. Excess Dropodex may be wiped away with a clean tissue.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Corticosteroids, plain, ATC code: S01 BA01
Dexamethasone is a highly potent and long-acting glucocorticoid. It has an approximately 7 times greater anti-inflammatory potency than prednisolone, another commonly prescribed corticosteroid.
The actions of corticosteroids are mediated by the binding of the corticosteroid molecules to receptor molecules located within sensitive cells. Corticosteroid receptors are present in human trabecular meshwork cells and in rabbit iris ciliary body tissue.
Corticosteroids will inhibit phospholipase A2 thereby preventing the generation of substances which mediate inflammation, for example, prostaglandins. Corticosteroids also produce a marked, though transient, lymphocytopaenia. This depletion is due to redistribution of the cells, the T lymphocytes being affected to a greater degree than the B lymphocytes. Lymphokine production is reduced, as is the sensitivity of macrophages to activation by lymphokines. Corticosteroids also retard epithelial regeneration, diminish post-inflammatory neo- vascularisation and reduce towards normal levels the excessive permeability of inflamed capillaries.
The actions of corticosteroids described above are exhibited by dexamethasone and they all contribute to its anti-inflammatory effect.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*Absorption\*\*
When given topically to the eye, dexamethasone is absorbed into the aqueous humour, cornea, iris, choroid, ciliary body and retina. Systemic absorption occurs but may be significant only at higher dosages or in extended paediatric therapy. Up to 90% of dexamethasone is absorbed when given by mouth; peak plasma levels are reached between 1 and 2 hours after ingestion and show wide individual variations.
\*\*Distribution\*\*
Tissue distribution studies in animals show a high uptake of dexamethasone by the liver, kidney and adrenal glands; a volume of distribution has been quoted as 0.58 L/kg. In man, over 60% of circulating steroids are excreted in the urine within 24 hours, largely as unconjugated steroid.
\*\*Biotransformation\*\*
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate is rapidly converted to dexamethasone within the circulation. Up to 77% of dexamethasone is bound to plasma proteins, mainly albumin. This percentage, unlike cortisol, remains practically unchanged with increasing steroid concentrations. The mean plasma half-life of dexamethasone is 3.6 ± 0.9h.
\*\*Elimination\*\*
Dexamethasone also appears to be cleared more rapidly from the circulation of the foetus and neonate than in the mother; plasma dexamethasone levels in the foetus and the mother have been found in the ratio of 0.32:1.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Repeat dose topical ocular safety studies with dexamethasone in rabbits have shown systemic corticosteroid effects. Such effects are considered to be unlikely when dexamethasone eye drops are used as recommended.
Dexamethasone was clastogenic in the in vitro human lymphocyte assay and in vivo in the mouse micronucleus assay at doses in excess of those obtained following topical application. Conventional carcinogenicity studies with dexamethasone have not been performed.
Dexamethasone has been found to be teratogenic in animal models. Dexamethasone induced abnormalities of foetal development including cleft palate, intra-uterine growth retardation and effects on brain growth and development.
There are no other preclinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that included in other sections of the SPC.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Sodium chloride
Disodium edetate
Disodium phosphate dodecahydrate (E339)
Water, purified6.2 Incompatibilities
None known. In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.6.3 Shelf life
Unopened: 30 months.
After opening the sachet: use contents within 28 days.
After opening the single-dose unit: use immediately after opening the single-dose unit. Discard any unused content.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C. Do not refrigerate or freeze. Store in original package. For storage conditions after first opening, see Section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
0.4 mL in transparent low density polyethylene single-dose units. Each triple laminate (PET/aluminium/LDPE) sachet contains 5 single-dose units. 20 single-dose units are packed into one carton.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate Ph Eur equivalent to 0.1% w/v dexamethasone.
Each mL of solution contains 1 mg dexamethasone phosphate (as dexamethasone sodium phosphate).
Each individual single-dose unit contains 0.4 mg dexamethasone phosphate (as dexamethasone sodium phosphate) in 0.4 mL of solution.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Eye drops, solution
Single-use eye drops which are sterile and preservative free.
A colourless solution when examined under suitable conditions of visibility, clear and free from particles.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Dropodex is indicated for inflammatory conditions of the anterior segment of the eye, such as marginal keratitis, stromal oedema in keratitis, anterior uveitis, episcleritis (if NSAIDs are contraindicated or insufficient), scleritis, acute phase of severe allergic conjunctivitis not responding to standard therapy.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
\*Adults (including the elderly)\*
The usual dose in adults, including the elderly, is 1 drop, 4 to 6 times daily.
In severe conditions, the treatment can be used more frequently at first (1 drop every hour), and then reduced to 1 drop every 4 hours as the eye inflammation subsides. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate dosage should be progressively reduced.
\*Paediatric population\*
Use of Dropodex in children and adolescents must be restricted. No data on safety and efficacy are available for children aged less than 2 years. In children, long-term continuous corticosteroid therapy should be avoided due to possible adrenal suppression (see section 4.4).
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
Ocular use.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section6.1.
Use is contra-indicated in herpes simplex and other viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, fungal disease, ocular tuberculosis, untreated purulent infections, patients with a history of acute epithelial herpes simplex keratitis or hypersensitivity to any component of the preparation.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
For ocular use only. Not for injection into the eye.
Care should be taken to ensure that the eye is not infected before initiating treatment.
In those diseases causing thinning of the cornea or sclera, perforations have been known to occur with the use of topical corticosteroids.
Caution is also necessary when used in conjunction with antiviral therapy in the treatment of stromal keratitis or uveitis and use of periodic slit-lamp microscopy.
Corticosteroids may reduce resistance to and aid in the establishment of bacterial, viral and fungal infections and mask the clinical signs of infections, preventing recognition of ineffectiveness of the antibiotic. In such cases antibiotic therapy is mandatory. Fungal infection should be suspected in patients with persistent corneal ulceration who have been or are receiving these drugs, and corticosteroids therapy should be discontinued if fungal infection occurs.
This medicinal product contains phosphates which may lead to corneal deposits or corneal opacity when topically administered. It should be used with caution in patients presenting with compromised cornea and in instances where the patient is receiving polypharmacy with other phosphate-containing eye medications (see section 4.5).
Topical corticosteroids should not be used for longer than one week except under ophthalmic supervision. Prolonged use of topical ophthalmic corticosteroids may result in ocular hypertension and/or glaucoma, with damage to the optic nerve, reduced visual acuity, visual field defects and posterior subcapsular cataract formation. In patients receiving prolonged ophthalmic corticosteroid therapy, intraocular pressure and the lens should be checked routinely and frequently, particularly in patients with a history or presence of glaucoma. The dose of anti-glaucoma medication may need to be adjusted in these patients. Prolonged use may also increase the hazard of secondary ocular infections. Topical ophthalmic corticosteroids may slow corneal wound healing.
Cushing's syndrome and/or adrenal suppression associated with systemic absorption of ophthalmic dexamethasone may occur after intensive or long-term continuous therapy in predisposed patients, including children and patients treated with CYP3A4 inhibitors (including ritonavir and cobicistat). In these cases, treatment should be progressively discontinued.
Contact lenses should not be worn during treatment with corticosteroid eye drops due to increased risk of infection.
Systemic absorption may be reduced by compressing the lacrimal sac at the medial canthus for a minute during and following the instillation of the drops. (This blocks the passage of drops via the naso-lacrimal duct to the wide absorptive area of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa. It is especially advisable in children).
\*\*Visual disturbance\*\*
Visual disturbance may be reported with systemic and topical corticosteroid use. If a patient presents with symptoms such as blurred vision or other visual disturbances, the patient should be considered for referral to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of possible causes which may include cataract, glaucoma or rare diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) which have been reported after use of systemic and topical corticosteroids.
\*\*Paediatric population\*\*
In children, long-term, continuous corticosteroid therapy should be avoided due to possible adrenal suppression.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
The risk of increased intraocular pressure associated with prolonged corticosteroid therapy may be more likely to occur with concomitant use of anticholinergics, especially atropine and related compounds, in patients predisposed to acute angle closure.
The risk of corneal deposits or corneal opacity may be more likely to occur in patients presenting with compromised cornea and receiving polypharmacy with other phosphate-containing eye medications.
The following drug interactions are possible, but are unlikely to be of clinical significance, following the use of Dropodex in the eye:
The therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone may be reduced by phenytoin, phenobarbitone, ephedrine and rifampicin.
Glucocorticoids may increase the need for salicylates as plasma salicylate clearance is increased.
CYP3A4 inhibitors (including ritanovir and cobicistat) may decrease dexamethasone clearance resulting in increased effects and adrenal suppression/Cushing's syndrome. The combination should be avoided unless the benefit outweighs the increased risk of systemic corticosteroid side-effects, in which case patients should be monitored for systemic corticosteroid effects.
If more than one topical ophthalmic medicinal product is being used, the medicines must be administered at least 5 minutes apart. Eye ointments should be administered last.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of dexamethasone eye drops in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown that topically applied steroids can be absorbed systemically and can cause abnormalities of foetal development in pregnant animals (see section 5.3), although the relevance of these findings to human beings has not been established. As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Dropodex during pregnancy.
\*\*Breastfeeding\*\*
Systemically administered corticosteroids appear in human milk in quantities that could affect the child being breastfed. However, when instilled topically, systemic exposure is low. It is unknown whether dexamethasone is excreted in human milk. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from Dropodex therapy taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Dropodex has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines; however, instillation of eye drops may cause transient blurring of vision. Warn patients not to drive or operate hazardous machinery until vision is clear.4.8 Undesirable effects
The following undesirable effects are classified according to the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1000), very rare (< 1/10,000), or not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in decreasing order of seriousness.
Endocrine disorders:
- Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data): Cushing's syndrome, adrenal suppression (see section 4.4)
Eye disorders:
- Very common (> 1/10): intraocular pressure increased (after 2 weeks of treatment).
- Common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10): ocular discomfort after instillation, irritation, burning, eye pruritus (see also section 4.4). These symptoms are mild and transient with no consequences.
- Uncommon (≥ 1/1,000, < 1/100): signs and symptoms of allergic or hypersensitive reactions can occur. The following corticoid specific undesirable effects can occur: delay in healing, risk of posterior subcapsular cataract formation, opportunist infections glaucoma and blurred vision.
- Very rare (< 1/10,000, including isolated reports): conjunctivitis, eyelid oedema, corticoid-induced uveitis, keratitis, corneal thinning, corneal oedema and ulcerations. Cases of corneal calcification have been reported in association with the use of phosphate containing eye drops in some patients with significantly damaged corneas. Due to the steroid component, in diseases causing thinning of the cornea or sclera, there is a higher risk for perforation especially after topical long treatments.
General disorders and administration site conditions:
- Uncommon (≥ 1/1,000, < 1/100): after long treatment posology, systemic absorption can occur with an inhibition of the adrenal function.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
Overdose is unlikely to occur as Dropodex are single-dose units. Excess Dropodex may be wiped away with a clean tissue.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Corticosteroids, plain, ATC code: S01 BA01
Dexamethasone is a highly potent and long-acting glucocorticoid. It has an approximately 7 times greater anti-inflammatory potency than prednisolone, another commonly prescribed corticosteroid.
The actions of corticosteroids are mediated by the binding of the corticosteroid molecules to receptor molecules located within sensitive cells. Corticosteroid receptors are present in human trabecular meshwork cells and in rabbit iris ciliary body tissue.
Corticosteroids will inhibit phospholipase A2 thereby preventing the generation of substances which mediate inflammation, for example, prostaglandins. Corticosteroids also produce a marked, though transient, lymphocytopaenia. This depletion is due to redistribution of the cells, the T lymphocytes being affected to a greater degree than the B lymphocytes. Lymphokine production is reduced, as is the sensitivity of macrophages to activation by lymphokines. Corticosteroids also retard epithelial regeneration, diminish post-inflammatory neo- vascularisation and reduce towards normal levels the excessive permeability of inflamed capillaries.
The actions of corticosteroids described above are exhibited by dexamethasone and they all contribute to its anti-inflammatory effect.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*Absorption\*\*
When given topically to the eye, dexamethasone is absorbed into the aqueous humour, cornea, iris, choroid, ciliary body and retina. Systemic absorption occurs but may be significant only at higher dosages or in extended paediatric therapy. Up to 90% of dexamethasone is absorbed when given by mouth; peak plasma levels are reached between 1 and 2 hours after ingestion and show wide individual variations.
\*\*Distribution\*\*
Tissue distribution studies in animals show a high uptake of dexamethasone by the liver, kidney and adrenal glands; a volume of distribution has been quoted as 0.58 L/kg. In man, over 60% of circulating steroids are excreted in the urine within 24 hours, largely as unconjugated steroid.
\*\*Biotransformation\*\*
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate is rapidly converted to dexamethasone within the circulation. Up to 77% of dexamethasone is bound to plasma proteins, mainly albumin. This percentage, unlike cortisol, remains practically unchanged with increasing steroid concentrations. The mean plasma half-life of dexamethasone is 3.6 ± 0.9h.
\*\*Elimination\*\*
Dexamethasone also appears to be cleared more rapidly from the circulation of the foetus and neonate than in the mother; plasma dexamethasone levels in the foetus and the mother have been found in the ratio of 0.32:1.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Repeat dose topical ocular safety studies with dexamethasone in rabbits have shown systemic corticosteroid effects. Such effects are considered to be unlikely when dexamethasone eye drops are used as recommended.
Dexamethasone was clastogenic in the in vitro human lymphocyte assay and in vivo in the mouse micronucleus assay at doses in excess of those obtained following topical application. Conventional carcinogenicity studies with dexamethasone have not been performed.
Dexamethasone has been found to be teratogenic in animal models. Dexamethasone induced abnormalities of foetal development including cleft palate, intra-uterine growth retardation and effects on brain growth and development.
There are no other preclinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that included in other sections of the SPC.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Sodium chloride
Disodium edetate
Disodium phosphate dodecahydrate (E339)
Water, purified6.2 Incompatibilities
None known. In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.6.3 Shelf life
Unopened: 30 months.
After opening the sachet: use contents within 28 days.
After opening the single-dose unit: use immediately after opening the single-dose unit. Discard any unused content.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25°C. Do not refrigerate or freeze. Store in original package. For storage conditions after first opening, see Section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
0.4 mL in transparent low density polyethylene single-dose units. Each triple laminate (PET/aluminium/LDPE) sachet contains 5 single-dose units. 20 single-dose units are packed into one carton.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
