- Approval Id
- 4c6a8e6deaf2e6c3
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Perindopril/Amlodipine KRKA 8mg/5mg tablets
- Drug Name
- Perindopril/Amlodipine KRKA 8mg/5mg tablets
- Company Name
- Krka UK Ltd
- Company Address
- KRKA UK Ltd, Thames House, Waterside Drive, Langley, Slough, SL3 6EZ, UK
- Company Website
- //www.krka.co.uk
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0)207 164 6156
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 (0)7572 410 233
- Company Medical Info Email
- info.uk@krka.biz
- Company Customer Care Direct Line
- +44 (0)7894 980 624
- Atc Code
- C09BB04
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- KRKA, d.d., Novo mesto, Šmarješka cesta 6, 8501 Novo mesto, Slovenia
- Authorisation Number
- PL 01656/0116
- Authorisation Date
- 22/07/2011
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- KRKA, d.d., Novo mesto, Šmarješka cesta 6, 8501 Novo mesto, Slovenia
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PL 01656/0116
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 22/07/2011
- Instruction Composition
- Each tablet contains 8 mg perindopril tert-butylamine (equivalent to 6.68 mg perindopril) and 5 mg amlodipine (as besilate).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Tablet
White to almost white, round, biconvex tablets with bevelled edges, engraved with mark U 3 on one side of the tablet. Diameter: approximately 9 mm.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Perindopril/Amlodipine is indicated as substitution therapy for treatment of essential hypertension and/or stable coronary artery disease, in patients already controlled with perindopril and amlodipine given concurrently at the same dose level.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
The fixed dose combination is not suitable for initial therapy.
If the change of the dosage is needed, it should be carried out by individual titration of the free combination's ingredients.
\*Patients with renal impairment and elderly (see sections 4.4 and 5.2)\*
Elimination of perindoprilat is decreased in the elderly and in patients with renal failure. Therefore, the usual medical follow-up will include frequent monitoring of creatinine and potassium.
Perindopril/Amlodipine can be administered in patients with Clcr ≥ 60 ml/min, and is not suitable for patients with Clcr < 60 ml/min. In these patients, an individual dose titration with the monocomponents is recommended.
Changes in amlodipine plasma concentrations are not correlated with degree of renal impairment.
\*Patients with hepatic impairment: see sections 4.4 and 5.2\*
A dosage regimen for patients with hepatic impairment has not been established. Therefore, Perindopril/Amlodipine should be administered with caution.
Dosage recommendations have not been established in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment; therefore dose selection should be cautious and should start at the lower end of the dosing range (see sections 4.4 and 5.2). To find the optimal starting dose and maintenance dose of patients with hepatic impairment, the patients should be individually titrated using the free combination of amlodipine and perindopril. The pharmacokinetics of amlodipine have not been studied in severe hepatic impairment. Amlodipine should be initiated at the lowest dose and titrated slowly in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
\*Paediatric population\*
Perindopril/Amlodipine should not be used in children and adolescents as the efficacy and tolerability of perindopril alone or in combination with amlodipine, have not been established in children and adolescents.
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
Oral route.
One tablet per day as a single dose, preferably to be taken in the morning and before a meal.4.3 Contraindications
\*Linked to perindopril\*
- Hypersensitivity to perindopril or to any other ACE inhibitor.
- History of angioedema associated with previous ACE inhibitor therapy.
- Hereditary or idiopathic angioedema.
- Second and third trimesters of pregnancy (see sections 4.4 and 4.6).
- Concomitant use with sacubitril/valsartan therapy. Perindopril/Amlodipine must not be initiated earlier than 36 hours after the last dose of sacubitril/valsartan (see also sections 4.4 and 4.5).
- Extracorporeal treatments leading to contact of blood with negatively charged surfaces (see section 4.5).
- Significant bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a single functioning kidney (see section 4.4).
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
- Severe hypotension,
- Hypersensitivity to amlodipine or to any other dihydropyridines,
- Shock, including cardiogenic shock,
- Obstruction of the outflow-tract of the left ventricle (e.g. high grade aortic stenosis), - Haemodynamically unstable heart failure after acute myocardial infarction.
\*Linked to Perindopril/Amlodipine\*
All contraindications related to each monocomponent, as listed above, should apply also to the fixed combination of Perindopril/Amlodipine.
- Hypersensitivity to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
- The concomitant use of Perindopril/Amlodipine with aliskiren-containing products is contraindicated in patients with diabetes mellitus or renal impairment (GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) (see sections 4.5 and 5.1).”4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*Linked to perindopril\*
\*\*\*Special warnings\*\*\*
\*Hypersensitivity/Angioedema:\*
Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, mucous membranes, tongue, glottis and/or larynx has been reported rarely in patients treated with ACE inhibitors, including perindopril (see section 4.8). This may occur at any time during therapy\*\*\*.\*\*\* In such cases,
Perindopril/Amlodipine should promptly be discontinued and appropriate monitoring should be initiated and continued until complete resolution of symptoms has occurred. In those instances where swelling was confined to the face and lips the condition generally resolved without treatment, although antihistamines have been useful in relieving symptoms. Angioedema associated with laryngeal oedema may be fatal. Where there is involvement of the tongue, glottis or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, emergency therapy should be administered promptly. This may include the administration of adrenaline and/or the maintenance of a patient airway. The patient should be under close medical supervision until complete and sustained resolution of symptoms has occurred.
Patients with a history of angioedema unrelated to ACE inhibitor therapy may be at increased risk of angioedema while receiving an ACE inhibitor (see section 4.3).
Intestinal angioedema has been reported rarely in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior facial angioedema and C-1 esterase levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominal CT scan, or ultrasound or at surgery and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor.
Concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with sacubitril/valsartan is contraindicated due to the increased risk of angioedema. Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan must not be initiated earlier than 36 hours after the last dose of perindopril. Treatment with perindopril must not be initiated earlier than 36 hours after the last dose of sacubitril/valsartan (see sections 4.3 and 4.5).
Concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with NEP inhibitors (e.g. racecadotril), mTOR inhibitors (e.g. sirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus) and vildagliptin may lead to an increased risk of angioedema (e.g. swelling of the airways or tongue, with or without respiratory impairment) (see section 4.5). Caution should be used when starting racecadotril, mTOR inhibitors (e.g. sirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus) and vildagliptin in a patient already taking an ACE inhibitor.
Intestinal angioedema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain (see section 4.8).
\*Anaphylactoid reactions during low-density lipoproteins (LDL) apheresis:\*
Rarely, patients receiving ACE inhibitors during low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis with dextran sulphate have experienced life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. These reactions were avoided by temporarily withholding ACE inhibitor therapy prior to each apheresis.
\*Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitisation:\*
Patients receiving ACE inhibitors during desensitisation treatment (e.g. hymenoptera venom) have experienced anaphylactoid reactions. In the same patients, these reactions have been avoided when the ACE inhibitor\*s\* were temporarily withheld, but they reappeared upon inadvertent rechallenge.
\*Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis/Thrombocytopenia/Anaemia:\*
Neutropenia/agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia and anaemia have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors. In patients with normal renal function and no other complicating factors, neutropenia occurs rarely. Perindopril should be used with extreme caution in patients with collagen vascular disease, immunosuppressant therapy, treatment with allopurinol or procainamide, or a combination of these complicating factors, especially if there is preexisting impaired renal function. Some of these patients developed serious infections, which in a few instances did not respond to intensive antibiotic therapy. If perindopril is used in such patients, periodic monitoring of white blood cell counts is advised and patients should be instructed to report any sign of infection (e.g. sore throat, fever).
\*Pregnancy\*:
ACE inhibitors should not be initiated during pregnancy. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative antihypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started (see sections 4.3 and 4.6).
\*Renovascular hypertension:\*
There is an increased risk of hypotension and renal insufficiency when patient with bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a single functioning kidney are treated with ACE inhibitors (see section 4.3). Treatment with diuretics may be a contributory factor. Loss of renal function may occur with only minor changes in serum creatinine even in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis.
\*Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)\*
There is evidence that the concomitant use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren increases the risk of hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure). Dual blockade of RAAS through the combined use of ACEinhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is therefore not recommended (see sections 4.5 and 5.1).
If dual blockade therapy is considered absolutely necessary, this should only occur under specialist supervision and subject to frequent close monitoring of renal function, electrolytes and blood pressure.
ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
\*Primary aldosteronism:\*
Patients with primary hyperaldosteronism generally will not respond to anti-hypertensive drugs acting through inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Therefore, the use of this product is not recommended.
\*\*\*Precautions for use\*\*\*
\*Hypotension:\*
ACE inhibitors may cause a fall in blood pressure. Symptomatic hypotension is seen rarely in uncomplicated hypertensive patients and is more likely to occur in patients who have been volume-depleted e.g. by diuretic therapy, dietary salt restriction, dialysis, diarrhoea or vomiting, or who have severe renin-dependent hypertension (see sections 4.5 and 4.8). In patients at high risk of symptomatic hypotension, blood pressure, renal function and serum potassium should be monitored closely during treatment with Perindopril/Amlodipine. Similar considerations apply to patients with ischaemic heart or cerebrovascular disease in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, should receive an intravenous infusion of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further doses, which can be given usually without difficulty once the blood pressure has increased after volume expansion.
\*Aortic and mitral valve stenosis / hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:\*
As with other ACE inhibitors, perindopril should be given with caution to patients with mitral valve stenosis and obstruction in the outflow of the left ventricle such as aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
\*Renal impairment:\*
In cases of renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 60 ml/min) an individual dose titration with the monocomponents is recommended (see section 4.2).
Routine monitoring of potassium and creatinine are part of normal medical practice for patients with renal impairment (see section 4.8).
In some patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a solitary kidney, who have been treated with ACE inhibitors, increases in blood urea and serum creatinine, usually reversible upon discontinuation of therapy, have been seen. This is especially likely in patients with renal insufficiency. If renovascular hypertension is also present there is an increased risk of severe hypotension and renal insufficiency. Some hypertensive patients with no apparent pre-existing renal vascular disease have developed increases in blood urea and serum creatinine, usually minor and transient, especially when perindopril has been given concomitantly with a diuretic. This is more likely to occur in patients with preexisting renal impairment.
\*Hepatic failure:\*
Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice and progresses to fulminant hepatic necrosis and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up (see section 4.8).
\*Ethnic differences:\*
ACE inhibitors cause a higher rate of angioedema in black patients than in non-black patients. As with other ACE inhibitors, perindopril may be less effective in lowering blood pressure in black people than in non-blacks, possibly because of a higher prevalence of low-renin states in the black hypertensive population.
\*Cough:\*
Cough has been reported with the use of ACE inhibitors. Characteristically, the cough is nonproductive, persistent and resolves after discontinuation of therapy. ACE inhibitor-induced cough should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of cough.
\*Surgery/Anaesthesia:\*
In patients undergoing major surgery or during anaesthesia with agents that produce hypotension, Perindopril/Amlodipine may block angiotensin II formation secondary to compensatory renin release. The treatment should be discontinued one day prior to the surgery. If hypotension occurs and is considered to be due to this mechanism, it can be corrected by volume expansion.
\*Serum potassium:\*
ACE inhibitors can cause hyperkalemia because they inhibit the release of aldosterone. The effect is usually not significant in patients with normal renal function. However, in patients with impaired renal function, age > 70 years, diabetes mellitus intercurrent events in particular dehydration, acute cardiac decompensation, metabolic acidosis and/or in patients taking potassium supplements (including salt substitutes), potassium-sparing diuretics, or those patients taking other drugs associated with increases in serum potassium (e.g. heparin,trimethoprim or co-trimoxazole also known as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) and especially aldosterone antagonists or angiotensin-receptor blockers, hyperkalaemia can occur. Hyperkalaemia can cause serious, sometimes fatal arrhythmias. Potassium-sparing diuretics and angiotensin-receptor blockers should be used with caution in patients receiving ACE inhibitors, and serum potassium and renal function should be monitored (see section 4.5).
\*Diabetic patients:\*
In diabetic patients treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin, glycaemic control should be closely monitored during the first month of treatment with an ACE inhibitor (see section 4.5).
\*Linked to amlodipine:\*
\*\*\*Precautions for use\*\*\*
The safety and efficacy of amlodipine in hypertensive crisis has not been established.
\*Patients with impaired hepatic function:\*
The half life of amlodipine is prolonged and AUC values are higher in patients with impaired liver function; dosage recommendations have not been established. Amlodipine should therefore be initiated at the lower end of the dosing range and caution should be used, both on initial treatment and when increasing the dose. Slow dose titration and careful monitoring may be required in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
\*Patients with heart failure:\*
Patients with heart failure should be treated with caution. In a long-term, placebo controlled study in patients with severe heart failure (NYHA class III and IV) the reported incidence of pulmonary oedema was higher in the amlodipine treated group than in the placebo group. Calcium channel blockers, including amlodipine, should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure, as they may increase the risk of future cardiovascular events and mortality.
\*Patients with renal impairment:\*
Amlodipine may be used in such patients at normal doses. Changes in amlodipine plasma concentrations are not correlated with degree of renal impairment. Amlodipine is not dialysable.
\*\*\*Elderly patients\*\*\*
In the elderly increase of the dosage should take place with care (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
\*Linked to Perindopril/Amlodipine\*
All warnings related to each monocomponent, as listed above, should apply also to the fixed combination of Perindopril/Amlodipine.
\*\*\*Precautions for use\*\*\*
\*Interactions\*
The concomitant use of Perindopril/Amlodipine with lithium, potassium-sparing diuretics or potassium supplements is not recommended (see section 4.5).
\*Sodium\*
This medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
\*Linked to perindopril\*
Clinical trial data has shown that dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosteronesystem (RAAS) through the combined use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is associated with a higher frequency of adverse events such as hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to the use of a single RAAS-acting agent (see sections 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1).
\*\*\*Drugs inducing hyperkalaemia:\*\*\*
Some drugs or therapeutic classes may increase the occurrence of hyperkalaemia: aliskiren, potassium salts, potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptors antagonists, NSAIDs, heparins, immunosuppressant agents such as ciclosporin or tacrolimus, trimethoprim and fixed dose combination with sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole). The combination of these drugs increases the risk of hyperkalaemia.
\*\*\*Concomitant use contra-indicated (see section 4.3):\*\*\*
\*Aliskiren:\*
In diabetic or impaired renal patients, risk of hyperkalaemia, worsening of renal function and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality increase.
\*Extracorporeal treatments:\*
Extracorporeal treatments leading to contact of blood with negatively charged surfaces such as dialysis or haemofiltration with certain high-flux membranes (e.g. polyacrylonitril membranes) and low density lipoprotein apheresis with dextran sulphate due to increased risk of severe anaphylactoid reactions (see section 4.3). If such treatment is required, consideration should be given to using a different type of dialysis membrane or a different class of antihypertensive agent.
\*Medicines increasing the risk of angioedema:\*
Concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with sacubitril/valsartan is contraindicated as this increases the risk of angioedema (see section 4.3 and 4.4). The concomitant inhibition of neprilysin (NEP) and ACE may increase the risk of angioedema.
\*\*\*Concomitant use not recommended (see section 4.4):\*\*\*
\*Aliskiren:\*
In patients other than diabetic or impaired renal patients, risk of hyperkalaemia, worsening of renal function and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality increase.
\*Concomitant therapy with ACE inhibitor and angiotensin-receptor blocker:\*
It has been reported in the literature that in patients with established atherosclerotic disease, heart failure, or with diabetes with end organ damage, concomitant therapy with ACE inhibitor and angiotensin-receptor blocker is associated with a higher frequency of hypotension, syncope, hyperkalaemia, and worsening renal function (including acute renal failure) as compared to use of a single renin-angiotensinaldosterone system agent. Dual blockade (e.g, by combining an ACE-inhibitor with an angiotensin II receptor antagonist) should be limited to individually defined cases with close monitoring of renal function, potassium levels, and blood pressure.
\*Estramustine:\*
Risk of increased adverse effects such as angioneurotic oedema (angioedema).
\*\*\*Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole)\*\*\*
Patients taking concomitant co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) may be at increased risk for hyperkalaemia (see section 4.4).
\*Potassium sparing diuretics, potassium supplements or potassium-containing salt substitutes\*
Although serum potassium usually remains within normal limits, hyperkalaemia (potentially lethal) may occur in some patients treated with perindopril, especially in conjunction with renal impairment (additive hyperkalaemic effect). Potassium sparing diuretics (e.g. spironolactone, triamterene, or amiloride), potassium supplements, or potassium-containing salt substitutes may lead to significant increases in serum potassium. Care should also be taken when perindopril is co-administered with other agents that increase serum potassium, such as trimethoprim and cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) as trimethoprim is known to act as a potassiumsparing diuretic like amiloride. Therefore, the combination of perindopril with the above-mentioned drugs is not recommended. If concomitant use is indicated, they should be used with caution and with frequent monitoring of serum potassium.
For use of spironolactone in heart failure, see below.
\*Ciclosporin\*
Hyperkalaemia may occur during concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with ciclosporin. Monitoring of serum potassium is recommended.
\*Heparin\*
Hyperkalaemia may occur during concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with heparin. Monitoring of serum potassium is recommended.
\*Lithium:\*
Reversible increases in serum lithium concentrations and toxicity (severe neurotoxicity) have been reported during concurrent use of ACE inhibitors. The combination of perindopril with lithium is not recommended. If the combination proves necessary, careful monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended (see section 4.4).
\*\*\*Concomitant use which requires special care:\*\*\*
\*Antidiabetic agents (insulins, oral hypoglycaemic agents):\*
Epidemiological studies have suggested that concomitant administration of ACE inhibitors and antidiabetic medicines (insulins, oral hypoglycaemic agents) may cause an increased blood-glucose lowering effect with risk of hypoglycaemia. This phenomenon appeared to be more likely to occur during the first weeks of combined treatment and in patients with renal impairment.
\*Non-potassium-sparing diuretics:\*
Patients on diuretics, and especially those who are volume and/or salt depleted, may experience excessive reduction in blood pressure after initiation of therapy with an ACE inhibitor. The possibility of hypotensive effects can be reduced by discontinuation of the diuretic, by increasing volume or salt intake prior to initiating therapy with low and progressive doses of perindopril.
\*In arterial hypertension\*, when prior diuretic therapy can have caused salt/volume depletion, either the diuretic must be discontinued before initiating the ACE inhibitor, in which case a non-potassium-sparing diuretic can be thereafter reintroduced or the ACE inhibitor must be initiated with a low dosage and progressively increased.
\*In diuretic-treated congestive heart failure\*, the ACE inhibitor should be initiated at a very low dosage, possibly after reducing the dosage of the associated non-potassiumsparing diuretic.
In all cases, renal function (creatinine levels) must be monitored during the first few weeks of ACE inhibitor therapy.
\*Potassium-sparing diuretics (eplerenone, spironolactone):\*
With eplerenone or spironolactone at doses between 12.5 mg to 50 mg by day and with low doses of ACE inhibitors:
In the treatment of class II-IV heart failure (NYHA) with an ejection fraction <40%, and previously treated with ACE inhibitors and loop diuretics, risk of hyperkalaemia, potentially lethal, especially in case of non-observance of the prescription recommendations on this combination.
Before initiating the combination, check the absence of hyperkalaemia and renal impairment.
A close monitoring of the kalaemia and creatinemia is recommended in the first month of the treatment once a week at the beginning and, monthly thereafter.
\*Racecadotril:\*ACE inhibitors (e.g. perindopril) are known to cause angioedema. This risk may be elevated when used concomitantly with racecadotril (a drug used against acute diarrhoea).
mTOR inhibitors (e.g. sirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus):
Patients taking concomitant mTOR inhibitors therapy may be at increased risk for angioedema (see section 4.4).
\*Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including acetylsalicylic acid\* ≥ \*3 g/day:\*
When ACE-inhibitors are administered simultaneously with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (i.e. acetylsalicylic acid at anti-inflammatory dosage regimens, COX-2 inhibitors and non-selective NSAIDs), attenuation of the antihypertensive effect may occur. Concomitant use of ACE-inhibitors and NSAIDs may lead to an increased risk of worsening of renal function, including possible acute renal failure, and an increase in serum potassium, especially in patients with poor pre-existing renal function. The combination should be administered with caution, especially in the elderly. Patients should be adequately hydrated and consideration should be given to monitoring renal function after initiation of concomitant therapy, and periodically thereafter.
\*\*\*Concomitant use which requires some care:\*\*\*
\*Gliptines (linagliptine, saxagliptine, sitagliptine, vildagliptine):\*
Increased risk of angio-oedema, due to dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) decreased activity by the gliptine, in patients co-treated with an ACE inhibitor.
\*Sympathomimetics:\*
Sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects of ACE inhibitors.
\*Gold:\*
Nitritoid reactions (symptoms include facial flushing, nausea, vomiting and hypotension) have been reported rarely in patients on therapy with injectable gold (sodium aurothiomalate) and concomitant ACE inhibitor therapy including perindopril.
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use not recommended:\*\*\*
\*Dantrolene (infusion)\*
In animals, lethal ventricular fibrillation and cardiovascular collapse are observed in association with hyperkalemia after administration of verapamil and intravenous dantrolene. Due to risk of hyperkalemia, it is recommended that the co-administration of calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine be avoided in patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia and in the management of malignant hyperthermia\*.\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use which requires special care:\*\*\*
\*CYP3A4 inhibitors:\*
Concomitant use of amlodipine with strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors (protease inhibitors, azole antifungals, macrolides like erythromycin or clarithromycin, verapamil or diltiazem) may give rise to significant increase in amlodipine exposure resulting in an increased risk of hypotension. The clinical translation of these PK variations may be more pronounced in the elderly. Clinical monitoring and dose adjustment may thus be required.
\*CYP3A4 inducers\*
Upon co-administration of known inducers of the CYP3A4, the plasma concentration of amlodipine may vary. Therefore, blood pressure should be monitored and dose regulation considered both during and after concomitant medication particularly with strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. rifampicin, hypericum perforatum).
\*\*\*Concomitant use to be taken into consideration:\*\*\*
The blood pressure lowering effects of amlodipine adds to the blood pressurelowering effects of other medicinal products with antihypertensive properties.
\*Tacrolimus:\*
There is a risk of increased tacrolimus blood levels when co-administered with amlodipine but the pharmacokinetic mechanism of this interaction is not fully understood. In order to avoid toxicity of tacrolimus, administration of amlodipine in a patient treated with tacrolimus requires monitoring of tacrolimus blood levels and dose adjustment of tacrolimus when appropriate.
\*Clarithromycin:\*
Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of CYP3A4. There is an increased risk of hypotension in patients receiving clarithromycin with amlodipine. Close observation of patients is recommended when amlodipine is co administered with clarithromycin.
\*Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors:\*
mTOR inhibitors such as sirolimus, temsirolimus, and everolimus are CYP3A substrates. Amlodipine is a weak CYP3A inhibitor. With concomitant use of mTOR inhibitors, amlodipine may increase exposure of mTOR inhibitors.
\*Cyclosporine:\*
No drug interaction studies have been conducted with cyclosporine and amlodipine in healthy volunteers or other populations with the exception of renal transplant patients, where variable trough concentration increases (average 0% - 40%) of cyclosporine were observed. Consideration should be given for monitoring cyclosporine levels in renal transplant patients on amlodipine, and cyclosporine dose reductions should be made as necessary.
\*Simvastatin:\*
Co-administration of multiple doses of 10 mg of amlodipine with 80 mg simvastatin resulted in a 77% increase in exposure to simvastatin compared to simvastatin alone. Limit the dose of simvastatin in patients on amlodipine to 20 mg daily.
\*\*\*Others combinations:\*\*\*
In clinical interaction studies, amlodipine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin, digoxin or warfarin.
Administration of amlodipine with grapefruit or grapefruit juice is not recommended as bioavailability may be increased in some patients resulting in increased blood pressure lowering effects.
\*Linked to Perindopril/Amlodipine:\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use which requires special care:\*\*\*
Baclofen. Potentiation of antihypertensive effect. Monitoring of blood pressure and renal function, and dose adjustment of the antihypertensive if necessary.
\*\*\*Concomitant use to be taken into consideration:\*\*\*
- Antihypertensive agents (such as beta-blockers) and vasodilators:
- Concomitant use of these agents may increase the hypotensive effects of perindopril and amlodipine.
- Concomitant use with nitroglycerine and other nitrates or other vasodilators, may further reduce blood pressure and therefore should be considered with caution.
- Corticosteroids, tetracosactide: reduction in antihypertensive effect (salt and water retention due to corticosteroids).
- Alpha-blockers (prazosin, alfuzosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, terazosin): increased antihypertensive effect and increased risk of orthostatic hypotension.
- Amifostine: may potentiate the antihypertensive effect of amlodipine.
- Tricyclic antidepressants/antipsychotics/anaesthetics: increased antihypertensive effect and increased risk of orthostatic hypotension.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Given the effects of the individual components in this combination product on pregnancy and lactation:
Perindopril/Amlodipine is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy. Perindopril/Amlodipine is contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Perindopril/Amlodipine is not recommended during lactation. A decision should therefore be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue Perindopril/Amlodipine taking into account the importance of this therapy for the mother.
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
\*Linked to perindopril\*
| |
| --- |
| The use of ACE inhibitors is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.4). The use of ACE inhibitors is contraindicated during the second and third trimester of pregnancy (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). |
Epidemiological evidence regarding the risk of teratogenicity following exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been conclusive; however a small increase in risk cannot be excluded. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative antihypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started.
Exposure to ACE inhibitor therapy during the second and third trimesters is known to induce human fetotoxicity (decreased renal function, oligohydramnios, skull ossification retardation) and neonatal toxicity (renal failure, hypotension, hyperkalaemia). (See section 5.3.) Should exposure to ACE inhibitor have occurred from the second trimester of pregnancy, ultrasound check of renal function and skull is recommended. Infants whose mothers have taken ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
The safety of amlodipine in human pregnancy has not been established.
Data on a limited number of exposed pregnancies do not indicate that amlodipine or other calcium receptor antagonists have a harmful effect on the health of the fetus. However, there may be a risk of prolonged delivery. In animal studies, reproductive toxicity was observed at high doses (see section 5.3).
Use in pregnancy is only recommended when there is no safer alternative and when the disease itself carries greater risk for the mother and fetus.
\*\*Breast feeding\*\*
\*Linked to perindopril\*
Because no information is available regarding the use of perindopril during breastfeeding, Perindopril/Amlodipine is not recommended and alternative treatments with better established safety profiles during breast-feeding are preferable, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
Amlodipine is excreted in human milk. The proportion of the maternal dose received by the infant has been estimated with an interquartile range of 3–7%, with a maximum of 15%. The effect of amlodipine on infants is unknown.
A decision on whether to continue/discontinue breast-feeding or to continue/discontinue therapy with amlodipine should be made taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding to the child and the benefit of amlodipine therapy to the mother.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
\*Linked to perindopril\*
There was no effect on reproductive performance or fertility.
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
Reversible biochemical changes in the head of spermatozoa have been reported in some patients treated by calcium channel blockers. Clinical data are insufficient regarding the potential effect of amlodipine on fertility. In one rat study, adverse effects were found on male fertility (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effects of Perindopril/Amlodipine on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. When driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account that occasionally dizziness or weariness may occur.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*a. Summary of safety profile\*\*
The most commonly reported adverse reactions with perindopril and amlodipine given separately are: oedema, somnolence, dizziness, headache (especially at the beginning of the treatment), dysgeusia, paraesthesia, visual impairment (including diplopia), tinnitus, vertigo, palpitations, flushing, hypotension (and effects related to hypotension), dyspnoea, cough, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, change of bowel habit, diarrheoa, constipation, prurit, rash, exanthema, joint swelling (ankle swelling), muscle spasms, fatigue, asthenia.
\*\*b. Tabulated list of adverse reactions:\*\*
The following undesirable effects have been observed during treatment with perindopril or amlodipine given separately and ranked under the MedDRA classification by body system and under the following frequency:
- Very common (≥1/10)
- Common (≥1/100 to <1/10)
- Uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100)
- Rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000)
- Very rare (<1/10,000)
- Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*MedDRA\*\* \*\*System Organ Class\*\* | \*\*Undesirable Effects\*\* | \*\*Frequency\*\* | |
| \*\*Amlodipine\*\* | \*\*Perindopril\*\* |
| Infections and infestations | Rhinitis | Uncommon | Very rare |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Eosinophilia | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Leucopenia/neutropenia (see section 4.4) | Very rare | Very rare |
| Agranulocytosis or pancytopenia (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Thrombocytopenia (see section 4.4) | Very rare | Very rare |
| Haemolytic anaemia in patients with a congenital deficiency of G-6PDH (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Immune system disorders | Hypersensitivity | Very rare | Uncommon |
| Endocrine disorders | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) | - | Rare |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Hypoglycaemia (see sections 4.4 and 4.5) | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Hyperkalaemia, reversible on discontinuation (see section 4.4) | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Hyponatraemia | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Hyperglycaemia | Very rare | - |
| Psychiatric disorders | Insomnia | Uncommon | - |
| Mood changes (including anxiety) | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Depression | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Sleep disturbances | - | Uncommon |
| Nervous system disorders | Somnolence (especially at the beginning of the treatment) | Common | - |
| Dizziness (especially at the beginning of the treatment) | Common | Common |
| Headache (especially at the beginning of the treatment) | Common | Common |
| Dysgeusia | Uncommon | Common |
| Tremor | Uncommon | - |
| Hypoesthaesia | Uncommon | - |
| Paresthaesia | Uncommon | Common |
| Syncope | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Confusional state | Rare | Very rare |
| Hypertonia | Very rare | - |
| Neuropathy peripheral | Very rare | - |
| Cerebrovascular accident possibly secondary to excessive hypotension in high-risk patients (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Extrapyramidal disorder | Not known | - |
| Eye disorders | Visual impairment | Common | Common |
| Diplopia | Common | - |
| Ear and labyrinth disorders | Tinnitus | Uncommon | Common |
| Vertigo | - | Common |
| Cardiac disorders | Palpitations | Common | Uncommon\\* |
| Tachycardia | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Angina pectoris (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Myocardial infarction, possibly secondary to excessive hypotensionin high risk patients (see section 4.4) | Very rare | Very rare |
| Arrhythmia (including bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation) | Uncommon | Very rare |
| Vascular disorders | Flushing | Common | Rare |
| Hypotension (and effects related to hypotension) | Uncommon | Common |
| Vasculitis | Very rare | Uncommon\\* |
| Raynaud's phenomenon | - | Not known |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Dyspnoea | Common | Common |
| Cough | Uncommon | Common |
| Bronchospasm | - | Uncommon |
| Eosinophilic pneumonia | - | Very rare |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Gingival hyperplasia | Very rare | - |
| Abdominal pain | Common | Common |
| Nausea | Common | Common |
| Vomiting | Uncommon | Common |
| Dyspepsia | Common | Common |
| Change of bowel habit | Common | - |
| Dry mouth | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Diarrhoea | Common | Common |
| Constipation | Common | Common |
| Pancreatitis | Very rare | Very rare |
| Gastritis | Very rare | - |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Hepatitis, jaundice | Very rare | - |
| Hepatitis etheir cytolitic or cholestatic (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Hepatic enzymes increased (mostly consistent with cholestasis) | Very rare | - |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Quincke's oedema | Very rare | - |
| Angioedema of face, extremities, lips, mucous membranes, tongue, glottis and/or larynx (see section 4.4) | Very rare | Uncommon |
| Erythema multiform | Very rare | Very rare |
| Alopecia | Uncommon | - |
| Purpura | Uncommon | - |
| Skin discoloration | Uncommon | - |
| Hyperhidrosis | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Pruritus | Uncommon | Common |
| Rash, exanthema | Uncommon | Common |
| Urticaria (see section 4.4) | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Photosentivity reactions | Very rare | Uncommon\\* |
| Pemphigoid | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Psoriasis aggravation | - | Rare |
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome | Very rare | - |
| Exfoliative dermatitis | Very rare | - |
| Toxic epidermal necrolysis | Not known | - |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Joint swelling (ankle swelling) | Common | - |
| Arthralgia | Uncommon | Uncommon\\* |
| Myalgia | Uncommon | Uncommon\\* |
| Muscle cramps | Common | Common |
| Back pain | Uncommon | - |
| Renal and urinary disorders | Micturition disorder, nocturia, pollakiuria | Uncommon | - |
| Renal impairment | - | Uncommon |
| Renal failure acute | - | Rare |
| Anuria/Oliguria | - | Rare |
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Erectile dysfunction | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Gynaecomastia | Uncommon | - |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Oedema | Very common | - |
| Oedema peripheral | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Fatigue | Common | - |
| Chest pain | Uncommon | Uncommon\\* |
| Asthenia | Common | Common |
| Pain | Uncommon | - |
| Malaise | Uncommon | Uncommon\\* |
| Pyrexia | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Investigations | Weight increase, weight decrease | Uncommon | - |
| Blood urea increased | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Blood creatinine increased | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Blood bilirubin increase | - | Rare |
| Hepatic enzyme increase | - | Rare |
| Haemoglobin decreased and haematocrit decreased | - | Very rare |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Fall | - | Uncommon\\* |
\*\\* Frequency calculated from clinical trials for adverse events detected from spontaneous report\*
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme,
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
There is no information on overdose with Perindopril/Amlodipine in humans.
For amlodipine, experience with intentional overdose in humans is limited. Large overdosage could result in excessive peripheral vasodilatation with subsequent marked and probably prolonged systemic hypotension. Any hypotension due to amlodipine overdosage calls for a monitoring in cardiologic intensive care unit. A vasoconstrictor may be helpful in restoring vascular tone and blood pressure, provided that there is no contraindication to its use. Intravenous calcium gluconate may be beneficial in reversing the effects of calcium channel blockade.
Amlodipine is not dialyzable.
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema has rarely been reported as a consequence of amlodipine overdose that may manifest with a delayed onset (24-48 hours post-ingestion) and require ventilatory support. Early resuscitative measures (including fluid overload) to maintain perfusion and cardiac output may be precipitating factors.
For perindopril, limited data are available for overdose in humans. Symptoms associated with the overdose of ACE inhibitors may include hypotension, circulatory shock, electrolyte disturbances, renal failure, hyperventilation, tachycardia, palpitations, bradycardia, dizziness, anxiety, and cough.
The recommended treatment of overdose is intravenous infusion of normal saline solution. If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the shock position. If available, treatment with angiotensin II infusion and/or intravenous catecholamines may also be considered.
Perindopril can be removed from the systemic circulation by haemodialysis (see section 4.4). Pacemaker therapy is indicated for treatment-resistant bradycardia. Vital signs, serum electrolytes and creatinine concentrations should be monitored continuously.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system, ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers, ATC code: C09BB04.
\*Perindopril\*
Perindopril is an inhibitor of the enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ACE). The converting enzyme, or kinase, is an exopeptidase that allows conversion of angiotensin I into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II as well as causing the degradation of the vasodilator bradykinin into an inactive heptapeptide. Inhibition of ACE results in a reduction of angiotensin II in the plasma, which leads to increased plasma renin activity (by inhibition of the negative feedback of renin release) and reduced secretion of aldosterone. Since ACE inactivates bradykinin, inhibition of ACE also results in an increased activity of circulating and local kallikrein-kinin systems (and thus also activation of the prostaglandin system). It is possible that this mechanism contributes to the blood pressure-lowering action of ACE inhibitors and is partially responsible for certain of their side effects (e.g. cough).
Perindopril acts through its active metabolite, perindoprilat. The other metabolites show no inhibition of ACE activity \*in vitro\*.
\*\*Hypertension:\*\*
Perindopril is active in all grades of hypertension: mild, moderate, severe; a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both supine and standing positions is observed.
Perindopril reduces peripheral vascular resistance, leading to blood pressure reduction. As a consequence, peripheral blood flow increases, with no effect on heart rate.
Renal blood flow increases as a rule, while the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually unchanged.
The antihypertensive activity is maximal between 4 and 6 hours after a single dose and is sustained for at least 24 hours: trough effects are about 87-100% of peak effects. The decrease in blood pressure occurs rapidly. In responding patients, normalisation is achieved within a month and persists without the occurrence of tachyphylaxis. Discontinuation of treatment does not lead to a rebound effect.
Perindopril reduces left ventricular hypertrophy.
In man, perindopril has been confirmed to demonstrate vasodilatory properties. It improves large artery elasticity and decreases the media: lumen ratio of small arteries.
\*\*Patients with stable coronary artery disease:\*\*
The EUROPA study was a multicentre, international, randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial lasting 4 years.
Twelve thousand two hundred and eighteen (12218) patients aged over 18 were randomised to 8 mg perindopril tert-butylamine (equivalent to 10 mg perindopril arginine) (n=6110) or placebo (n=6108).
The trial population had evidence of coronary artery disease with no evidence of clinical signs of heart failure. Overall, 90% of the patients had a previous myocardial infarction and/or a previous coronary revascularisation. Most of the patients received the study medication on top of conventional therapy including platelet inhibitors, lipid lowering agents and beta-blockers. The main efficacy criterion was the composite of cardiovascular mortality, non fatal myocardial infarction and/or cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation. The treatment with 8 mg perindopril tert-butylamine (equivalent to 10 mg perindopril arginine) once daily resulted in a significant absolute reduction in the primary endpoint of 1.9% (relative risk reduction of 20%, 95%CI [9.4; 28.6] - p<0.001).
In patients with a history of myocardial infarction and/or revascularisation, an absolute reduction of 2.2% corresponding to a RRR of 22.4% (95%CI [12.0; 31.6] - p<0.001) in the primary endpoint was observed by comparison to placebo.
Two large randomised, controlled trials (ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial) and VA NEPHRON-D (The Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes)) have examined the use of the combination of an ACEinhibitor with an angiotensin II receptor blocker.
ONTARGET was a study conducted in patients with a history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, or type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by evidence of end-organ damage. VA NEPHRON-D was a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.
These studies have shown no significant beneficial effect on renal and/or cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, while an increased risk of hyperkalaemia, acute kidney injury and/or hypotension as compared to monotherapy was observed. Given their similar pharmacodynamic properties, these results are also relevant for other ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers.
ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should therefore not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
ALTITUDE (Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardiovascular and Renal Disease Endpoints) was a study designed to test the benefit of adding aliskiren to a standard therapy of an ACE-inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or both. The study was terminated early because of an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Cardiovascular death and stroke were both numerically more frequent in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group and adverse events and serious adverse events of interest (hyperkalaemia, hypotension and renal dysfunction) were more frequently reported in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group.
\*Amlodipine\*
Amlodipine is a calcium antagonist and inhibits the influx of calcium ions into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. The mechanism of the antihypertensive action is due to a direct relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle. The precise mechanism by which amlodipine relieves angina has not been fully understood but is determined by the following two actions:
1. Amlodipine dilates peripheral arterioles and thus, reduces the total peripheral resistance (afterload) against which the heart works. This unloading of the heart reduces myocardial energy consumption and oxygen requirements.
2. The mechanism of action of amlodipine also probably involves dilatation of the main coronary arteries and coronary arterioles. This dilation increases the supply in oxygen to myocardium in patients with Prinzmetal's angina attack.
In patients with hypertension, once daily dosing provides clinically significant reductions of blood pressure (in both supine and standing positions) throughout the 24 hour interval.
In patients with angina, once daily administration of amlodipine increases total exercise time, time to angina onset, and time to 1mm ST segment depression. Amlodipine decreases both angina attack frequency and glyceryl trinitrate tablet consumption.
Amlodipine has not been associated with any adverse metabolic effects or changes in plasma lipids and is suitable for use in patients with asthma, diabetes, and gout.
The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) was performed to compare newer drug (amlodipine or ACE-inhibitor as first-line) therapies to that of the thiazide diuretic, in mild to moderate hypertension. There were no significant difference in cardiovascular outcomes between amlodipine-based therapy and thiazide diuretic-based therapy.
\*\*Paediatric population\*\*
In a study involving 268 children aged 6-17 years with predominantly secondary hypertension, comparison of a 2.5 mg dose, and 5.0 mg dose of amlodipine with placebo, showed that both doses reduced Systolic Blood Pressure significantly more than placebo. The difference between the two doses was not statistically significant.
The long-term effects of amlodipine on growth, puberty and general development have not been studied. The long-term efficacy of amlodipine on therapy in childhood to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood have also not been established.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The rate and extent of absorption of perindopril and amlodipine from Perindopril/Amlodipine are not significantly different, respectively, from the rate and extent of absorption of perindopril and amlodipine from individual tablet formulations.
\*Perindopril\*
\*\*\*Absorption\*\*\*
After oral administration, the absorption of perindopril is rapid and the peak concentration is achieved within 1 hour. The plasma half-life of perindopril is equal to 1 hour.
Perindopril is a prodrug. Twenty seven percent of the administered perindopril dose reaches the bloodstream as the active metabolite perindoprilat. In addition to active perindoprilat, perindopril yields five metabolites, all inactive. The peak plasma concentration of perindoprilat is achieved within 3 to 4 hours.
As ingestion of food decreases conversion to perindoprilat, hence bioavailability, perindopril should be administered orally in a single daily dose in the morning before a meal.
It has been demonstrated a linear relationship between the dose of perindopril and its plasma exposure.
\*\*\*Distribution\*\*\*
The volume of distribution is approximately 0.2 l/kg for unbound perindoprilat. Protein binding of perindoprilat to plasma proteins is 20%, principally to angiotensin converting enzyme, but is concentrationdependent.
\*\*\*Elimination\*\*\*
Perindoprilat is eliminated in the urine and the terminal half-life of the unbound fraction is approximately 17 hours, resulting in steady-state within 4 days.
\*\*\*Elderly, Heart Failure, Renal Failure\*\*\*
Elimination of perindoprilat is decreased in the elderly, and also in patients with heart or renal failure (see section 4.2). Therefore, the usual medical follow-up will include frequent monitoring of creatinine and potassium.
\*\*\*Hepatic impairment\*\*\*
Dialysis clearance of perindoprilat is equal to 70 ml/min.
Perindopril kinetics are modified in patients with cirrhosis: hepatic clearance of the parent molecule is reduced by half. However, the quantity of perindoprilat formed is not reduced and therefore no dosage adjustment is required (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
\*Amlodipine\*
\*\*\*Absorption, distribution, plasma protein binding\*\*\*
After oral administration of therapeutic doses, amlodipine is well absorbed with peak blood levels between 6-12 hours post dose. Absolute bioavailability has been estimated to be between 64 and 80%. The volume of distribution is approximately 21 l/kg. \*In vitro\* studies have shown that approximately 97.5% of circulating amlodipine is bound to plasma proteins.
The bioavailability of amlodipine is not affected by food intake.
\*\*\*Biotransformation/Elimination\*\*\*
The terminal plasma elimination half-life is about 35-50 hours and is consistent with once daily dosing. Amlodipine is extensively metabolised by the liver to inactive metabolites with 10% of the parent compound and 60% of metabolites excreted in the urine.
\*\*\*Elderly\*\*\*
The time to reach peak plasma concentrations of amlodipine is similar in elderly and younger subjects. Amlodipine clearance tends to be decreased with resulting increases in AUC and elimination half-life in elderly patients. Increases in AUC and elimination half-life in patients with congestive heart failure were as expected for the patient age group studied.
\*\*\*Hepatic impairement\*\*\*
Very limited clinical data are available regarding amlodipine administration in patients with hepatic impairment. Patients with hepatic insufficiency have decreased clearance of amlodipine resulting in a longer half-life and an increase in AUC of approximately 40-60%.5.3 Preclinical safety data
\*Perindopril\*
In the chronic oral toxicity studies (rats and monkeys), the target organ is the kidney, with reversible damage.
No mutagenicity has been observed in \*in vitro\* or \*in vivo\* studies.
Reproduction toxicology studies (rats, mice, rabbits and monkeys) showed no sign of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity. However, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, as a class, have been shown to induce adverse effects on late fetal development, resulting in fetal death and congenital effects in rodents and rabbits: renal lesions and an increase in peri- and postnatal mortality have been observed.
No carcinogenicity has been observed in long term studies in rats and mice. Fertility was not impaired either in male or in female rats.
\*Amlodipine\*
\*\*Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility\*\*
Rats and mice treated with amlodipine in the diet for two years, at concentrations calculated to provide daily dosage levels of 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/kg/day showed no evidence of carcinogenicity. The highest dose (for mice, similar to, and for rats twice\\* the maximum recommended clinical dose of 10 mg on a mg/m2 basis) was close to the maximum tolerated dose for mice but not for rats.
Mutagenicity studies revealed no drug related effects at either the gene or chromosome levels.
Reproductive studies have shown that calcium antagonists induce embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects in several species, mainly as distal skeletal malformations.
There was no effect on the fertility of rats treated with amlodipine (males for 64 days and females 14 days prior to mating) at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day (8 times\\* the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg on a mg/m2 basis). In another rat study in which male rats were treated with amlodipine besilate for 30 days at a dose comparable with the human dose based on mg/kg, decreased plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone were found as well as decreases in sperm density and in the number of mature spermatids and Sertoli cells.
Reproductive studies in rats and mice have shown delayed date of delivery, prolonged duration of labour and decreased pup survival at dosages approximately 50 times greater than the maximum recommended dosage for humans based on mg/kg.
\\*Based on patient weight of 50 kg
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Cellulose, microcrystalline (E460)
Maize starch, pregelatinised
Sodium starch glycolate (type A)
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Magnesium stearate (E572)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in the original package in order to protect from light and moisture.
This medicinal product does not require any special temperature storage conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Blister (OPA/Al/PVC//Al foil): 5, 7, 10, 14, 20, 28, 30, 50, 60, 90 and 100 tablets, in a carton box.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Each tablet contains 8 mg perindopril tert-butylamine (equivalent to 6.68 mg perindopril) and 5 mg amlodipine (as besilate).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Tablet
White to almost white, round, biconvex tablets with bevelled edges, engraved with mark U 3 on one side of the tablet. Diameter: approximately 9 mm.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Perindopril/Amlodipine is indicated as substitution therapy for treatment of essential hypertension and/or stable coronary artery disease, in patients already controlled with perindopril and amlodipine given concurrently at the same dose level.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*Posology\*\*
The fixed dose combination is not suitable for initial therapy.
If the change of the dosage is needed, it should be carried out by individual titration of the free combination's ingredients.
\*Patients with renal impairment and elderly (see sections 4.4 and 5.2)\*
Elimination of perindoprilat is decreased in the elderly and in patients with renal failure. Therefore, the usual medical follow-up will include frequent monitoring of creatinine and potassium.
Perindopril/Amlodipine can be administered in patients with Clcr ≥ 60 ml/min, and is not suitable for patients with Clcr < 60 ml/min. In these patients, an individual dose titration with the monocomponents is recommended.
Changes in amlodipine plasma concentrations are not correlated with degree of renal impairment.
\*Patients with hepatic impairment: see sections 4.4 and 5.2\*
A dosage regimen for patients with hepatic impairment has not been established. Therefore, Perindopril/Amlodipine should be administered with caution.
Dosage recommendations have not been established in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment; therefore dose selection should be cautious and should start at the lower end of the dosing range (see sections 4.4 and 5.2). To find the optimal starting dose and maintenance dose of patients with hepatic impairment, the patients should be individually titrated using the free combination of amlodipine and perindopril. The pharmacokinetics of amlodipine have not been studied in severe hepatic impairment. Amlodipine should be initiated at the lowest dose and titrated slowly in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
\*Paediatric population\*
Perindopril/Amlodipine should not be used in children and adolescents as the efficacy and tolerability of perindopril alone or in combination with amlodipine, have not been established in children and adolescents.
\*\*Method of administration\*\*
Oral route.
One tablet per day as a single dose, preferably to be taken in the morning and before a meal.4.3 Contraindications
\*Linked to perindopril\*
- Hypersensitivity to perindopril or to any other ACE inhibitor.
- History of angioedema associated with previous ACE inhibitor therapy.
- Hereditary or idiopathic angioedema.
- Second and third trimesters of pregnancy (see sections 4.4 and 4.6).
- Concomitant use with sacubitril/valsartan therapy. Perindopril/Amlodipine must not be initiated earlier than 36 hours after the last dose of sacubitril/valsartan (see also sections 4.4 and 4.5).
- Extracorporeal treatments leading to contact of blood with negatively charged surfaces (see section 4.5).
- Significant bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a single functioning kidney (see section 4.4).
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
- Severe hypotension,
- Hypersensitivity to amlodipine or to any other dihydropyridines,
- Shock, including cardiogenic shock,
- Obstruction of the outflow-tract of the left ventricle (e.g. high grade aortic stenosis), - Haemodynamically unstable heart failure after acute myocardial infarction.
\*Linked to Perindopril/Amlodipine\*
All contraindications related to each monocomponent, as listed above, should apply also to the fixed combination of Perindopril/Amlodipine.
- Hypersensitivity to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
- The concomitant use of Perindopril/Amlodipine with aliskiren-containing products is contraindicated in patients with diabetes mellitus or renal impairment (GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) (see sections 4.5 and 5.1).”4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*Linked to perindopril\*
\*\*\*Special warnings\*\*\*
\*Hypersensitivity/Angioedema:\*
Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, mucous membranes, tongue, glottis and/or larynx has been reported rarely in patients treated with ACE inhibitors, including perindopril (see section 4.8). This may occur at any time during therapy\*\*\*.\*\*\* In such cases,
Perindopril/Amlodipine should promptly be discontinued and appropriate monitoring should be initiated and continued until complete resolution of symptoms has occurred. In those instances where swelling was confined to the face and lips the condition generally resolved without treatment, although antihistamines have been useful in relieving symptoms. Angioedema associated with laryngeal oedema may be fatal. Where there is involvement of the tongue, glottis or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, emergency therapy should be administered promptly. This may include the administration of adrenaline and/or the maintenance of a patient airway. The patient should be under close medical supervision until complete and sustained resolution of symptoms has occurred.
Patients with a history of angioedema unrelated to ACE inhibitor therapy may be at increased risk of angioedema while receiving an ACE inhibitor (see section 4.3).
Intestinal angioedema has been reported rarely in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior facial angioedema and C-1 esterase levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominal CT scan, or ultrasound or at surgery and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor.
Concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with sacubitril/valsartan is contraindicated due to the increased risk of angioedema. Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan must not be initiated earlier than 36 hours after the last dose of perindopril. Treatment with perindopril must not be initiated earlier than 36 hours after the last dose of sacubitril/valsartan (see sections 4.3 and 4.5).
Concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with NEP inhibitors (e.g. racecadotril), mTOR inhibitors (e.g. sirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus) and vildagliptin may lead to an increased risk of angioedema (e.g. swelling of the airways or tongue, with or without respiratory impairment) (see section 4.5). Caution should be used when starting racecadotril, mTOR inhibitors (e.g. sirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus) and vildagliptin in a patient already taking an ACE inhibitor.
Intestinal angioedema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain (see section 4.8).
\*Anaphylactoid reactions during low-density lipoproteins (LDL) apheresis:\*
Rarely, patients receiving ACE inhibitors during low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis with dextran sulphate have experienced life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. These reactions were avoided by temporarily withholding ACE inhibitor therapy prior to each apheresis.
\*Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitisation:\*
Patients receiving ACE inhibitors during desensitisation treatment (e.g. hymenoptera venom) have experienced anaphylactoid reactions. In the same patients, these reactions have been avoided when the ACE inhibitor\*s\* were temporarily withheld, but they reappeared upon inadvertent rechallenge.
\*Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis/Thrombocytopenia/Anaemia:\*
Neutropenia/agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia and anaemia have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors. In patients with normal renal function and no other complicating factors, neutropenia occurs rarely. Perindopril should be used with extreme caution in patients with collagen vascular disease, immunosuppressant therapy, treatment with allopurinol or procainamide, or a combination of these complicating factors, especially if there is preexisting impaired renal function. Some of these patients developed serious infections, which in a few instances did not respond to intensive antibiotic therapy. If perindopril is used in such patients, periodic monitoring of white blood cell counts is advised and patients should be instructed to report any sign of infection (e.g. sore throat, fever).
\*Pregnancy\*:
ACE inhibitors should not be initiated during pregnancy. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative antihypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started (see sections 4.3 and 4.6).
\*Renovascular hypertension:\*
There is an increased risk of hypotension and renal insufficiency when patient with bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a single functioning kidney are treated with ACE inhibitors (see section 4.3). Treatment with diuretics may be a contributory factor. Loss of renal function may occur with only minor changes in serum creatinine even in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis.
\*Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)\*
There is evidence that the concomitant use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren increases the risk of hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure). Dual blockade of RAAS through the combined use of ACEinhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is therefore not recommended (see sections 4.5 and 5.1).
If dual blockade therapy is considered absolutely necessary, this should only occur under specialist supervision and subject to frequent close monitoring of renal function, electrolytes and blood pressure.
ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
\*Primary aldosteronism:\*
Patients with primary hyperaldosteronism generally will not respond to anti-hypertensive drugs acting through inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Therefore, the use of this product is not recommended.
\*\*\*Precautions for use\*\*\*
\*Hypotension:\*
ACE inhibitors may cause a fall in blood pressure. Symptomatic hypotension is seen rarely in uncomplicated hypertensive patients and is more likely to occur in patients who have been volume-depleted e.g. by diuretic therapy, dietary salt restriction, dialysis, diarrhoea or vomiting, or who have severe renin-dependent hypertension (see sections 4.5 and 4.8). In patients at high risk of symptomatic hypotension, blood pressure, renal function and serum potassium should be monitored closely during treatment with Perindopril/Amlodipine. Similar considerations apply to patients with ischaemic heart or cerebrovascular disease in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, should receive an intravenous infusion of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further doses, which can be given usually without difficulty once the blood pressure has increased after volume expansion.
\*Aortic and mitral valve stenosis / hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:\*
As with other ACE inhibitors, perindopril should be given with caution to patients with mitral valve stenosis and obstruction in the outflow of the left ventricle such as aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
\*Renal impairment:\*
In cases of renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 60 ml/min) an individual dose titration with the monocomponents is recommended (see section 4.2).
Routine monitoring of potassium and creatinine are part of normal medical practice for patients with renal impairment (see section 4.8).
In some patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a solitary kidney, who have been treated with ACE inhibitors, increases in blood urea and serum creatinine, usually reversible upon discontinuation of therapy, have been seen. This is especially likely in patients with renal insufficiency. If renovascular hypertension is also present there is an increased risk of severe hypotension and renal insufficiency. Some hypertensive patients with no apparent pre-existing renal vascular disease have developed increases in blood urea and serum creatinine, usually minor and transient, especially when perindopril has been given concomitantly with a diuretic. This is more likely to occur in patients with preexisting renal impairment.
\*Hepatic failure:\*
Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice and progresses to fulminant hepatic necrosis and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up (see section 4.8).
\*Ethnic differences:\*
ACE inhibitors cause a higher rate of angioedema in black patients than in non-black patients. As with other ACE inhibitors, perindopril may be less effective in lowering blood pressure in black people than in non-blacks, possibly because of a higher prevalence of low-renin states in the black hypertensive population.
\*Cough:\*
Cough has been reported with the use of ACE inhibitors. Characteristically, the cough is nonproductive, persistent and resolves after discontinuation of therapy. ACE inhibitor-induced cough should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of cough.
\*Surgery/Anaesthesia:\*
In patients undergoing major surgery or during anaesthesia with agents that produce hypotension, Perindopril/Amlodipine may block angiotensin II formation secondary to compensatory renin release. The treatment should be discontinued one day prior to the surgery. If hypotension occurs and is considered to be due to this mechanism, it can be corrected by volume expansion.
\*Serum potassium:\*
ACE inhibitors can cause hyperkalemia because they inhibit the release of aldosterone. The effect is usually not significant in patients with normal renal function. However, in patients with impaired renal function, age > 70 years, diabetes mellitus intercurrent events in particular dehydration, acute cardiac decompensation, metabolic acidosis and/or in patients taking potassium supplements (including salt substitutes), potassium-sparing diuretics, or those patients taking other drugs associated with increases in serum potassium (e.g. heparin,trimethoprim or co-trimoxazole also known as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) and especially aldosterone antagonists or angiotensin-receptor blockers, hyperkalaemia can occur. Hyperkalaemia can cause serious, sometimes fatal arrhythmias. Potassium-sparing diuretics and angiotensin-receptor blockers should be used with caution in patients receiving ACE inhibitors, and serum potassium and renal function should be monitored (see section 4.5).
\*Diabetic patients:\*
In diabetic patients treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin, glycaemic control should be closely monitored during the first month of treatment with an ACE inhibitor (see section 4.5).
\*Linked to amlodipine:\*
\*\*\*Precautions for use\*\*\*
The safety and efficacy of amlodipine in hypertensive crisis has not been established.
\*Patients with impaired hepatic function:\*
The half life of amlodipine is prolonged and AUC values are higher in patients with impaired liver function; dosage recommendations have not been established. Amlodipine should therefore be initiated at the lower end of the dosing range and caution should be used, both on initial treatment and when increasing the dose. Slow dose titration and careful monitoring may be required in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
\*Patients with heart failure:\*
Patients with heart failure should be treated with caution. In a long-term, placebo controlled study in patients with severe heart failure (NYHA class III and IV) the reported incidence of pulmonary oedema was higher in the amlodipine treated group than in the placebo group. Calcium channel blockers, including amlodipine, should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure, as they may increase the risk of future cardiovascular events and mortality.
\*Patients with renal impairment:\*
Amlodipine may be used in such patients at normal doses. Changes in amlodipine plasma concentrations are not correlated with degree of renal impairment. Amlodipine is not dialysable.
\*\*\*Elderly patients\*\*\*
In the elderly increase of the dosage should take place with care (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
\*Linked to Perindopril/Amlodipine\*
All warnings related to each monocomponent, as listed above, should apply also to the fixed combination of Perindopril/Amlodipine.
\*\*\*Precautions for use\*\*\*
\*Interactions\*
The concomitant use of Perindopril/Amlodipine with lithium, potassium-sparing diuretics or potassium supplements is not recommended (see section 4.5).
\*Sodium\*
This medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
\*Linked to perindopril\*
Clinical trial data has shown that dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosteronesystem (RAAS) through the combined use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is associated with a higher frequency of adverse events such as hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to the use of a single RAAS-acting agent (see sections 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1).
\*\*\*Drugs inducing hyperkalaemia:\*\*\*
Some drugs or therapeutic classes may increase the occurrence of hyperkalaemia: aliskiren, potassium salts, potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptors antagonists, NSAIDs, heparins, immunosuppressant agents such as ciclosporin or tacrolimus, trimethoprim and fixed dose combination with sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole). The combination of these drugs increases the risk of hyperkalaemia.
\*\*\*Concomitant use contra-indicated (see section 4.3):\*\*\*
\*Aliskiren:\*
In diabetic or impaired renal patients, risk of hyperkalaemia, worsening of renal function and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality increase.
\*Extracorporeal treatments:\*
Extracorporeal treatments leading to contact of blood with negatively charged surfaces such as dialysis or haemofiltration with certain high-flux membranes (e.g. polyacrylonitril membranes) and low density lipoprotein apheresis with dextran sulphate due to increased risk of severe anaphylactoid reactions (see section 4.3). If such treatment is required, consideration should be given to using a different type of dialysis membrane or a different class of antihypertensive agent.
\*Medicines increasing the risk of angioedema:\*
Concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with sacubitril/valsartan is contraindicated as this increases the risk of angioedema (see section 4.3 and 4.4). The concomitant inhibition of neprilysin (NEP) and ACE may increase the risk of angioedema.
\*\*\*Concomitant use not recommended (see section 4.4):\*\*\*
\*Aliskiren:\*
In patients other than diabetic or impaired renal patients, risk of hyperkalaemia, worsening of renal function and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality increase.
\*Concomitant therapy with ACE inhibitor and angiotensin-receptor blocker:\*
It has been reported in the literature that in patients with established atherosclerotic disease, heart failure, or with diabetes with end organ damage, concomitant therapy with ACE inhibitor and angiotensin-receptor blocker is associated with a higher frequency of hypotension, syncope, hyperkalaemia, and worsening renal function (including acute renal failure) as compared to use of a single renin-angiotensinaldosterone system agent. Dual blockade (e.g, by combining an ACE-inhibitor with an angiotensin II receptor antagonist) should be limited to individually defined cases with close monitoring of renal function, potassium levels, and blood pressure.
\*Estramustine:\*
Risk of increased adverse effects such as angioneurotic oedema (angioedema).
\*\*\*Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole)\*\*\*
Patients taking concomitant co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) may be at increased risk for hyperkalaemia (see section 4.4).
\*Potassium sparing diuretics, potassium supplements or potassium-containing salt substitutes\*
Although serum potassium usually remains within normal limits, hyperkalaemia (potentially lethal) may occur in some patients treated with perindopril, especially in conjunction with renal impairment (additive hyperkalaemic effect). Potassium sparing diuretics (e.g. spironolactone, triamterene, or amiloride), potassium supplements, or potassium-containing salt substitutes may lead to significant increases in serum potassium. Care should also be taken when perindopril is co-administered with other agents that increase serum potassium, such as trimethoprim and cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) as trimethoprim is known to act as a potassiumsparing diuretic like amiloride. Therefore, the combination of perindopril with the above-mentioned drugs is not recommended. If concomitant use is indicated, they should be used with caution and with frequent monitoring of serum potassium.
For use of spironolactone in heart failure, see below.
\*Ciclosporin\*
Hyperkalaemia may occur during concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with ciclosporin. Monitoring of serum potassium is recommended.
\*Heparin\*
Hyperkalaemia may occur during concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with heparin. Monitoring of serum potassium is recommended.
\*Lithium:\*
Reversible increases in serum lithium concentrations and toxicity (severe neurotoxicity) have been reported during concurrent use of ACE inhibitors. The combination of perindopril with lithium is not recommended. If the combination proves necessary, careful monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended (see section 4.4).
\*\*\*Concomitant use which requires special care:\*\*\*
\*Antidiabetic agents (insulins, oral hypoglycaemic agents):\*
Epidemiological studies have suggested that concomitant administration of ACE inhibitors and antidiabetic medicines (insulins, oral hypoglycaemic agents) may cause an increased blood-glucose lowering effect with risk of hypoglycaemia. This phenomenon appeared to be more likely to occur during the first weeks of combined treatment and in patients with renal impairment.
\*Non-potassium-sparing diuretics:\*
Patients on diuretics, and especially those who are volume and/or salt depleted, may experience excessive reduction in blood pressure after initiation of therapy with an ACE inhibitor. The possibility of hypotensive effects can be reduced by discontinuation of the diuretic, by increasing volume or salt intake prior to initiating therapy with low and progressive doses of perindopril.
\*In arterial hypertension\*, when prior diuretic therapy can have caused salt/volume depletion, either the diuretic must be discontinued before initiating the ACE inhibitor, in which case a non-potassium-sparing diuretic can be thereafter reintroduced or the ACE inhibitor must be initiated with a low dosage and progressively increased.
\*In diuretic-treated congestive heart failure\*, the ACE inhibitor should be initiated at a very low dosage, possibly after reducing the dosage of the associated non-potassiumsparing diuretic.
In all cases, renal function (creatinine levels) must be monitored during the first few weeks of ACE inhibitor therapy.
\*Potassium-sparing diuretics (eplerenone, spironolactone):\*
With eplerenone or spironolactone at doses between 12.5 mg to 50 mg by day and with low doses of ACE inhibitors:
In the treatment of class II-IV heart failure (NYHA) with an ejection fraction <40%, and previously treated with ACE inhibitors and loop diuretics, risk of hyperkalaemia, potentially lethal, especially in case of non-observance of the prescription recommendations on this combination.
Before initiating the combination, check the absence of hyperkalaemia and renal impairment.
A close monitoring of the kalaemia and creatinemia is recommended in the first month of the treatment once a week at the beginning and, monthly thereafter.
\*Racecadotril:\*ACE inhibitors (e.g. perindopril) are known to cause angioedema. This risk may be elevated when used concomitantly with racecadotril (a drug used against acute diarrhoea).
mTOR inhibitors (e.g. sirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus):
Patients taking concomitant mTOR inhibitors therapy may be at increased risk for angioedema (see section 4.4).
\*Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including acetylsalicylic acid\* ≥ \*3 g/day:\*
When ACE-inhibitors are administered simultaneously with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (i.e. acetylsalicylic acid at anti-inflammatory dosage regimens, COX-2 inhibitors and non-selective NSAIDs), attenuation of the antihypertensive effect may occur. Concomitant use of ACE-inhibitors and NSAIDs may lead to an increased risk of worsening of renal function, including possible acute renal failure, and an increase in serum potassium, especially in patients with poor pre-existing renal function. The combination should be administered with caution, especially in the elderly. Patients should be adequately hydrated and consideration should be given to monitoring renal function after initiation of concomitant therapy, and periodically thereafter.
\*\*\*Concomitant use which requires some care:\*\*\*
\*Gliptines (linagliptine, saxagliptine, sitagliptine, vildagliptine):\*
Increased risk of angio-oedema, due to dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) decreased activity by the gliptine, in patients co-treated with an ACE inhibitor.
\*Sympathomimetics:\*
Sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects of ACE inhibitors.
\*Gold:\*
Nitritoid reactions (symptoms include facial flushing, nausea, vomiting and hypotension) have been reported rarely in patients on therapy with injectable gold (sodium aurothiomalate) and concomitant ACE inhibitor therapy including perindopril.
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use not recommended:\*\*\*
\*Dantrolene (infusion)\*
In animals, lethal ventricular fibrillation and cardiovascular collapse are observed in association with hyperkalemia after administration of verapamil and intravenous dantrolene. Due to risk of hyperkalemia, it is recommended that the co-administration of calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine be avoided in patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia and in the management of malignant hyperthermia\*.\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use which requires special care:\*\*\*
\*CYP3A4 inhibitors:\*
Concomitant use of amlodipine with strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors (protease inhibitors, azole antifungals, macrolides like erythromycin or clarithromycin, verapamil or diltiazem) may give rise to significant increase in amlodipine exposure resulting in an increased risk of hypotension. The clinical translation of these PK variations may be more pronounced in the elderly. Clinical monitoring and dose adjustment may thus be required.
\*CYP3A4 inducers\*
Upon co-administration of known inducers of the CYP3A4, the plasma concentration of amlodipine may vary. Therefore, blood pressure should be monitored and dose regulation considered both during and after concomitant medication particularly with strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. rifampicin, hypericum perforatum).
\*\*\*Concomitant use to be taken into consideration:\*\*\*
The blood pressure lowering effects of amlodipine adds to the blood pressurelowering effects of other medicinal products with antihypertensive properties.
\*Tacrolimus:\*
There is a risk of increased tacrolimus blood levels when co-administered with amlodipine but the pharmacokinetic mechanism of this interaction is not fully understood. In order to avoid toxicity of tacrolimus, administration of amlodipine in a patient treated with tacrolimus requires monitoring of tacrolimus blood levels and dose adjustment of tacrolimus when appropriate.
\*Clarithromycin:\*
Clarithromycin is an inhibitor of CYP3A4. There is an increased risk of hypotension in patients receiving clarithromycin with amlodipine. Close observation of patients is recommended when amlodipine is co administered with clarithromycin.
\*Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors:\*
mTOR inhibitors such as sirolimus, temsirolimus, and everolimus are CYP3A substrates. Amlodipine is a weak CYP3A inhibitor. With concomitant use of mTOR inhibitors, amlodipine may increase exposure of mTOR inhibitors.
\*Cyclosporine:\*
No drug interaction studies have been conducted with cyclosporine and amlodipine in healthy volunteers or other populations with the exception of renal transplant patients, where variable trough concentration increases (average 0% - 40%) of cyclosporine were observed. Consideration should be given for monitoring cyclosporine levels in renal transplant patients on amlodipine, and cyclosporine dose reductions should be made as necessary.
\*Simvastatin:\*
Co-administration of multiple doses of 10 mg of amlodipine with 80 mg simvastatin resulted in a 77% increase in exposure to simvastatin compared to simvastatin alone. Limit the dose of simvastatin in patients on amlodipine to 20 mg daily.
\*\*\*Others combinations:\*\*\*
In clinical interaction studies, amlodipine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin, digoxin or warfarin.
Administration of amlodipine with grapefruit or grapefruit juice is not recommended as bioavailability may be increased in some patients resulting in increased blood pressure lowering effects.
\*Linked to Perindopril/Amlodipine:\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use which requires special care:\*\*\*
Baclofen. Potentiation of antihypertensive effect. Monitoring of blood pressure and renal function, and dose adjustment of the antihypertensive if necessary.
\*\*\*Concomitant use to be taken into consideration:\*\*\*
- Antihypertensive agents (such as beta-blockers) and vasodilators:
- Concomitant use of these agents may increase the hypotensive effects of perindopril and amlodipine.
- Concomitant use with nitroglycerine and other nitrates or other vasodilators, may further reduce blood pressure and therefore should be considered with caution.
- Corticosteroids, tetracosactide: reduction in antihypertensive effect (salt and water retention due to corticosteroids).
- Alpha-blockers (prazosin, alfuzosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, terazosin): increased antihypertensive effect and increased risk of orthostatic hypotension.
- Amifostine: may potentiate the antihypertensive effect of amlodipine.
- Tricyclic antidepressants/antipsychotics/anaesthetics: increased antihypertensive effect and increased risk of orthostatic hypotension.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Given the effects of the individual components in this combination product on pregnancy and lactation:
Perindopril/Amlodipine is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy. Perindopril/Amlodipine is contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Perindopril/Amlodipine is not recommended during lactation. A decision should therefore be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue Perindopril/Amlodipine taking into account the importance of this therapy for the mother.
\*\*Pregnancy\*\*
\*Linked to perindopril\*
| |
| --- |
| The use of ACE inhibitors is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.4). The use of ACE inhibitors is contraindicated during the second and third trimester of pregnancy (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). |
Epidemiological evidence regarding the risk of teratogenicity following exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been conclusive; however a small increase in risk cannot be excluded. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative antihypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started.
Exposure to ACE inhibitor therapy during the second and third trimesters is known to induce human fetotoxicity (decreased renal function, oligohydramnios, skull ossification retardation) and neonatal toxicity (renal failure, hypotension, hyperkalaemia). (See section 5.3.) Should exposure to ACE inhibitor have occurred from the second trimester of pregnancy, ultrasound check of renal function and skull is recommended. Infants whose mothers have taken ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
The safety of amlodipine in human pregnancy has not been established.
Data on a limited number of exposed pregnancies do not indicate that amlodipine or other calcium receptor antagonists have a harmful effect on the health of the fetus. However, there may be a risk of prolonged delivery. In animal studies, reproductive toxicity was observed at high doses (see section 5.3).
Use in pregnancy is only recommended when there is no safer alternative and when the disease itself carries greater risk for the mother and fetus.
\*\*Breast feeding\*\*
\*Linked to perindopril\*
Because no information is available regarding the use of perindopril during breastfeeding, Perindopril/Amlodipine is not recommended and alternative treatments with better established safety profiles during breast-feeding are preferable, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
Amlodipine is excreted in human milk. The proportion of the maternal dose received by the infant has been estimated with an interquartile range of 3–7%, with a maximum of 15%. The effect of amlodipine on infants is unknown.
A decision on whether to continue/discontinue breast-feeding or to continue/discontinue therapy with amlodipine should be made taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding to the child and the benefit of amlodipine therapy to the mother.
\*\*Fertility\*\*
\*Linked to perindopril\*
There was no effect on reproductive performance or fertility.
\*Linked to amlodipine\*
Reversible biochemical changes in the head of spermatozoa have been reported in some patients treated by calcium channel blockers. Clinical data are insufficient regarding the potential effect of amlodipine on fertility. In one rat study, adverse effects were found on male fertility (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effects of Perindopril/Amlodipine on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. When driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account that occasionally dizziness or weariness may occur.4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*a. Summary of safety profile\*\*
The most commonly reported adverse reactions with perindopril and amlodipine given separately are: oedema, somnolence, dizziness, headache (especially at the beginning of the treatment), dysgeusia, paraesthesia, visual impairment (including diplopia), tinnitus, vertigo, palpitations, flushing, hypotension (and effects related to hypotension), dyspnoea, cough, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, change of bowel habit, diarrheoa, constipation, prurit, rash, exanthema, joint swelling (ankle swelling), muscle spasms, fatigue, asthenia.
\*\*b. Tabulated list of adverse reactions:\*\*
The following undesirable effects have been observed during treatment with perindopril or amlodipine given separately and ranked under the MedDRA classification by body system and under the following frequency:
- Very common (≥1/10)
- Common (≥1/100 to <1/10)
- Uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100)
- Rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000)
- Very rare (<1/10,000)
- Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*MedDRA\*\* \*\*System Organ Class\*\* | \*\*Undesirable Effects\*\* | \*\*Frequency\*\* | |
| \*\*Amlodipine\*\* | \*\*Perindopril\*\* |
| Infections and infestations | Rhinitis | Uncommon | Very rare |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Eosinophilia | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Leucopenia/neutropenia (see section 4.4) | Very rare | Very rare |
| Agranulocytosis or pancytopenia (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Thrombocytopenia (see section 4.4) | Very rare | Very rare |
| Haemolytic anaemia in patients with a congenital deficiency of G-6PDH (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Immune system disorders | Hypersensitivity | Very rare | Uncommon |
| Endocrine disorders | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) | - | Rare |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Hypoglycaemia (see sections 4.4 and 4.5) | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Hyperkalaemia, reversible on discontinuation (see section 4.4) | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Hyponatraemia | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Hyperglycaemia | Very rare | - |
| Psychiatric disorders | Insomnia | Uncommon | - |
| Mood changes (including anxiety) | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Depression | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Sleep disturbances | - | Uncommon |
| Nervous system disorders | Somnolence (especially at the beginning of the treatment) | Common | - |
| Dizziness (especially at the beginning of the treatment) | Common | Common |
| Headache (especially at the beginning of the treatment) | Common | Common |
| Dysgeusia | Uncommon | Common |
| Tremor | Uncommon | - |
| Hypoesthaesia | Uncommon | - |
| Paresthaesia | Uncommon | Common |
| Syncope | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Confusional state | Rare | Very rare |
| Hypertonia | Very rare | - |
| Neuropathy peripheral | Very rare | - |
| Cerebrovascular accident possibly secondary to excessive hypotension in high-risk patients (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Extrapyramidal disorder | Not known | - |
| Eye disorders | Visual impairment | Common | Common |
| Diplopia | Common | - |
| Ear and labyrinth disorders | Tinnitus | Uncommon | Common |
| Vertigo | - | Common |
| Cardiac disorders | Palpitations | Common | Uncommon\\* |
| Tachycardia | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Angina pectoris (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Myocardial infarction, possibly secondary to excessive hypotensionin high risk patients (see section 4.4) | Very rare | Very rare |
| Arrhythmia (including bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation) | Uncommon | Very rare |
| Vascular disorders | Flushing | Common | Rare |
| Hypotension (and effects related to hypotension) | Uncommon | Common |
| Vasculitis | Very rare | Uncommon\\* |
| Raynaud's phenomenon | - | Not known |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Dyspnoea | Common | Common |
| Cough | Uncommon | Common |
| Bronchospasm | - | Uncommon |
| Eosinophilic pneumonia | - | Very rare |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Gingival hyperplasia | Very rare | - |
| Abdominal pain | Common | Common |
| Nausea | Common | Common |
| Vomiting | Uncommon | Common |
| Dyspepsia | Common | Common |
| Change of bowel habit | Common | - |
| Dry mouth | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Diarrhoea | Common | Common |
| Constipation | Common | Common |
| Pancreatitis | Very rare | Very rare |
| Gastritis | Very rare | - |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Hepatitis, jaundice | Very rare | - |
| Hepatitis etheir cytolitic or cholestatic (see section 4.4) | - | Very rare |
| Hepatic enzymes increased (mostly consistent with cholestasis) | Very rare | - |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Quincke's oedema | Very rare | - |
| Angioedema of face, extremities, lips, mucous membranes, tongue, glottis and/or larynx (see section 4.4) | Very rare | Uncommon |
| Erythema multiform | Very rare | Very rare |
| Alopecia | Uncommon | - |
| Purpura | Uncommon | - |
| Skin discoloration | Uncommon | - |
| Hyperhidrosis | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Pruritus | Uncommon | Common |
| Rash, exanthema | Uncommon | Common |
| Urticaria (see section 4.4) | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Photosentivity reactions | Very rare | Uncommon\\* |
| Pemphigoid | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Psoriasis aggravation | - | Rare |
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome | Very rare | - |
| Exfoliative dermatitis | Very rare | - |
| Toxic epidermal necrolysis | Not known | - |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Joint swelling (ankle swelling) | Common | - |
| Arthralgia | Uncommon | Uncommon\\* |
| Myalgia | Uncommon | Uncommon\\* |
| Muscle cramps | Common | Common |
| Back pain | Uncommon | - |
| Renal and urinary disorders | Micturition disorder, nocturia, pollakiuria | Uncommon | - |
| Renal impairment | - | Uncommon |
| Renal failure acute | - | Rare |
| Anuria/Oliguria | - | Rare |
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Erectile dysfunction | Uncommon | Uncommon |
| Gynaecomastia | Uncommon | - |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Oedema | Very common | - |
| Oedema peripheral | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Fatigue | Common | - |
| Chest pain | Uncommon | Uncommon\\* |
| Asthenia | Common | Common |
| Pain | Uncommon | - |
| Malaise | Uncommon | Uncommon\\* |
| Pyrexia | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Investigations | Weight increase, weight decrease | Uncommon | - |
| Blood urea increased | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Blood creatinine increased | - | Uncommon\\* |
| Blood bilirubin increase | - | Rare |
| Hepatic enzyme increase | - | Rare |
| Haemoglobin decreased and haematocrit decreased | - | Very rare |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Fall | - | Uncommon\\* |
\*\\* Frequency calculated from clinical trials for adverse events detected from spontaneous report\*
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme,
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
There is no information on overdose with Perindopril/Amlodipine in humans.
For amlodipine, experience with intentional overdose in humans is limited. Large overdosage could result in excessive peripheral vasodilatation with subsequent marked and probably prolonged systemic hypotension. Any hypotension due to amlodipine overdosage calls for a monitoring in cardiologic intensive care unit. A vasoconstrictor may be helpful in restoring vascular tone and blood pressure, provided that there is no contraindication to its use. Intravenous calcium gluconate may be beneficial in reversing the effects of calcium channel blockade.
Amlodipine is not dialyzable.
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema has rarely been reported as a consequence of amlodipine overdose that may manifest with a delayed onset (24-48 hours post-ingestion) and require ventilatory support. Early resuscitative measures (including fluid overload) to maintain perfusion and cardiac output may be precipitating factors.
For perindopril, limited data are available for overdose in humans. Symptoms associated with the overdose of ACE inhibitors may include hypotension, circulatory shock, electrolyte disturbances, renal failure, hyperventilation, tachycardia, palpitations, bradycardia, dizziness, anxiety, and cough.
The recommended treatment of overdose is intravenous infusion of normal saline solution. If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the shock position. If available, treatment with angiotensin II infusion and/or intravenous catecholamines may also be considered.
Perindopril can be removed from the systemic circulation by haemodialysis (see section 4.4). Pacemaker therapy is indicated for treatment-resistant bradycardia. Vital signs, serum electrolytes and creatinine concentrations should be monitored continuously.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system, ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers, ATC code: C09BB04.
\*Perindopril\*
Perindopril is an inhibitor of the enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ACE). The converting enzyme, or kinase, is an exopeptidase that allows conversion of angiotensin I into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II as well as causing the degradation of the vasodilator bradykinin into an inactive heptapeptide. Inhibition of ACE results in a reduction of angiotensin II in the plasma, which leads to increased plasma renin activity (by inhibition of the negative feedback of renin release) and reduced secretion of aldosterone. Since ACE inactivates bradykinin, inhibition of ACE also results in an increased activity of circulating and local kallikrein-kinin systems (and thus also activation of the prostaglandin system). It is possible that this mechanism contributes to the blood pressure-lowering action of ACE inhibitors and is partially responsible for certain of their side effects (e.g. cough).
Perindopril acts through its active metabolite, perindoprilat. The other metabolites show no inhibition of ACE activity \*in vitro\*.
\*\*Hypertension:\*\*
Perindopril is active in all grades of hypertension: mild, moderate, severe; a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both supine and standing positions is observed.
Perindopril reduces peripheral vascular resistance, leading to blood pressure reduction. As a consequence, peripheral blood flow increases, with no effect on heart rate.
Renal blood flow increases as a rule, while the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually unchanged.
The antihypertensive activity is maximal between 4 and 6 hours after a single dose and is sustained for at least 24 hours: trough effects are about 87-100% of peak effects. The decrease in blood pressure occurs rapidly. In responding patients, normalisation is achieved within a month and persists without the occurrence of tachyphylaxis. Discontinuation of treatment does not lead to a rebound effect.
Perindopril reduces left ventricular hypertrophy.
In man, perindopril has been confirmed to demonstrate vasodilatory properties. It improves large artery elasticity and decreases the media: lumen ratio of small arteries.
\*\*Patients with stable coronary artery disease:\*\*
The EUROPA study was a multicentre, international, randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial lasting 4 years.
Twelve thousand two hundred and eighteen (12218) patients aged over 18 were randomised to 8 mg perindopril tert-butylamine (equivalent to 10 mg perindopril arginine) (n=6110) or placebo (n=6108).
The trial population had evidence of coronary artery disease with no evidence of clinical signs of heart failure. Overall, 90% of the patients had a previous myocardial infarction and/or a previous coronary revascularisation. Most of the patients received the study medication on top of conventional therapy including platelet inhibitors, lipid lowering agents and beta-blockers. The main efficacy criterion was the composite of cardiovascular mortality, non fatal myocardial infarction and/or cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation. The treatment with 8 mg perindopril tert-butylamine (equivalent to 10 mg perindopril arginine) once daily resulted in a significant absolute reduction in the primary endpoint of 1.9% (relative risk reduction of 20%, 95%CI [9.4; 28.6] - p<0.001).
In patients with a history of myocardial infarction and/or revascularisation, an absolute reduction of 2.2% corresponding to a RRR of 22.4% (95%CI [12.0; 31.6] - p<0.001) in the primary endpoint was observed by comparison to placebo.
Two large randomised, controlled trials (ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial) and VA NEPHRON-D (The Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes)) have examined the use of the combination of an ACEinhibitor with an angiotensin II receptor blocker.
ONTARGET was a study conducted in patients with a history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, or type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by evidence of end-organ damage. VA NEPHRON-D was a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.
These studies have shown no significant beneficial effect on renal and/or cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, while an increased risk of hyperkalaemia, acute kidney injury and/or hypotension as compared to monotherapy was observed. Given their similar pharmacodynamic properties, these results are also relevant for other ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers.
ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should therefore not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
ALTITUDE (Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardiovascular and Renal Disease Endpoints) was a study designed to test the benefit of adding aliskiren to a standard therapy of an ACE-inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or both. The study was terminated early because of an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Cardiovascular death and stroke were both numerically more frequent in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group and adverse events and serious adverse events of interest (hyperkalaemia, hypotension and renal dysfunction) were more frequently reported in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group.
\*Amlodipine\*
Amlodipine is a calcium antagonist and inhibits the influx of calcium ions into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. The mechanism of the antihypertensive action is due to a direct relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle. The precise mechanism by which amlodipine relieves angina has not been fully understood but is determined by the following two actions:
1. Amlodipine dilates peripheral arterioles and thus, reduces the total peripheral resistance (afterload) against which the heart works. This unloading of the heart reduces myocardial energy consumption and oxygen requirements.
2. The mechanism of action of amlodipine also probably involves dilatation of the main coronary arteries and coronary arterioles. This dilation increases the supply in oxygen to myocardium in patients with Prinzmetal's angina attack.
In patients with hypertension, once daily dosing provides clinically significant reductions of blood pressure (in both supine and standing positions) throughout the 24 hour interval.
In patients with angina, once daily administration of amlodipine increases total exercise time, time to angina onset, and time to 1mm ST segment depression. Amlodipine decreases both angina attack frequency and glyceryl trinitrate tablet consumption.
Amlodipine has not been associated with any adverse metabolic effects or changes in plasma lipids and is suitable for use in patients with asthma, diabetes, and gout.
The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) was performed to compare newer drug (amlodipine or ACE-inhibitor as first-line) therapies to that of the thiazide diuretic, in mild to moderate hypertension. There were no significant difference in cardiovascular outcomes between amlodipine-based therapy and thiazide diuretic-based therapy.
\*\*Paediatric population\*\*
In a study involving 268 children aged 6-17 years with predominantly secondary hypertension, comparison of a 2.5 mg dose, and 5.0 mg dose of amlodipine with placebo, showed that both doses reduced Systolic Blood Pressure significantly more than placebo. The difference between the two doses was not statistically significant.
The long-term effects of amlodipine on growth, puberty and general development have not been studied. The long-term efficacy of amlodipine on therapy in childhood to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood have also not been established.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
The rate and extent of absorption of perindopril and amlodipine from Perindopril/Amlodipine are not significantly different, respectively, from the rate and extent of absorption of perindopril and amlodipine from individual tablet formulations.
\*Perindopril\*
\*\*\*Absorption\*\*\*
After oral administration, the absorption of perindopril is rapid and the peak concentration is achieved within 1 hour. The plasma half-life of perindopril is equal to 1 hour.
Perindopril is a prodrug. Twenty seven percent of the administered perindopril dose reaches the bloodstream as the active metabolite perindoprilat. In addition to active perindoprilat, perindopril yields five metabolites, all inactive. The peak plasma concentration of perindoprilat is achieved within 3 to 4 hours.
As ingestion of food decreases conversion to perindoprilat, hence bioavailability, perindopril should be administered orally in a single daily dose in the morning before a meal.
It has been demonstrated a linear relationship between the dose of perindopril and its plasma exposure.
\*\*\*Distribution\*\*\*
The volume of distribution is approximately 0.2 l/kg for unbound perindoprilat. Protein binding of perindoprilat to plasma proteins is 20%, principally to angiotensin converting enzyme, but is concentrationdependent.
\*\*\*Elimination\*\*\*
Perindoprilat is eliminated in the urine and the terminal half-life of the unbound fraction is approximately 17 hours, resulting in steady-state within 4 days.
\*\*\*Elderly, Heart Failure, Renal Failure\*\*\*
Elimination of perindoprilat is decreased in the elderly, and also in patients with heart or renal failure (see section 4.2). Therefore, the usual medical follow-up will include frequent monitoring of creatinine and potassium.
\*\*\*Hepatic impairment\*\*\*
Dialysis clearance of perindoprilat is equal to 70 ml/min.
Perindopril kinetics are modified in patients with cirrhosis: hepatic clearance of the parent molecule is reduced by half. However, the quantity of perindoprilat formed is not reduced and therefore no dosage adjustment is required (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
\*Amlodipine\*
\*\*\*Absorption, distribution, plasma protein binding\*\*\*
After oral administration of therapeutic doses, amlodipine is well absorbed with peak blood levels between 6-12 hours post dose. Absolute bioavailability has been estimated to be between 64 and 80%. The volume of distribution is approximately 21 l/kg. \*In vitro\* studies have shown that approximately 97.5% of circulating amlodipine is bound to plasma proteins.
The bioavailability of amlodipine is not affected by food intake.
\*\*\*Biotransformation/Elimination\*\*\*
The terminal plasma elimination half-life is about 35-50 hours and is consistent with once daily dosing. Amlodipine is extensively metabolised by the liver to inactive metabolites with 10% of the parent compound and 60% of metabolites excreted in the urine.
\*\*\*Elderly\*\*\*
The time to reach peak plasma concentrations of amlodipine is similar in elderly and younger subjects. Amlodipine clearance tends to be decreased with resulting increases in AUC and elimination half-life in elderly patients. Increases in AUC and elimination half-life in patients with congestive heart failure were as expected for the patient age group studied.
\*\*\*Hepatic impairement\*\*\*
Very limited clinical data are available regarding amlodipine administration in patients with hepatic impairment. Patients with hepatic insufficiency have decreased clearance of amlodipine resulting in a longer half-life and an increase in AUC of approximately 40-60%.5.3 Preclinical safety data
\*Perindopril\*
In the chronic oral toxicity studies (rats and monkeys), the target organ is the kidney, with reversible damage.
No mutagenicity has been observed in \*in vitro\* or \*in vivo\* studies.
Reproduction toxicology studies (rats, mice, rabbits and monkeys) showed no sign of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity. However, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, as a class, have been shown to induce adverse effects on late fetal development, resulting in fetal death and congenital effects in rodents and rabbits: renal lesions and an increase in peri- and postnatal mortality have been observed.
No carcinogenicity has been observed in long term studies in rats and mice. Fertility was not impaired either in male or in female rats.
\*Amlodipine\*
\*\*Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility\*\*
Rats and mice treated with amlodipine in the diet for two years, at concentrations calculated to provide daily dosage levels of 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/kg/day showed no evidence of carcinogenicity. The highest dose (for mice, similar to, and for rats twice\\* the maximum recommended clinical dose of 10 mg on a mg/m2 basis) was close to the maximum tolerated dose for mice but not for rats.
Mutagenicity studies revealed no drug related effects at either the gene or chromosome levels.
Reproductive studies have shown that calcium antagonists induce embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects in several species, mainly as distal skeletal malformations.
There was no effect on the fertility of rats treated with amlodipine (males for 64 days and females 14 days prior to mating) at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day (8 times\\* the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg on a mg/m2 basis). In another rat study in which male rats were treated with amlodipine besilate for 30 days at a dose comparable with the human dose based on mg/kg, decreased plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone were found as well as decreases in sperm density and in the number of mature spermatids and Sertoli cells.
Reproductive studies in rats and mice have shown delayed date of delivery, prolonged duration of labour and decreased pup survival at dosages approximately 50 times greater than the maximum recommended dosage for humans based on mg/kg.
\\*Based on patient weight of 50 kg
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Cellulose, microcrystalline (E460)
Maize starch, pregelatinised
Sodium starch glycolate (type A)
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Magnesium stearate (E572)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in the original package in order to protect from light and moisture.
This medicinal product does not require any special temperature storage conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Blister (OPA/Al/PVC//Al foil): 5, 7, 10, 14, 20, 28, 30, 50, 60, 90 and 100 tablets, in a carton box.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
