- Approval Id
- 55083bdf33ad025d
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Erythromycin ethyl succinate 125mg/5ml Granules for Oral Suspension
- Drug Name
- Erythromycin ethyl succinate 125mg/5ml Granules for Oral Suspension
- Company Name
- Pinewood Healthcare
- Company Address
- Ballymacarby, Clonmel, Co. Tipperary, Co. Tipperary, Ireland
- Company Website
- http://www.pinewood.ie
- Company Telephone
- +353 52 6186000
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +353 52 6186000
- Company Medical Info Email
- drug.safety@pinewood.ie
- Company Medical Info Fax
- +353 52 6136311
- Atc Code
- J01FA01
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Pinewood Laboratories Limited,
Ballymacarbry,
Clonmel,
Co. Tipperary,
Ireland
- Authorisation Number
- PL 04917/0013
- Authorisation Date
- Renewal: 31/03/2006
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Pinewood Laboratories Limited,
Ballymacarbry,
Clonmel,
Co. Tipperary,
Ireland
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PL 04917/0013
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- Renewal: 31/03/2006
- Instruction Composition
- Erythromycin ethylsuccinate ep 125 mg/5 ml
(Where each mg of base is taken to be equivalent to 1000 units of activity)
Excipients with known effect
Each 5 ml of oral suspension contains 29 mg of sodium.
Each 5 ml of oral suspension contains 2.8 g of sucrose.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Granules for Oral Suspension
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by erythromycin sensitive organisms especially gram positive pyogenic cocci and some gram-negative bacteria. It may be used in a wide variety of clinical infections
Erythromycin is an appropriate alternative to penicillin in hypersensitive patients especially in pre or post operative patients
Respiratory Tract Infections:
Acute and chronic bronchitis, legionnaires disease, tracheitis, bronchiectasis, pneumonia
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections:
Acute infections of skin and soft tissue which are mild to moderately severe
Eye/Ear infections:
Otitis media and otitis externa mastoiditis, chlamydial conjunctivitis, blepharitis
Oral infections:
Gingivitis, Vincent's angina
Gastro-intestinal Infections:
Staphylococcal enterocolitis, cholecystitis, campylobacter infections
Other infections:
Gonorrhoea, syphilis, urethritis, diphtheria, pertussis4.2 Posology and method of administration
Method of Administration
Oral
Posology
Adults and Children over 8 Years
For mild to moderate infections 2 g daily in divided doses up to 4 g daily in severe infections;
250-500 mg every 6 hours or 0.5-1 g every 12 hours.
For acne vulgaris the usual dose is 250 mg three times daily before meals for one to four weeks and then reduced to twice daily until improvement occurs.
Children Aged 2 to 8 Years
For mild to moderate infections 1 g daily in divided doses;
250 mg every 6 hours
30 mg/kg/day in divided doses. For severe infections up to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
Infants and Babies up to 2 Years
For mild to moderate infections 500 mg daily in divided doses;
125 mg every 6 hours
30 mg/kg/day in divided doses. For severe infections up to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
Elderly
No special dosage recommendations.
Renal Impairment
If impairment is severe (GFR < 10 ml/min), the daily dose should not exceed 1.5 g due to risk of ototoxicity.
For severe infections dosage may be doubled. Duration of dosage regimen is dependent on the nature of the infection and is at the discretion of the physician.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Erythromycin is contraindicated in patients taking simvastatin, tolterodine, mizolastine, amisulpride, astemizole, terfenadine, domperidone, cisapride or pimozide.
Erythromycin is contraindicated with ergotamine and dihydroergotamine.
Erythromycin should not be given to patients with a history of QT prolongation (congenital or documented acquired QT prolongation) or ventricular cardiac arrhythmia, including torsades de pointes (see section 4.4 and 4.5).
Erythromycin should not be given to patients with electrolyte disturbances (hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia due to the risk of prolongation of QT interval).
Concomitant administration of erythromycin and lomitapide is contraindicated (see section 4.5).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
As with other macrolides, rare serious allergic reactions, including acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) have been reported. If an allergic reaction occurs, the drug should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted. Physicians should be aware that reappearance of the allergic symptoms may occur when symptomatic therapy is discontinued.
Erythromycin is excreted principally by the liver, so caution should be exercised in administering the antibiotic to patients with impaired hepatic function or concomitantly receiving potentially hepatotoxic agents. Hepatic dysfunction including increased liver enzymes and/or cholestatic hepatitis, with or without jaundice, has been infrequently reported with erythromycin.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including macrolides, and may range in severity from mild to life-threatening (see section.4.8). Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents including erythromycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon, which may lead to overgrowth of C. difficile. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhoea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
Cardiovascular Events
Prolongation of the QT interval, reflecting effects on cardiac repolarisation imparting a risk of developing cardiac arrhythmia and torsades de pointes, have been seen in patients treated with macrolides including erythromycin (see sections 4.3, 4.5 and 4.8). Fatalities have been reported.
Erythromycin should be used with caution in the following;
Patients with coronary artery disease, severe cardiac insufficiency, conduction disturbances or clinically relevant bradycardia.
Patients concomitantly taking other medicinal products associated with QT prolongation (see section 4.3 and 4.5)
Elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-associated effects on the QT interval (see section 4.8).
Epidemiological studies investigating the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes with macrolides have shown variable results. Some observational studies have identified a rare short term risk of arrhythmia, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality associated with macrolides including erythromycin. Consideration of these findings should be balanced with treatment benefits when prescribing erythromycin.
There have been reports suggesting erythromycin does not reach the foetus in adequate concentrations to prevent congenital syphilis. Infants born to women treated during pregnancy with oral erythromycin for early syphilis should be treated with an appropriate penicillin regimen.
There have been reports that erythromycin may aggravate the weakness of patients with myasthenia gravis.
Erythromycin interferes with the fluorometric determination of urinary catecholamines.
Rhabdomyolysis with or without renal impairment has been reported in seriously ill patients receiving erythromycin concomitantly with statins.
There have been reports of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) occurring in infants following erythromycin therapy. Epidemiological studies including data from meta-analyses suggest a 2-3-fold increase in the risk of IHPS following exposure to erythromycin in infancy. This risk is highest following exposure to erythromycin during the first 14 days of life. Available data suggests a risk of 2.6% (95% CI: 1.5 -4.2%) following exposure to erythromycin during this time period. The risk of IHPS in the general population is 0.1-0.2%. Since erythromycin may be used in the treatment of conditions in infants which are associated with significant mortality or morbidity (such as pertussis or chlamydia), the benefit of erythromycin therapy needs to be weighed against the potential risk of developing IHPS. Parents should be informed to contact their physician if vomiting or irritability with feeding occurs.
Carefully consider the balance of benefits and risks before prescribing erythromycin for any patients taking hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine, because of the potential for an increased risk of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality (see section 4.5).
Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
This medicine contains 29 mg sodium per 5 ml, equivalent to 1.45% of the WHO recommended maximum daily intake of 2 g sodium for an adult.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Increases in serum concentrations of the following drugs metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system may occur when administered concurrently with erythromycin: acenocoumarol\*\*\*,\*\*\* alfentanil, astemizole, bromocriptine, carbamazepine, cilostazol, cyclosporin, digoxin, dihydroergotamine, disopyramide, ergotamine, hexobarbitone, methylprednisolone, midazolam, omeprazole, phenytoin, quinidine, rifabutin\*,\* sildenafil, tacrolimus, terfenadine, theophylline, triazolam, valproate, vinblastine, and antifungals e.g. fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole. Appropriate monitoring should be undertaken and dosage should be adjusted as necessary. Particular care should be taken with medications known to prolong the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram.
Drugs that induce CYP3A4 (such as rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, St John's Wort) may induce the metabolism of erythromycin. This may lead to sub-therapeutic levels of erythromycin and a decreased effect. The induction decreases gradually during two weeks after discontinued treatment with CYP3A4 inducers. Erythromycin should not be used during and two weeks after treatment with CYP3A4 inducers.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: erythromycin has been reported to increase concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g. lovastatin and simvastatin). Rare reports of rhabdomyolysis have been reported in patients taking these drugs concomitantly.
Concomitant administration of erythromycin with lomitapide is contraindicated due to the potential for markedly increased transaminases (see section 4.3).
Contraceptives: some antibiotics may in rare cases decrease the effect of contraceptive pills by interfering with the bacterial hydrolysis of steroid conjugates in the intestine and thereby reabsorption of unconjugated steroid. As a result of this plasma levels of active steroid may decrease.
Antihistamine H1 antagonists: care should be taken in the coadministration of erythromycin with H1 antagonists such as terfenadine, astemizole and mizolastine due to the alteration of their metabolism by erythromycin.
Erythromycin significantly alters the metabolism of terfenadine, astemizole and pimozide when taken concomitantly. Rare cases of serious, potentially fatal, cardiovascular events including cardiac arrest, torsade de pointes and other ventricular arrhythmias have been observed (see sections 4.3 and 4.8).
Anti-bacterial agents: an \*in vitro\* antagonism exists between erythromycin and the bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin, cephalosporin). Erythromycin antagonises the action of clindamycin, lincomycin and chloramphenicol. The same applies for streptomycin, tetracyclines and colistin.
Protease inhibitors: in concomitant administration of erythromycin and protease inhibitors, an inhibition of the decomposition of erythromycin has been observed.
Oral anticoagulants: there have been reports of increased anticoagulant effects when erythromycin and oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin, rivaroxaban) are used concomitantly.
Triazolobenzodiazepines (such as triazolam and alprazolam) and related benzodiazepines: erythromycin has been reported to decrease the clearance of triazolam, midazolam, and related benzodiazepines, and thus may increase the pharmacological effect of these benzodiazepines.
Post-marketing reports indicate that co-administration of erythromycin with ergotamine or dihydroergotamine has been associated with acute ergot toxicity characterised by vasospasm and ischaemia of the central nervous system, extremities and other tissues (see section 4.3).
Elevated cisapride levels have been reported in patients receiving erythromycin and cisapride concomitantly. This may result in QTc prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsades de pointes. Similar effects have been observed with concomitant administration of pimozide and clarithromycin, another macrolide antibiotic.
Erythromycin use in patients who are receiving high doses of theophylline may be associated with an increase in serum theophylline levels and potential theophylline toxicity. In case of theophylline toxicity and/or elevated serum theophylline levels, the dose of theophylline should be reduced while the patient is receiving concomitant erythromycin therapy. There have been published reports suggesting when oral erythromycin is given concurrently with theophylline there is a significant decrease in erythromycin serum concentrations. This decrease could result in sub-therapeutic concentrations of erythromycin.
There have been post-marketing reports of colchicine toxicity with concomitant use of erythromycin and colchicine.
Hypotension, bradyarrhythmias and lactic acidosis have been observed in patients receiving concurrent verapamil, a calcium channel blocker.
Cimetidine may inhibit the metabolism of erythromycin which may lead to an increased plasma concentration.
Erythromycin has been reported to decrease the clearance of zopiclone and thus may increase the pharmacodynamic effects of this drug.
Corticosteroids: Caution should be exercised in concomitant use of erythromycin with systemic and inhaled corticosteroids that are primarily metabolised by CYP3A due to the potential for increased systemic exposure to corticosteroids. If concomitant use occurs, patients should be closely monitored for systemic corticosteroid undesirable effects.
Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: Erythromycin should be used with caution in patients receiving these medicines known to prolong the QT interval due to the potential to induce cardiac arrhythmia and serious adverse cardiovascular events.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
The available epidemiological studies on the risk of major congenital malformations with use of macrolides including erythromycin during pregnancy provide conflicting results. Some observational studies in humans have reported cardiovascular malformations after exposure to medicinal products containing erythromycin during early pregnancy.
Erythromycin has been reported to cross the placental barrier in humans, but foetal plasma levels are generally low.
There have been reports that maternal macrolide antibiotics exposure within 7 weeks of delivery may be associated with a higher risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS).
Erythromycin should be used by women during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Breastfeeding
Erythromycin can be excreted into breast-milk. Caution should be exercised when administering erythromycin to lactating mothers due to reports of infantile hypertrophic pyloris stenosis in breast-fed infants.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
None known4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\*
Eosinophilia.
\*\*Immune system disorders\*\*
Allergic reactions ranging from urticaria and mild skin eruptions to anaphylaxis have occurred.
\*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\*
Hallucinations
\*\*Nervous system disorders\*\*
There have been isolated reports of transient central nervous system side effects including confusion, seizures and vertigo; however, a cause and effect relationship has not been established.
\*\*Eye disorders\*\*
Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathy
\*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\*
Deafness, tinnitus
There have been isolated reports of reversible hearing loss occurring chiefly in patients with renal insufficiency or taking high doses.
\*\*Cardiac disorders\*\*
QTc interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, palpitations, and cardiac rhythm disorders including ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation (frequency not known).
\*\*Vascular disorders\*\*
Hypotension.
\*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\*
The most frequent side effects of oral erythromycin preparations are gastrointestinal and are dose-related. The following have been reported:
upper abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pancreatitis, anorexia, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been rarely reported in association with erythromycin therapy (see section 4.4).
\*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\*
Cholestatic hepatitis, jaundice, hepatic dysfunction, hepatomegaly, hepatic failure, hepatocellular hepatitis (see section 4.4).
\*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\*
Skin eruptions, pruritus, urticaria, exanthema, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme.
Not known: acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP).
\*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\*
Interstitial nephritis
\*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\*
Chest pain, fever, malaise.
\*\*Investigations\*\*
Increased liver enzyme values.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Symptoms: Treatment: | hearing loss, severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Gastric lavage and general supportive measures. |
Erythromycin is not dialysable.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramins, Macrolides, ATC code: J01F A01
Mechanism of action
Erythromycin exerts its antimicrobial action by binding to the 50S ribosomal sub-unit of susceptible microorganisms and suppresses protein synthesis. Erythromycin is usually active against most strains of the following organisms both in vitro and in clinical infections.
Gram positive bacteria - Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae (as an adjunct to antitoxin), Staphylococci spp, Streptococci spp (including Enterococci).
Gram negative bacteria - Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Bordetella pertussis, Campylobacter spp.
Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Other organisms - Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia spp, Clostridia spp, L-forms, the agents causing trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum.
Note: The majority of strains of Haemophilus influenzae are susceptible to the concentrations reached after ordinary doses.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption is facilitated if the stomach is empty.
Peak blood levels normally occur within 1 hour of dosing of erythromycin ethylsuccinate granules. The elimination half life is approximately 2 hours. Doses may be administered 2, 3 or 4 times a day.
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate is less susceptible than erythromycin to the adverse effect of gastric acid. It is absorbed from the small intestine. It is widely distributed throughout body tissues. Little metabolism occurs and only about 5% is excreted in the urine. It is excreted principally by the liver.
The drug is not removed by either peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis. It diffuses readily into intracellular fluids and antibacterial activity can be achieved at essentially all sites. There is some retention in liver and spleen. Only low concentrations are achieved in cerebrospinal fluid, unless the meninges are inflamed. Diffusion into the aqueous humour, but not the vitreous humour of the eye is good. A significant proportion is bound to serum proteins.5.3 Preclinical safety data
There are no pre-clinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that already included in other sections of the SPC.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose
Sodium citrate
Banana Flavour E4210 SD
Quinoline Yellow 14031 E104
Sodium Saccharin
Colloidal Silicon Dioxide
Sucrose (Caster Sugar)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not appropriate6.3 Shelf life
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Granules: | 36 months (Glass) 36 months (Plastic) |
| Reconstituted syrup: | 14 days (Glass and Plastic) |6.4 Special precautions for storage
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Granules: Reconstituted syrup: | Do not store above 25° C Do not store above 25° C |6.5 Nature and contents of container
Amber glass bottles with pilfer evident cap
High density polyethylene bottles with pilfer proof screw caps
Pack sizes 100 ml and 140 ml
High density polyethylene bottles with Child Resistant Closures (CRC caps).6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
To reconstitute, first shake bottle to loosen powder. Reconstitute with water to 100 ml and shake the bottle vigorously until granules are fully suspended before use.
To reconstitute, first shake bottle to loosen powder. Reconstitute with water to 140 ml and shake the bottle vigorously until granules are fully suspended before use.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate ep 125 mg/5 ml
(Where each mg of base is taken to be equivalent to 1000 units of activity)
Excipients with known effect
Each 5 ml of oral suspension contains 29 mg of sodium.
Each 5 ml of oral suspension contains 2.8 g of sucrose.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Granules for Oral Suspension
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by erythromycin sensitive organisms especially gram positive pyogenic cocci and some gram-negative bacteria. It may be used in a wide variety of clinical infections
Erythromycin is an appropriate alternative to penicillin in hypersensitive patients especially in pre or post operative patients
Respiratory Tract Infections:
Acute and chronic bronchitis, legionnaires disease, tracheitis, bronchiectasis, pneumonia
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections:
Acute infections of skin and soft tissue which are mild to moderately severe
Eye/Ear infections:
Otitis media and otitis externa mastoiditis, chlamydial conjunctivitis, blepharitis
Oral infections:
Gingivitis, Vincent's angina
Gastro-intestinal Infections:
Staphylococcal enterocolitis, cholecystitis, campylobacter infections
Other infections:
Gonorrhoea, syphilis, urethritis, diphtheria, pertussis4.2 Posology and method of administration
Method of Administration
Oral
Posology
Adults and Children over 8 Years
For mild to moderate infections 2 g daily in divided doses up to 4 g daily in severe infections;
250-500 mg every 6 hours or 0.5-1 g every 12 hours.
For acne vulgaris the usual dose is 250 mg three times daily before meals for one to four weeks and then reduced to twice daily until improvement occurs.
Children Aged 2 to 8 Years
For mild to moderate infections 1 g daily in divided doses;
250 mg every 6 hours
30 mg/kg/day in divided doses. For severe infections up to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
Infants and Babies up to 2 Years
For mild to moderate infections 500 mg daily in divided doses;
125 mg every 6 hours
30 mg/kg/day in divided doses. For severe infections up to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
Elderly
No special dosage recommendations.
Renal Impairment
If impairment is severe (GFR < 10 ml/min), the daily dose should not exceed 1.5 g due to risk of ototoxicity.
For severe infections dosage may be doubled. Duration of dosage regimen is dependent on the nature of the infection and is at the discretion of the physician.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Erythromycin is contraindicated in patients taking simvastatin, tolterodine, mizolastine, amisulpride, astemizole, terfenadine, domperidone, cisapride or pimozide.
Erythromycin is contraindicated with ergotamine and dihydroergotamine.
Erythromycin should not be given to patients with a history of QT prolongation (congenital or documented acquired QT prolongation) or ventricular cardiac arrhythmia, including torsades de pointes (see section 4.4 and 4.5).
Erythromycin should not be given to patients with electrolyte disturbances (hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia due to the risk of prolongation of QT interval).
Concomitant administration of erythromycin and lomitapide is contraindicated (see section 4.5).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
As with other macrolides, rare serious allergic reactions, including acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) have been reported. If an allergic reaction occurs, the drug should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted. Physicians should be aware that reappearance of the allergic symptoms may occur when symptomatic therapy is discontinued.
Erythromycin is excreted principally by the liver, so caution should be exercised in administering the antibiotic to patients with impaired hepatic function or concomitantly receiving potentially hepatotoxic agents. Hepatic dysfunction including increased liver enzymes and/or cholestatic hepatitis, with or without jaundice, has been infrequently reported with erythromycin.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including macrolides, and may range in severity from mild to life-threatening (see section.4.8). Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents including erythromycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon, which may lead to overgrowth of C. difficile. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhoea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
Cardiovascular Events
Prolongation of the QT interval, reflecting effects on cardiac repolarisation imparting a risk of developing cardiac arrhythmia and torsades de pointes, have been seen in patients treated with macrolides including erythromycin (see sections 4.3, 4.5 and 4.8). Fatalities have been reported.
Erythromycin should be used with caution in the following;
Patients with coronary artery disease, severe cardiac insufficiency, conduction disturbances or clinically relevant bradycardia.
Patients concomitantly taking other medicinal products associated with QT prolongation (see section 4.3 and 4.5)
Elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-associated effects on the QT interval (see section 4.8).
Epidemiological studies investigating the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes with macrolides have shown variable results. Some observational studies have identified a rare short term risk of arrhythmia, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality associated with macrolides including erythromycin. Consideration of these findings should be balanced with treatment benefits when prescribing erythromycin.
There have been reports suggesting erythromycin does not reach the foetus in adequate concentrations to prevent congenital syphilis. Infants born to women treated during pregnancy with oral erythromycin for early syphilis should be treated with an appropriate penicillin regimen.
There have been reports that erythromycin may aggravate the weakness of patients with myasthenia gravis.
Erythromycin interferes with the fluorometric determination of urinary catecholamines.
Rhabdomyolysis with or without renal impairment has been reported in seriously ill patients receiving erythromycin concomitantly with statins.
There have been reports of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) occurring in infants following erythromycin therapy. Epidemiological studies including data from meta-analyses suggest a 2-3-fold increase in the risk of IHPS following exposure to erythromycin in infancy. This risk is highest following exposure to erythromycin during the first 14 days of life. Available data suggests a risk of 2.6% (95% CI: 1.5 -4.2%) following exposure to erythromycin during this time period. The risk of IHPS in the general population is 0.1-0.2%. Since erythromycin may be used in the treatment of conditions in infants which are associated with significant mortality or morbidity (such as pertussis or chlamydia), the benefit of erythromycin therapy needs to be weighed against the potential risk of developing IHPS. Parents should be informed to contact their physician if vomiting or irritability with feeding occurs.
Carefully consider the balance of benefits and risks before prescribing erythromycin for any patients taking hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine, because of the potential for an increased risk of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality (see section 4.5).
Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
This medicine contains 29 mg sodium per 5 ml, equivalent to 1.45% of the WHO recommended maximum daily intake of 2 g sodium for an adult.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Increases in serum concentrations of the following drugs metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system may occur when administered concurrently with erythromycin: acenocoumarol\*\*\*,\*\*\* alfentanil, astemizole, bromocriptine, carbamazepine, cilostazol, cyclosporin, digoxin, dihydroergotamine, disopyramide, ergotamine, hexobarbitone, methylprednisolone, midazolam, omeprazole, phenytoin, quinidine, rifabutin\*,\* sildenafil, tacrolimus, terfenadine, theophylline, triazolam, valproate, vinblastine, and antifungals e.g. fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole. Appropriate monitoring should be undertaken and dosage should be adjusted as necessary. Particular care should be taken with medications known to prolong the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram.
Drugs that induce CYP3A4 (such as rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, St John's Wort) may induce the metabolism of erythromycin. This may lead to sub-therapeutic levels of erythromycin and a decreased effect. The induction decreases gradually during two weeks after discontinued treatment with CYP3A4 inducers. Erythromycin should not be used during and two weeks after treatment with CYP3A4 inducers.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: erythromycin has been reported to increase concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g. lovastatin and simvastatin). Rare reports of rhabdomyolysis have been reported in patients taking these drugs concomitantly.
Concomitant administration of erythromycin with lomitapide is contraindicated due to the potential for markedly increased transaminases (see section 4.3).
Contraceptives: some antibiotics may in rare cases decrease the effect of contraceptive pills by interfering with the bacterial hydrolysis of steroid conjugates in the intestine and thereby reabsorption of unconjugated steroid. As a result of this plasma levels of active steroid may decrease.
Antihistamine H1 antagonists: care should be taken in the coadministration of erythromycin with H1 antagonists such as terfenadine, astemizole and mizolastine due to the alteration of their metabolism by erythromycin.
Erythromycin significantly alters the metabolism of terfenadine, astemizole and pimozide when taken concomitantly. Rare cases of serious, potentially fatal, cardiovascular events including cardiac arrest, torsade de pointes and other ventricular arrhythmias have been observed (see sections 4.3 and 4.8).
Anti-bacterial agents: an \*in vitro\* antagonism exists between erythromycin and the bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin, cephalosporin). Erythromycin antagonises the action of clindamycin, lincomycin and chloramphenicol. The same applies for streptomycin, tetracyclines and colistin.
Protease inhibitors: in concomitant administration of erythromycin and protease inhibitors, an inhibition of the decomposition of erythromycin has been observed.
Oral anticoagulants: there have been reports of increased anticoagulant effects when erythromycin and oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin, rivaroxaban) are used concomitantly.
Triazolobenzodiazepines (such as triazolam and alprazolam) and related benzodiazepines: erythromycin has been reported to decrease the clearance of triazolam, midazolam, and related benzodiazepines, and thus may increase the pharmacological effect of these benzodiazepines.
Post-marketing reports indicate that co-administration of erythromycin with ergotamine or dihydroergotamine has been associated with acute ergot toxicity characterised by vasospasm and ischaemia of the central nervous system, extremities and other tissues (see section 4.3).
Elevated cisapride levels have been reported in patients receiving erythromycin and cisapride concomitantly. This may result in QTc prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsades de pointes. Similar effects have been observed with concomitant administration of pimozide and clarithromycin, another macrolide antibiotic.
Erythromycin use in patients who are receiving high doses of theophylline may be associated with an increase in serum theophylline levels and potential theophylline toxicity. In case of theophylline toxicity and/or elevated serum theophylline levels, the dose of theophylline should be reduced while the patient is receiving concomitant erythromycin therapy. There have been published reports suggesting when oral erythromycin is given concurrently with theophylline there is a significant decrease in erythromycin serum concentrations. This decrease could result in sub-therapeutic concentrations of erythromycin.
There have been post-marketing reports of colchicine toxicity with concomitant use of erythromycin and colchicine.
Hypotension, bradyarrhythmias and lactic acidosis have been observed in patients receiving concurrent verapamil, a calcium channel blocker.
Cimetidine may inhibit the metabolism of erythromycin which may lead to an increased plasma concentration.
Erythromycin has been reported to decrease the clearance of zopiclone and thus may increase the pharmacodynamic effects of this drug.
Corticosteroids: Caution should be exercised in concomitant use of erythromycin with systemic and inhaled corticosteroids that are primarily metabolised by CYP3A due to the potential for increased systemic exposure to corticosteroids. If concomitant use occurs, patients should be closely monitored for systemic corticosteroid undesirable effects.
Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: Erythromycin should be used with caution in patients receiving these medicines known to prolong the QT interval due to the potential to induce cardiac arrhythmia and serious adverse cardiovascular events.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
The available epidemiological studies on the risk of major congenital malformations with use of macrolides including erythromycin during pregnancy provide conflicting results. Some observational studies in humans have reported cardiovascular malformations after exposure to medicinal products containing erythromycin during early pregnancy.
Erythromycin has been reported to cross the placental barrier in humans, but foetal plasma levels are generally low.
There have been reports that maternal macrolide antibiotics exposure within 7 weeks of delivery may be associated with a higher risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS).
Erythromycin should be used by women during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Breastfeeding
Erythromycin can be excreted into breast-milk. Caution should be exercised when administering erythromycin to lactating mothers due to reports of infantile hypertrophic pyloris stenosis in breast-fed infants.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
None known4.8 Undesirable effects
\*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\*
Eosinophilia.
\*\*Immune system disorders\*\*
Allergic reactions ranging from urticaria and mild skin eruptions to anaphylaxis have occurred.
\*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\*
Hallucinations
\*\*Nervous system disorders\*\*
There have been isolated reports of transient central nervous system side effects including confusion, seizures and vertigo; however, a cause and effect relationship has not been established.
\*\*Eye disorders\*\*
Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathy
\*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\*
Deafness, tinnitus
There have been isolated reports of reversible hearing loss occurring chiefly in patients with renal insufficiency or taking high doses.
\*\*Cardiac disorders\*\*
QTc interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, palpitations, and cardiac rhythm disorders including ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation (frequency not known).
\*\*Vascular disorders\*\*
Hypotension.
\*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\*
The most frequent side effects of oral erythromycin preparations are gastrointestinal and are dose-related. The following have been reported:
upper abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pancreatitis, anorexia, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been rarely reported in association with erythromycin therapy (see section 4.4).
\*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\*
Cholestatic hepatitis, jaundice, hepatic dysfunction, hepatomegaly, hepatic failure, hepatocellular hepatitis (see section 4.4).
\*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\*
Skin eruptions, pruritus, urticaria, exanthema, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme.
Not known: acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP).
\*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\*
Interstitial nephritis
\*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\*
Chest pain, fever, malaise.
\*\*Investigations\*\*
Increased liver enzyme values.
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Symptoms: Treatment: | hearing loss, severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Gastric lavage and general supportive measures. |
Erythromycin is not dialysable.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramins, Macrolides, ATC code: J01F A01
Mechanism of action
Erythromycin exerts its antimicrobial action by binding to the 50S ribosomal sub-unit of susceptible microorganisms and suppresses protein synthesis. Erythromycin is usually active against most strains of the following organisms both in vitro and in clinical infections.
Gram positive bacteria - Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae (as an adjunct to antitoxin), Staphylococci spp, Streptococci spp (including Enterococci).
Gram negative bacteria - Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Bordetella pertussis, Campylobacter spp.
Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Other organisms - Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia spp, Clostridia spp, L-forms, the agents causing trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum.
Note: The majority of strains of Haemophilus influenzae are susceptible to the concentrations reached after ordinary doses.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption is facilitated if the stomach is empty.
Peak blood levels normally occur within 1 hour of dosing of erythromycin ethylsuccinate granules. The elimination half life is approximately 2 hours. Doses may be administered 2, 3 or 4 times a day.
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate is less susceptible than erythromycin to the adverse effect of gastric acid. It is absorbed from the small intestine. It is widely distributed throughout body tissues. Little metabolism occurs and only about 5% is excreted in the urine. It is excreted principally by the liver.
The drug is not removed by either peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis. It diffuses readily into intracellular fluids and antibacterial activity can be achieved at essentially all sites. There is some retention in liver and spleen. Only low concentrations are achieved in cerebrospinal fluid, unless the meninges are inflamed. Diffusion into the aqueous humour, but not the vitreous humour of the eye is good. A significant proportion is bound to serum proteins.5.3 Preclinical safety data
There are no pre-clinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that already included in other sections of the SPC.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose
Sodium citrate
Banana Flavour E4210 SD
Quinoline Yellow 14031 E104
Sodium Saccharin
Colloidal Silicon Dioxide
Sucrose (Caster Sugar)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not appropriate6.3 Shelf life
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Granules: | 36 months (Glass) 36 months (Plastic) |
| Reconstituted syrup: | 14 days (Glass and Plastic) |6.4 Special precautions for storage
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| --- | --- |
| Granules: Reconstituted syrup: | Do not store above 25° C Do not store above 25° C |6.5 Nature and contents of container
Amber glass bottles with pilfer evident cap
High density polyethylene bottles with pilfer proof screw caps
Pack sizes 100 ml and 140 ml
High density polyethylene bottles with Child Resistant Closures (CRC caps).6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
To reconstitute, first shake bottle to loosen powder. Reconstitute with water to 100 ml and shake the bottle vigorously until granules are fully suspended before use.
To reconstitute, first shake bottle to loosen powder. Reconstitute with water to 140 ml and shake the bottle vigorously until granules are fully suspended before use.
