- Approval Id
- 612c0e43a56576d8
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Durogesic DTrans 12 mcg/hr Transdermal Patch
- Drug Name
- Durogesic DTrans 12 mcg/hr Transdermal Patch
- Company Name
- Janssen-Cilag Ltd (a Johnson & Johnson Company)
- Company Address
- 50 - 100 Holmers Farm Way, High Wycombe, Bucks, HP12 4EG
- Company Website
- https://innovativemedicine.jnj.com/uk/
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0)1494 567 567
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 (0)800 731 8450
- Company Medical Info Email
- medinfo@janssen-cilag.co.uk
- Company Customer Care Direct Line
- +44 (0)800 731 5550
- Company Medical Info Fax
- +44 (0) 1494 567 445
- Atc Code
- N02AB03
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Janssen-Cilag Limited
50-100 Holmers Farm Way
High Wycombe
Buckinghamshire
HP12 4EG
UK
- Authorisation Number
- PL 00242/0409
- Authorisation Date
- Date of first authorisation: 28 October 2005
Date of latest renewal: 8 December 2010
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Janssen-Cilag Limited
50-100 Holmers Farm Way
High Wycombe
Buckinghamshire
HP12 4EG
UK
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PL 00242/0409
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- Date of first authorisation: 28 October 2005
Date of latest renewal: 8 December 2010
- Instruction Composition
- | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | \*\*DUROGESIC dose (µg/hour)\*\* | \*\*Patch size (cm2)\*\* | \*\*Quantity of fentanyl per patch (mg)\*\* |
| DUROGESIC 12 µg/hour | 121 | 5.25 | 2.1 |
1 The lowest dose is stated as 12 µg/hour (however, the actual dose is 12.5 µg/hour) in order to distinguish it from a dose of 125 µg/hour that could be prescribed by using multiple patches.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Transdermal patch.
Durogesic DTrans is a translucent, rectangular transdermal patch with rounded corners. Each patch is marked in coloured printing ink as follows:
Each patch is 5.25 cm2, and is marked with a border and “DUROGESIC 12 µg fentanyl/h” in orange printing ink.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Adults
Durogesic DTrans is indicated for management of severe chronic pain that requires continuous long-term opioid administration.
Children
Long-term management of severe chronic pain in children from 2 years of age who are receiving opioid therapy.4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
Durogesic DTrans doses should be individualised based upon the status of the patient and should be assessed at regular intervals after application. The lowest effective dose should be used. The patches are designed to deliver approximately 12, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mcg/h fentanyl to the systemic circulation, which represent about 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg per day respectively.
Initial dosage selection
The appropriate initiating dose of Durogesic DTrans should be based on the patient's current opioid use. It is recommended that Durogesic DTrans be used in patients who have demonstrated opioid tolerance. Other factors to be considered are the current general condition and medical status of the patient, including body size, age, and extent of debilitation as well as degree of opioid tolerance.
Adults
\*Opioid-tolerant patients\*
To convert opioid-tolerant patients from oral or parenteral opioids to Durogesic DTrans refer to Equianalgesic potency conversion below. The dosage may subsequently be titrated upwards or downwards, if required, in increments of either 12 or 25 mcg/h to achieve the lowest appropriate dosage of Durogesic DTrans depending on response and supplementary analgesic requirements.
\*Opioid-naïve patients\*
Generally, the transdermal route is not recommended in opioid-naïve patients. Alternative routes of administration (oral, parenteral) should be considered. To prevent overdose it is recommended that opioid-naïve patients receive low doses of immediate-release opioids (e.g. morphine, hydromorphone, oxycodone, tramadol, and codeine) that are to be titrated until an analgesic dosage equivalent to Durogesic DTrans with a release rate of 12 mcg/h or 25 mcg/h is attained. Patients can then switch to Durogesic DTrans.
In the circumstance in which commencing with oral opioids is not considered possible and Durogesic DTrans is considered to be the only appropriate treatment option for opioid-naïve patients, only the lowest starting dose (i.e. 12 mcg/h) should be considered. In such circumstances, the patient must be closely monitored. The potential for serious or life-threatening hypoventilation exists even if the lowest dose of Durogesic DTrans is used in initiating therapy in opioid-naïve patients (see sections 4.4 and 4.9).
\*Equianalgesic potency conversion\*
In patients currently taking opioid analgesics, the starting dose of Durogesic DTrans should be based on the daily dose of the prior opioid. To calculate the appropriate starting dose of Durogesic DTrans, follow the steps below.
1. Calculate the 24-hour dose (mg/day) of the opioid currently being used.
2. Convert this amount to the equianalgesic 24-hour oral morphine dose using the multiplication factors in Table 1 for the appropriate route of administration.
3. To derive the Durogesic DTrans dosage corresponding to the calculated 24-hour, equianalgesic morphine dosage, use dosage-conversion Table 2 or 3 as follows:
a. Table 2 is for adult patients who have a need for opioid rotation or who are less clinically stable (conversion ratio of oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl approximately equal to 150:1).
b. Table 3 is for adult patients who are on a stable, and well-tolerated, opioid regimen (conversion ratio of oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl approximately equal to 100:1).
\*\*Table 1: Conversion Table - Multiplication Factors for Converting the Daily Dose of Prior Opioids to the Equianalgesic 24-hour Oral Morphine Dose (mg/day Prior Opioid x Factor = Equianalgesic 24-hour Oral Morphine Dose)\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Prior Opioid\*\* | \*\*Route of Administration\*\* | \*\*Multiplication Factor\*\* |
| \*\*morphine\*\* | oral | 1a |
| parenteral | 3 |
| \*\*buprenorphine\*\* | sublingual | 75 |
| parenteral | 100 |
| \*\*codeine\*\* | oral | 0.15 |
| parenteral | 0.23b |
| \*\*diamorphine\*\* | oral | 0.5 |
| parenteral | 6b |
| \*\*fentanyl\*\* | oral | - |
| parenteral | 300 |
| \*\*hydromorphone\*\* | oral | 4 |
| parenteral | 20b |
| \*\*ketobemidone\*\* | oral | 1 |
| parenteral | 3 |
| \*\*levorphanol\*\* | oral | 7.5 |
| parenteral | 15b |
| \*\*methadone\*\* | oral | 1.5 |
| parenteral | 3b |
| \*\*oxycodone\*\* | oral | 1.5 |
| parenteral | 3 |
| \*\*oxymorphone\*\* | rectal | 3 |
| parenteral | 30b |
| \*\*pethidine\*\* | oral | - |
| parenteral | 0.4b |
| \*\*tapentadol\*\* | oral | 0.4 |
| parenteral | - |
| \*\*tramadol\*\* | oral | 0.25 |
| parenteral | 0.3 |
a The oral/IM potency for morphine is based on clinical experience in patients with chronic pain.
b Based on single-dose studies in which an IM dose of each active substance listed was compared with morphine to establish the relative potency. Oral doses are those recommended when changing from a parenteral to an oral route.
Reference: Adapted from 1) Foley KM. The treatment of cancer pain. NEJM 1985; 313 (2): 84-95 and 2) McPherson ML. Introduction to opioid conversion calculations. In: Demystifying Opioid Conversion Calculations: A Guide for Effective Dosing. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2010:1-15.
\*\*Table 2: Recommended starting dosage of Durogesic DTrans based upon daily oral morphine dose (for patients who have a need for opioid rotation or for clinically less stable patients: conversion ratio of oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl is approximately equal to 150:1)1\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Oral 24-hour morphine\*\* \*\*(mg/day)\*\* | \*\*Durogesic DTrans\*\* \*\*Dosage\*\* \*\*(mcg/h)\*\* |
| <90 | 12 |
| 90-134 | 25 |
| 135-224 | 50 |
| 225-314 | 75 |
| 315-404 | 100 |
| 405-494 | 125 |
| 495-584 | 150 |
| 585-674 | 175 |
| 675-764 | 200 |
| 765-854 | 225 |
| 855-944 | 250 |
| 945-1 034 | 275 |
| 1 035-1 124 | 300 |
1 In clinical studies these ranges of daily oral morphine doses were used as a basis for conversion to Durogesic DTrans.
\*\*Table 3: Recommended starting dosage of Durogesic DTrans based upon daily oral morphine dosage (for patients on stable and well tolerated opioid therapy: conversion ratio of oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl is approximately equal to 100:1)\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Oral 24-hour morphine\*\* \*\*(mg/day)\*\* | \*\*Durogesic DTrans\*\* \*\*Dosage\*\* \*\*(mcg/h)\*\* |
| ≤ 44 | 12 |
| 45-89 | 25 |
| 90-149 | 50 |
| 150-209 | 75 |
| 210-269 | 100 |
| 270-329 | 125 |
| 330-389 | 150 |
| 390-449 | 175 |
| 450-509 | 200 |
| 510-569 | 225 |
| 570-629 | 250 |
| 630-689 | 275 |
| 690-749 | 300 |
Initial evaluation of the maximum analgesic effect of Durogesic DTrans cannot be made before the patch is worn for 24 hours. This delay is due to the gradual increase in serum fentanyl concentration in the 24 hours following initial patch application.
Previous analgesic therapy should therefore be gradually phased out after the initial dose application until analgesic efficacy with Durogesic DTrans is attained.
\*Dose titration and maintenance therapy\*
The Durogesic DTrans patch should be replaced every 72 hours.
The dose should be titrated individually on the basis of average daily use of supplemental analgesics, until a balance between analgesic efficacy and tolerability is attained. Dosage titration should normally be performed in 12 mcg/h or 25 mcg/h increments, although the supplementary analgesic requirements (oral morphine 45/90 mg/day ≈ Durogesic DTrans 12/25 mcg/h) and pain status of the patient should be taken into account. After an increase in dose, it may take up to 6 days for the patient to reach equilibrium on the new dose level. Therefore, after a dose increase, patients should wear the higher dose patch through two 72-hour applications before any further increase in dose level is made.
More than one Durogesic DTrans patch may be used for doses greater than 100 mcg/h. Patients may require periodic supplemental doses of a short acting analgesic for “breakthrough” pain. Some patients may require additional or alternative methods of opioid administration when the Durogesic DTrans dose exceeds 300 mcg/h.
In the absence of adequate pain control, the possibility of hyperalgesia, tolerance and progression of underlying disease should be considered (see section 4.4).
If analgesia is insufficient during the first application only, the Durogesic DTrans patch may be replaced after 48 hours with a patch of the same dose, or the dose may be increased after 72 hours.
If the patch needs to be replaced (e.g. the patch falls off) before 72 hours, a patch of the same strength should be applied to a different skin site. This may result in increased serum concentrations (see section 5.2) and the patient should be monitored closely.
\*Treatment duration and goals\*
Before initiating treatment with DUROGESIC, a treatment strategy including treatment duration and treatment goals, and a plan for end of the treatment, should be agreed together with the patient, in accordance with pain management guidelines. During treatment, there should be frequent contact between the physician and the patient to evaluate the need for continued treatment, consider discontinuation and to adjust dosages if needed. In absence of adequate pain control, the possibility of hyperalgesia, tolerance and progression of underlying disease should be considered (see section 4.4).
\*Discontinuation of Durogesic DTrans\*
If discontinuation of Durogesic DTrans is necessary, replacement with other opioids should be gradual, starting at a low dose and increasing slowly. This is because fentanyl concentrations fall gradually after Durogesic DTrans is removed. It may take 20 hours or more for the fentanyl serum concentrations to decrease 50%. In general, the discontinuation of opioid analgesia should be gradual in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms (see sections 4.4 and 4.8). There have been reports that rapid discontinuation of opioid analgesics in patients who are physically dependent on opioids has resulted in serious withdrawal symptoms and uncontrolled pain. Tapering should be based on the individual dose, treatment duration and response of the patient regarding pain and withdrawal symptoms. Patients on long-term treatment may need a more gradual tapering. For patients who had been treated for a short period, a faster reduction schedule may be considered.
Opioid withdrawal symptoms are possible in some patients after conversion or dose adjustment.
Tables 1, 2, and 3 should only be used to convert from other opioids to Durogesic DTrans and not from Durogesic DTrans to other therapies to avoid overestimating the new analgesic dose and potentially causing overdose.
\*Special populations\*
\*Elderly patients\*
Elderly patients should be observed carefully and the dose should be individualised based upon the status of the patient (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
In opioid-naïve elderly patients, treatment should only be considered if the benefits outweigh the risks. In these cases, only Durogesic DTrans 12 mcg/h dosage should be considered for initial treatment.
\*Renal and hepatic impairment\*
Patients with renal or hepatic impairment should be observed carefully and the dose should be individualised based upon the status of the patient (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
In opioid-naïve patients with renal or hepatic impairment, treatment should only be considered if the benefits outweigh the risks. In these cases, only Durogesic DTrans 12 mcg/h dosage should be considered for initial treatment.
\*Paediatric population\*
\*Children aged 16 years and above\*
Follow adult dosage.
\*Children 2 to 16 years old\*
Durogesic DTrans should be administered to only those opioid-tolerant paediatric patients (ages 2 to 16 years) who are already receiving at least 30 mg oral morphine equivalents per day. To convert paediatric patients from oral or parenteral opioids to Durogesic DTrans, refer to Equianalgesic potency conversion (Table 1) and Recommended Durogesic DTrans dosage based upon daily oral morphine dose (Table 4).
\*\*Table 4: Recommended Durogesic DTrans dosage for paediatric patients1 based upon daily oral morphine dose2\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Oral 24-hour morphine (mg/day) | Durogesic DTrans Dosage (mcg/h) |
| 30 - 44 | 12 |
| 45 - 134 | 25 |
1 Conversion to Durogesic DTrans dosages greater than 25 mcg/h is the same for paediatric patients as it is for adult patients (see Table 2).
2 In clinical studies these ranges of daily oral morphine doses were used as a basis for conversion to Durogesic DTrans.
In two paediatric studies, the required fentanyl transdermal patch dose was calculated conservatively: 30 mg to 44 mg oral morphine per day or its equivalent opioid dose was replaced by one Durogesic DTrans 12 mcg/h patch. It should be noted that this conversion schedule for children only applies to the switch from oral morphine (or its equivalent) to Durogesic DTrans patches. The conversion schedule should not be used to convert from Durogesic DTrans into other opioids, as overdosing could then occur.
The analgesic effect of the first dose of Durogesic DTrans patches will not be optimal within the first 24 hours. Therefore, during the first 12 hours after switching to Durogesic DTrans, the patient should be given the previous regular dose of analgesics. In the next 12 hours, these analgesics should be provided based on clinical need.
Monitoring of the patient for adverse events, which may include hypoventilation, is recommended for at least 48 hours after initiation of Durogesic DTrans therapy or up-titration of the dose (see section 4.4)\*.\*
Durogesic DTrans should not be used in children aged less than 2 years because the safety and efficacy have not been established.
\*Dose titration and maintenance in children\*
The Durogesic DTrans patch should be replaced every 72 hours. The dose should be titrated individually until a balance between analgesic efficacy and tolerability is attained. Dosage must not be increased in intervals of less than 72 hours. If the analgesic effect of Durogesic DTrans is insufficient, supplementary morphine or another short-duration opioid should be administered. Depending on the additional analgesic needs and the pain status of the child, it may be decided to increase the dose. Dose adjustments should be done in 12 mcg/h steps.
Method of administration
Durogesic DTrans is for transdermal use.
Durogesic DTrans should be applied to non-irritated and non-irradiated skin on a flat surface of the torso or upper arms.
In young children, the upper back is the preferred location to minimise the potential of the child removing the patch.
Hair at the application site (a non-hairy area is preferable) should be clipped (not shaved) prior to application. If the site of Durogesic DTrans application requires cleansing prior to application of the patch, this should be done with clear water. Soaps, oils, lotions, or any other agent that might irritate the skin or alter its characteristics should not be used. The skin should be completely dry before the patch is applied. Patches should be inspected prior to use. Patches that are cut, divided, or damaged in any way should not be used.
Durogesic DTrans should be applied immediately upon removal from the sealed package. To remove the patch from the protective sachet, locate the pre-cut notch (indicated by an arrow on the patch label) along the edge of the seal. Fold the sachet at the notch, then carefully tear the sachet material. Further open the sachet along both sides, folding the sachet open like a book. The release liner for the patch is slit. Fold the patch in the middle and remove each half of the liner separately. Avoid touching the adhesive side of the patch. Apply the patch to the skin by applying light pressure with the palm of the hand for about 30 seconds. Make certain that the edges of the patch are adhering properly. Then wash hands with clean water.
Durogesic DTrans may be worn continuously for 72 hours. A new patch should be applied to a different skin site after removal of the previous transdermal patch. Several days should elapse before a new patch is applied to the same area of the skin.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Acute or post-operative pain because there is no opportunity for dose titration during short-term use, and because serious or life-threatening hypoventilation or persistent post-operative opioid use could result.
Severe respiratory depression.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Patients who have experienced serious adverse events should be monitored for at least 24 hours after removal of Durogesic DTrans, or more, as clinical symptoms dictate, because serum fentanyl concentrations decline gradually and are reduced by about 50% 20 to 27 hours later.
Patients and their carers must be instructed that Durogesic DTrans contains an active substance in an amount that can be fatal, especially to a child. Therefore, they must keep all patches out of the sight and reach of children, both before and after use.
Because of the risks, including fatal outcome, associated with accidental ingestion, misuse, and abuse, patients and their carers must be advised to keep Durogesic DTrans in a safe and secure place, not accessible by others.
\*Opioid-naïve and not opioid-tolerant states\*
Use of Durogesic DTrans in the opioid-naïve patient has been associated with very rare cases of significant respiratory depression and/or fatality when used as initial opioid therapy, especially in patients with non-cancer pain. The potential for serious or life-threatening hypoventilation exists even if the lowest dose of Durogesic DTrans is used in initiating therapy in opioid-naïve patients, especially in elderly or patients with hepatic or renal impairment. The tendency of tolerance development varies widely among individuals. It is recommended that Durogesic DTrans is used in patients who have demonstrated opioid tolerance (see section 4.2).
\*Respiratory depression\*
Some patients may experience significant respiratory depression with Durogesic DTrans; patients must be observed for these effects. Respiratory depression may persist beyond the removal of the Durogesic DTrans patch. The incidence of respiratory depression increases as the Durogesic DTrans dose is increased (see section 4.9).
Opioids can cause sleep-related breathing disorders including central sleep apnoea (CSA) and sleep-related hypoxia. Opioid use increases the risk of CSA in a dose-dependent fashion. In patients who present with CSA consider decreasing the total opioid dosage.
\*Risk from concomitant use of central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including sedative medicines such as benzodiazepines or related drugs, alcohol and CNS depressant narcotic drugs\*
Concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans and sedative medicines such as benzodiazepines or related drugs, alcohol, or CNS depressant narcotic drugs, may result in sedation, respiratory depression, coma and death. Because of these risks, concomitant prescribing with sedative medicines should be reserved for patients for whom alternative treatment options are not possible. If a decision is made to prescribe Durogesic DTrans concomitantly with sedative medicines, the lowest effective dose should be used, and the duration of treatment should be as short as possible.
The patients should be followed closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. In this respect, it is strongly recommended to inform patients and their caregivers to be aware of these symptoms (see section 4.5).
\*Chronic pulmonary disease\*
Durogesic DTrans may have more severe adverse effects in patients with chronic obstructive or other pulmonary disease. In such patients, opioids may decrease respiratory drive and increase airway resistance.
\*Long-term treatment effects and tolerance\*
In all patients, tolerance to the analgesic effects, hyperalgesia, physical dependence, and psychological dependence may develop upon repeated administration of opioids, whereas incomplete tolerance is developed for some side effects like opioid induced constipation. Particularly in patients with chronic non cancer pain, it has been reported that they may not experience a meaningful amelioration in pain intensity from continuous opioid treatment in the long term. During treatment, there should be frequent contact between the physician and the patient to evaluate the need for continued treatment (see section 4.2). When it is decided that there is no benefit for continuation, gradual down titration should be applied to address withdrawal symptoms.
Do not abruptly discontinue Durogesic DTrans in a patient physically dependent on opioids. Drug withdrawal syndrome may occur upon abrupt cessation of therapy or dose reduction.
There have been reports that rapid tapering of Durogesic DTrans in a patient physically dependent on opioids may lead to serious withdrawal symptoms and uncontrolled pain (see section 4.2 and section 4.8). When a patient no longer requires therapy, it is advisable to taper the dose gradually to minimise symptoms of withdrawal. Tapering from a high dose may take weeks to months.
The opioid drug withdrawal syndrome is characterised by some or all of the following: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, mydriasis and palpitations. Other symptoms may also develop including irritability, agitation, anxiety, hyperkinesia, tremor, weakness, insomnia, anorexia, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, increased blood pressure, increased respiratory rate or heart rate.
\*Opioid use disorder (abuse and dependence)\*
Repeated use of Durogesic DTrans may lead to Opioid use disorder (OUD). A higher dose and longer duration of opioid treatment can increase the risk of developing OUD. Abuse or intentional misuse of Durogesic DTrans may result in overdose and/or death. The risk of developing OUD is increased in patients with a personal or a family history (parents or siblings) of substance use disorders (including alcohol use disorder), in current tobacco users or in patients with a personal history of other mental health disorders (e.g. major depression, anxiety and personality disorders).
Before initiating treatment with DUROGESIC and during the treatment, treatment goals and a discontinuation plan should be agreed with the patient (see section 4.2). Before and during treatment the patient should also be informed about the risks and signs of OUD. If these signs occur, patients should be advised to contact their physician.
Patients treated with opioid medications should be monitored for signs of OUD, such as drug-seeking behaviour (e.g. too early requests for refills), particularly with patients at increased risk. This includes the review of concomitant opioids and psycho-active drugs (like benzodiazepines). For patients with signs and symptoms of OUD, consultation with an addiction specialist should be considered. If opioid discontinuation is to occur see section 4.4.
\*Central nervous system conditions including increased intracranial pressure\*
Durogesic DTrans should be used with caution in patients who may be particularly susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention such as those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure, impaired consciousness, or coma. Durogesic DTrans should be used with caution in patients with brain tumours.
\*Cardiac disease\*
Fentanyl may produce bradycardia and should therefore be administered with caution to patients with bradyarrhythmias.
\*Hypotension\*
Opioids may cause hypotension, especially in patients with acute hypovolaemia. Underlying, symptomatic hypotension and/or hypovolaemia should be corrected before treatment with fentanyl transdermal patches is initiated.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Because fentanyl is metabolised to inactive metabolites in the liver, hepatic impairment might delay its elimination. If patients with hepatic impairment receive Durogesic DTrans, they should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose of Durogesic DTrans reduced if necessary (see section 5.2)\*.\*
\*Renal impairment\*
Even though impairment of renal function is not expected to affect fentanyl elimination to a clinically relevant extent, caution is advised because fentanyl pharmacokinetics has not been evaluated in this patient population (see section 5.2). Treatment should only be considered if the benefits outweigh the risks. If patients with renal impairment receive Durogesic DTrans, they should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose reduced if necessary. Additional restrictions apply to opioid-naïve patients with renal impairment (see section 4.2).
\*Fever/external heat application\*
Fentanyl concentrations may increase if the skin temperature increases (see section 5.2). Therefore, patients with fever should be monitored for opioid undesirable effects and the Durogesic DTrans dose should be adjusted if necessary. There is a potential for temperature-dependent increases in fentanyl released from the system resulting in possible overdose and death.
All patients should be advised to avoid exposing the Durogesic DTrans application site to direct external heat sources such as heating pads, electric blankets, heated water beds, heat or tanning lamps, sunbathing, hot-water bottles, prolonged hot baths, saunas and hot whirlpool spa baths.
\*Serotonin syndrome\*
Caution is advised when Durogesic DTrans is co-administered with medicinal products that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter systems.
The development of a potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome may occur with the concomitant use of serotonergic active substances such as Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin Norepinephrine Re-uptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), and with active substances -that impair metabolism of serotonin (including Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors [MAOIs]). This may occur within the recommended dose (see section 4.5).
Serotonin syndrome may include mental-status changes (e.g. agitation, hallucinations, coma), autonomic instability (e.g. tachycardia, labile blood pressure, hyperthermia), neuromuscular abnormalities (e.g. hyperreflexia, incoordination, rigidity), and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea).
If serotonin syndrome is suspected, treatment with Durogesic DTrans should be discontinued.
\*Interactions with other medicinal products\*
\*CYP3A4 inhibitors\*
The concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors may result in an increase in fentanyl plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects, and may cause serious respiratory depression. Therefore, the concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans and CYP3A4 inhibitors is not recommended unless the benefits outweigh the increased risk of adverse effects. Generally, a patient should wait for 2 days after stopping treatment with a CYP3A4 inhibitor before applying the first Durogesic DTrans patch. However, the duration of inhibition varies and for some CYP3A4 inhibitors with a long elimination half-life, such as amiodarone, or for time-dependent inhibitors such as erythromycin, idelalisib, nicardipine and ritonavir, this period may need to be longer. Therefore, the product information of the CYP3A4 inhibitor must be consulted for the active substance's half-life and duration of the inhibitory effect before applying the first Durogesic DTrans patch. A patient who is treated with Durogesic DTrans should wait at least 1 week after removal of the last patch before initiating treatment with a CYP3A4 inhibitor. If concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans with a CYP3A4 inhibitor cannot be avoided, close monitoring for signs or symptoms of increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse effects of fentanyl (in particular respiratory depression) is warranted, and the Durogesic DTrans dosage must be reduced or interrupted as deemed necessary (see section 4.5).
\*Accidental exposure by patch transfer\*
Accidental transfer of a fentanyl patch to the skin of a non-patch wearer (particularly a child), while sharing a bed or being in close physical contact with a patch wearer, may result in an opioid overdose for the non-patch wearer. Patients should be advised that if accidental patch transfer occurs, the transferred patch must be removed immediately from the skin of the non-patch wearer (see section 4.9).
\*Use in elderly patients\*
Data from intravenous studies with fentanyl suggest that elderly patients may have reduced clearance, a prolonged half-life, and they may be more sensitive to the active substance than younger patients. If elderly patients receive Durogesic DTrans, they should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose reduced if necessary (see section 5.2).
\*Gastrointestinal tract\*
Opioids increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. The resultant prolongation in gastrointestinal transit time may be responsible for the constipating effect of fentanyl. Patients should be advised on measures to prevent constipation and prophylactic laxative use should be considered. Extra caution should be used in patients with chronic constipation. If paralytic ileus is present or suspected, treatment with Durogesic DTrans should be stopped.
\*Patients with myasthenia gravis\*
Non-epileptic (myo)clonic reactions can occur. Caution should be exercised when treating patients with myasthenia gravis.
\*Concomitant use of mixed opioid agonists/antagonists\*
The concomitant use of buprenorphine, nalbuphine or pentazocine is not recommended (see section 4.5).
\*Paediatric population\*
Durogesic DTrans should not be administered to opioid-naïve paediatric patients (see section 4.2)\*.\* The potential for serious or life-threatening hypoventilation exists regardless of the dose of Durogesic DTrans transdermal system administered\*.\*
Durogesic DTrans has not been studied in children under 2 years of age. Durogesic DTrans should be administered only to opioid-tolerant children age 2 years or older (see section 4.2).
To guard against accidental ingestion by children, use caution when choosing the application site for Durogesic DTrans (see sections 4.2 and 6.6) and monitor adhesion of the patch closely.
\*Opioid induced hyperalgesia\*
Opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a paradoxical response to an opioid in which there is an increase in pain perception despite stable or increased opioid exposure. It differs from tolerance, in which higher opioid doses are required to achieve the same analgesic effect or treat recurring pain. OIH may manifest as increased levels of pain, more generalised pain (i.e., less focal), or pain from ordinary (i.e. non-painful) stimuli (allodynia) with no evidence of disease progression. When OIH is suspected, the dose of opioid should be reduced or tapered off, if possible.
\*Endocrine effects\*
Opioids such as fentanyl may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or –gonadal axes, especially after long-term use. Some changes that can be seen include an increase in serum prolactin, and decreases in plasma cortisol and testosterone. Clinical signs and symptoms may manifest from these hormonal changes. If an endocrine effect such as hyperprolactinaemia or adrenal insufficiency is suspected, appropriate laboratory testing is recommended and discontinuation of treatment with DUROGESIC should be considered.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Pharmacodynamic-related interactions
\*Centrally-acting medicinal products/central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol and CNS depressant narcotic drugs\*
The concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans with other central nervous system depressants (including benzodiazepines and other sedatives/ hypnotics, opioids, general anaesthetics, phenothiazines, tranquilisers, sedating antihistamines, alcohol and CNS depressant narcotic drugs), skeletal muscle relaxants, and gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin) may result in respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma or death. Concomitant prescribing of CNS depressants and Durogesic DTrans should be reserved for patients for whom alternative treatment options are not possible. The use of any of these medicinal products concomitantly with Durogesic DTrans requires close monitoring and observation. The dose and duration of concomitant use should be limited (see section 4.4).
\*Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI)\*
Durogesic DTrans is not recommended for use in patients who require the concomitant administration of an MAOI. Severe and unpredictable interactions with MAOIs, involving the potentiation of opiate effects or the potentiation of serotoninergic effects, have been reported. Durogesic DTrans should not be used within 14 days after discontinuation of treatment with MAOIs.
\*Serotonergic medicinal products\*
Co-administration of fentanyl with serotonergic medicinal products, such as a Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor (SSRI) or a Serotonin Norepinephrine Re-uptake Inhibitor (SNRI) or a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI), may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. Use concomitantly with caution. Carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment (see section 4.4).
\*Concomitant use of mixed opioid agonists/antagonists\*
The concomitant use of buprenorphine, nalbuphine or pentazocine is not recommended. They have high affinity to opioid receptors with relatively low intrinsic activity and therefore partially antagonise the analgesic effect of fentanyl and may induce withdrawal symptoms in opioid dependent patients (see section 4.4)\*.\*
Pharmacokinetic-related interactions
\*Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) Inhibitors\*
Fentanyl, a high clearance active substance, is rapidly and extensively metabolised mainly by CYP3A4.
The concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors may result in an increase in fentanyl plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects, and may cause serious respiratory depression. The extent of interaction with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is expected to be greater than with weak or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors. Cases of serious respiratory depression after coadministration of CYP3A4 inhibitors with transdermal fentanyl have been reported, including a fatal case after coadministration with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. The concomitant use of CYP3A4 inhibitors and Durogesic DTrans is not recommended, unless the patient is closely monitored (see section 4.4). Examples of active substances that may increase fentanyl concentrations include amiodarone, cimetidine, clarithromycin, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, ritonavir, verapamil and voriconazole (this list is not exhaustive). After coadministration of weak, moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors with short-term intravenous fentanyl administration, decreases in fentanyl clearance were generally ≤25%, however with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor), fentanyl clearance decreased on average 67%. The extent of the interactions of CYP3A4 inhibitors with long-term transdermal fentanyl administration is not known, but may be greater than with short-term intravenous administration.
\*Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) Inducers\*
The concomitant use of transdermal fentanyl with CYP3A4 inducers may result in a decrease in fentanyl plasma concentrations and a decreased therapeutic effect. Caution is advised upon concomitant use of CYP3A4 inducers and Durogesic DTrans. The dose of Durogesic DTrans may need to be increased or a switch to another analgesic active substance may be needed. A fentanyl dose decrease and careful monitoring is warranted in anticipation of stopping concomitant treatment with a CYP3A4 inducer. The effects of the inducer decline gradually and may result in increased fentanyl plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects, and may cause serious respiratory depression. Careful monitoring should be continued until stable drug effects are achieved. Examples of active substance that may decrease fentanyl plasma concentrations include carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and rifampicin (this list is not exhaustive).
Paediatric population
Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no adequate data from the use of Durogesic DTrans in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown some reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown, although fentanyl as an IV anaesthetic has been found to cross the placenta in human pregnancies. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome has been reported in newborn infants with chronic maternal use of Durogesic DTrans during pregnancy. Durogesic DTrans should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.
Use of Durogesic DTrans during childbirth is not recommended because it should not be used in the management of acute or postoperative pain (see section 4.3)\*.\* Moreover, because fentanyl passes through the placenta, the use of Durogesic DTrans during childbirth might result in respiratory depression in the newborn infant.
Breastfeeding
Fentanyl is excreted into human milk and may cause sedation/respiratory depression in a breastfed infant. Breastfeeding should therefore be discontinued during treatment with Durogesic DTrans and for at least 72 hours after removal of the patch.
Fertility
There are no clinical data on the effects of fentanyl on fertility. Some studies in rats have revealed reduced fertility and enhanced embryo mortality at maternally toxic doses (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Durogesic DTrans may impair mental and/or physical ability required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.
This medicine can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient's ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:
• The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive
• Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you
• It is an offence to drive while under the influence of this medicine
• However, you would not be committing an offence (called 'statutory defence') if:
o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem and
o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine and
o It was not affecting your ability to drive safely.4.8 Undesirable effects
The safety of Durogesic DTrans was evaluated in 1 565 adult and 289 paediatric subjects who participated in 11 clinical studies (1 double-blind, placebo-controlled; 7 open-label, active-controlled; 3 open-label, uncontrolled) used for the management of chronic malignant or non-malignant pain. These subjects received at least one dose of Durogesic DTrans and provided safety data. Based on pooled safety data from these clinical studies, the most commonly reported (i.e. ≥10% incidence) adverse reactions were: nausea (35.7%), vomiting (23.2%), constipation (23.1%), somnolence (15.0%), dizziness (13.1%), and headache (11.8%).
The adverse reactions reported with the use of Durogesic DTrans from these clinical studies including the above-mentioned adverse reactions, and from post-marketing experiences are listed below in Table 5.
The displayed frequency categories use the following convention: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1 000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10 000 to <1/1 000); very rare (<1/10 000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available clinical data). The adverse reactions are presented by System Organ Class and in order of decreasing seriousness within each frequency category.
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Table 5: Adverse reactions in adult and paediatric patients\*\* | | | | | |
| \*\*System/Organ Class\*\* | \*\*Frequency category\*\* | | | | |
| \*\*Very common\*\* | \*\*Common\*\* | \*\*Uncommon\*\* | \*\*Rare\*\* | \*\*Not known\*\* |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | | Hypersensitivity | | | Anaphylactic shock, Anaphylactic reaction, Anaphylactoid reaction |
| \*\*Endocrine disorders\*\* | | | | | Androgen deficiency |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | | Anorexia | | | |
| \*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\* | | Insomnia, Depression, Anxiety, Confusional state, Hallucination | Agitation, Disorientation, Euphoric mood | | Delirium, Dependence |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | Somnolence, Dizziness, Headache | Tremor, Paraesthesia | Hypoaesthesia, Convulsion (including clonic convulsions and grand mal convulsion), Amnesia, Depressed level of consciousness, Loss of consciousness | | |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | | | Vision blurred | Miosis | |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\* | | Vertigo | | | |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | | Palpitations, Tachycardia | Bradycardia, Cyanosis | | |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | | Hypertension | Hypotension | | |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | | Dyspnoea | Respiratory depression, Respiratory distress | Apnoea, Hypoventilation | Bradypnoea |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation | Diarrhoea, Dry mouth, Abdominal pain, Abdominal pain upper, Dyspepsia | Ileus, Dysphagia | Subileus | |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | | Hyperhidrosis, Pruritus, Rash, Erythema | Eczema, Dermatitis allergic, Skin disorder, Dermatitis, Dermatitis contact | | |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | | Muscle spasms | Muscle twitching | | |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | | Urinary retention | | | |
| \*\*Reproductive system and breast disorders\*\* | | | Erectile dysfunction, Sexual dysfunction | | |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | | Fatigue, Oedema peripheral, Asthenia, Malaise, Feeling cold | Application site reaction, Influenza-like illness, Feeling of body temperature change, Application site hypersensitivity, Drug withdrawal syndrome, Pyrexia\\* | Application site dermatitis, Application site eczema | Drug tolerance |
\\* The assigned frequency (uncommon) is based on analyses of incidence including only adult and paediatric clinical study subjects with non-cancer pain.
Paediatric population
The safety of Durogesic DTrans was evaluated in 289 paediatric subjects (<18 years) who participated in 3 clinical studies for the management of chronic or continuous pain of malignant or non-malignant origin. These subjects received at least one dose of Durogesic DTrans and provided safety data (see section 5.1).
The safety profile in children and adolescents treated with Durogesic DTrans was similar to that observed in adults. No risk was identified in the paediatric population beyond that expected with the use of opioids for the relief of pain associated with serious illness and there does not appear to be any paediatric-specific risk associated with Durogesic DTrans use in children as young as 2 years old when used as directed.
Based on pooled safety data from these 3 clinical studies in paediatric subjects, the most commonly reported (i.e. ≥10% incidence) adverse reactions were vomiting (33.9%), nausea (23.5%), headache (16.3%), constipation (13.5%), diarrhoea (12.8%), and pruritus (12.8%).
Tolerance
Tolerance can develop on repeated use.
Drug dependence
Repeated use of DUROGESIC can lead to drug dependence, even at therapeutic doses. The risk of drug dependence may vary depending on a patient's individual risk factors, dosage, and duration of opioid treatment (see section 4.4).
Opioid withdrawal symptoms
Opioid withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anxiety, and shivering) are possible in some patients after conversion from their previous opioid analgesic to Durogesic DTrans or if therapy is stopped suddenly (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
There have been very rare reports of newborn infants experiencing neonatal withdrawal syndrome when mothers chronically used Durogesic DTrans during pregnancy (see section 4.6).
Serotonin syndrome
Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported when fentanyl was administered concomitantly with highly serotonergic drugs (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
Symptoms and signs
The manifestations of fentanyl overdose are an extension of its pharmacologic actions, the most serious effect being respiratory depression. Toxic leukoencephalopathy has also been observed with fentanyl overdose.
Treatment
For management of respiratory depression, immediate countermeasures include removing the Durogesic DTrans patch and physically or verbally stimulating the patient. These actions can be followed by administration of a specific opioid antagonist such as naloxone. Respiratory depression following an overdose may outlast the duration of action of the opioid antagonist. The interval between IV antagonist doses should be carefully chosen because of the possibility of re-narcotisation after the patch is removed; repeated administration or a continuous infusion of naloxone may be necessary. Reversal of the narcotic effect may result in acute onset of pain and release of catecholamines.
If the clinical situation warrants, a patent airway should be established and maintained, possibly with an oropharyngeal airway or endotracheal tube, and oxygen should be administered and respiration assisted or controlled, as appropriate. Adequate body temperature and fluid intake should be maintained.
If severe or persistent hypotension occurs, hypovolaemia should be considered, and the condition should be managed with appropriate parenteral fluid therapy.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Analgesics, Opioids: phenylpiperidine derivatives,
ATC code: N02AB03
Mechanism of action
Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic, interacting predominantly with the µ opioid receptor. Its primary therapeutic actions are analgesia and sedation.
Paediatric population
The safety of Durogesic DTrans was evaluated in 3 open-label studies in 289 paediatric subjects with chronic pain, aged 2 to 17 years, inclusive. Eighty of the children were aged 2 to 6 years, inclusive. Of the 289 subjects enrolled in these 3 studies, 110 initiated Durogesic DTrans treatment with a dosage of 12 mcg/h. Of these 110 subjects, 23 (20.9%) had previously been receiving <30 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day, 66 (60.0%) had been receiving 30 to 44 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day, and 12 (10.9%) had been receiving at least 45 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day (data not available for 9 [8.2%] subjects). Starting dosages of 25 mcg/h and higher were used by the remaining 179 subjects, 174 (97.2%) of whom had been on opioid doses of at least 45 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day. Among the remaining 5 subjects with a starting dosage of at least 25 mcg/h whose prior opioid doses were <45 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day, 1 (0.6%) had previously been receiving <30 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day and 4 (2.2%) had been receiving 30 to 44 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day (see section 4.8).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Durogesic DTrans provides continuous systemic delivery of fentanyl during the 72-hour application period. Following Durogesic DTrans application, the skin under the system absorbs fentanyl, and a depot of fentanyl concentrates in the upper skin layers. Fentanyl then becomes available to the systemic circulation. The polymer matrix and the diffusion of fentanyl through the layers of the skin ensure that the release rate is relatively constant.The concentration gradient existing between the system and the lower concentration in the skin drives drug release. The average bioavailability of fentanyl after application of the transdermal patch is 92%.
After the first Durogesic DTrans application, serum fentanyl concentrations increase gradually, generally leveling off between 12 and 24 hours and remaining relatively constant for the remainder of the 72-hour application period. By the end of the second 72-hour application, a steady-state serum concentration is reached and is maintained during subsequent applications of a patch of the same size. Due to accumulation, the AUC and Cmax values over a dosing interval at steady state are approximately 40% higher than after a single application. Patients reach and maintain a steady-state serum concentration that is determined by individual variation in skin permeability and body clearance of fentanyl. High inter-subject variability in plasma concentrations has been observed.
A pharmacokinetic model has suggested that serum fentanyl concentrations may increase by 14% (range 0-26%) if a new patch is applied after 24 hours rather than the recommended 72-hour application.
Skin temperature elevation may enhance the absorption of transdermally-applied fentanyl (see section 4.4). An increase in skin temperature through the application of a heating pad on low setting over the Durogesic DTrans system during the first 10 hours of a single application increased the mean fentanyl AUC value by 2.2-fold and the mean concentration at the end of heat application by 61%.
Distribution
Fentanyl is rapidly distributed to various tissues and organs, as indicated by the large volume of distribution (3 to 10 L/kg after intravenous dosing in patients). Fentanyl accumulates in skeletal muscle and fat and is released slowly into blood.
In a study in cancer patients treated with transdermal fentanyl, plasma protein binding was on average 95% (range 77-100%). Fentanyl crosses the blood-brain barrier easily. It also crosses the placenta and is excreted in breast milk.
Biotransformation
Fentanyl is a high clearance active substance and is rapidly and extensively metabolised primarily by CYP3A4 in the liver. The major metabolite, norfentanyl, and other metabolites are inactive. Skin does not appear to metabolise fentanyl delivered transdermally. This was determined in a human keratinocyte cell assay and in clinical studies in which 92% of the dose delivered from the system was accounted for as unchanged fentanyl that appeared in the systemic circulation.
Elimination
Following a 72-hour patch application, the mean fentanyl half-life ranges from 20 to 27 hours. As a result of continued absorption of fentanyl from the skin depot after removal of the patch, the half-life of fentanyl after transdermal administration is about 2- to 3-fold longer than intravenous administration.
After intravenous administration, fentanyl mean total clearance values across studies range in general between 34 and 66 L/h.
Within 72 hours of IV fentanyl administration, approximately 75% of the dose is excreted into the urine and approximately 9% of the dose into the faeces. Excretion occurs primarily as metabolites, with less than 10% of the dose excreted as unchanged active substance.
Linearity/non-linearity
The serum fentanyl concentrations attained are proportional to the Durogesic DTrans patch size. The pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl do not change with repeated application.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships
There is a high inter-subject variability in fentanyl pharmacokinetics, in the relationships between fentanyl concentrations, therapeutic and adverse effects, and in opioid tolerance. The minimum effective fentanyl concentration depends on the pain intensity and the previous use of opioid therapy. Both the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration increase with tolerance. An optimal therapeutic concentration range of fentanyl can therefore not be established. Adjustment of the individual fentanyl dose must be based on the patient's response and level of tolerance. A lag time of 12 to 24 hours after application of the first patch and after a dose increase must be taken into account.
Special populations
\*Elderly\*
Data from intravenous studies with fentanyl suggest that elderly patients may have reduced clearance, a prolonged half-life, and they may be more sensitive to the drug than younger patients. In a study conducted with Durogesic DTrans, healthy elderly subjects had fentanyl pharmacokinetics which did not differ significantly from healthy young subjects although peak serum concentrations tended to be lower and mean half-life values were prolonged to approximately 34 hours. Elderly patients should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose reduced if necessary (see section 4.4)\*.\*
\*Renal impairment\*
The influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl is expected to be limited because urinary excretion of unchanged fentanyl is less than 10% and there are no known active metabolites eliminated by the kidney. However, as the influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl has not been evaluated, caution is advised (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Patients with hepatic impairment should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose of Durogesic DTrans should be reduced if necessary (see section 4.4). Data in subjects with cirrhosis and simulated data in subjects with different grades of impaired liver function treated with transdermal fentanyl suggest that fentanyl concentrations may be increased, and fentanyl clearance may be decreased compared to subjects with normal liver function. The simulations suggest that the steady-state AUC of patients with Child-Pugh Grade B liver disease (Child-Pugh Score = 8) would be approximately 1.36 times larger compared with that of patients with normal liver function (Grade A; Child-Pugh Score = 5.5). As for patients with Grade C liver disease (Child-Pugh Score = 12.5), the results indicate that fentanyl concentration accumulates with each administration, leading these patients to have an approximately 3.72 times larger AUC at steady state.
\*Paediatric population\*
Fentanyl concentrations were measured in more than 250 children aged 2 to 17 years who were applied fentanyl patches in the dose range of 12.5 to 300 mcg/h. Adjusting for body weight, clearance (L/h/kg) appears to be approximately 80% higher in children 2 to 5 years old and 25% higher in children 6 to 10 years old when compared to children 11 to 16 years old, who are expected to have a similar clearance as adults. These findings have been taken into consideration in determining the dosing recommendations for paediatric patients (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity.
Standard reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have been carried out using parenteral administration of fentanyl. In a rat study fentanyl did not influence male fertility. Some studies with female rats revealed reduced fertility and enhanced embryo mortality.
Effects on the embryo were due to maternal toxicity and not to direct effects of the substance on the developing embryo. There was no indication of teratogenic effects in studies in two species (rats and rabbits). In a study on pre- and postnatal development the survival rate of offspring was significantly reduced at doses that slightly reduced maternal weight. This effect could either be due to altered maternal care or a direct effect of fentanyl on the pups. Effects on somatic development and behaviour of the offspring were not observed.
Mutagenicity testing in bacteria and in rodents yielded negative results. Fentanyl induced mutagenic effects in mammalian cells \*in vitro\*, comparable to other opioid analgesics. A mutagenic risk for the use of therapeutic doses seems unlikely since effects appeared only at high concentrations.
A carcinogenicity study (daily subcutaneous injections of fentanyl hydrochloride for two years in Sprague Dawley rats) did not induce any findings indicative of oncogenic potential.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Backing Layer: Film, Polyester/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer,
Protective Liner: Film, Siliconized Polyester,
Drug Layer: Polyacrylate Adhesive.
Inks (on backing):
Printing Ink, Orange.6.2 Incompatibilities
To prevent interference with the adhesive properties of Durogesic DTrans, no creams, oils, lotions or powder should be applied to the skin area when the Durogesic DTrans transdermal patch is applied.6.3 Shelf life
1 year.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in the original pouch, in order to protect from light.
This medicinal product does not require any special temperature storage conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Each patch is packed in a heat-sealed pouch. The pouch material is a lamination of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), low density polyethylene (LDPE), aluminium foil, adhesive and acrylonitrile film or paper, PET, adhesive, aluminium foil and cyclic olefin copolymer.
Durogesic DTrans is supplied in cartons containing 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20 or 30 individually packed patches.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Instructions for disposal:
Used patches should be folded so that the adhesive side of the patch adheres to itself and then they should be safely discarded. Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | \*\*DUROGESIC dose (µg/hour)\*\* | \*\*Patch size (cm2)\*\* | \*\*Quantity of fentanyl per patch (mg)\*\* |
| DUROGESIC 12 µg/hour | 121 | 5.25 | 2.1 |
1 The lowest dose is stated as 12 µg/hour (however, the actual dose is 12.5 µg/hour) in order to distinguish it from a dose of 125 µg/hour that could be prescribed by using multiple patches.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Transdermal patch.
Durogesic DTrans is a translucent, rectangular transdermal patch with rounded corners. Each patch is marked in coloured printing ink as follows:
Each patch is 5.25 cm2, and is marked with a border and “DUROGESIC 12 µg fentanyl/h” in orange printing ink.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Adults
Durogesic DTrans is indicated for management of severe chronic pain that requires continuous long-term opioid administration.
Children
Long-term management of severe chronic pain in children from 2 years of age who are receiving opioid therapy.4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
Durogesic DTrans doses should be individualised based upon the status of the patient and should be assessed at regular intervals after application. The lowest effective dose should be used. The patches are designed to deliver approximately 12, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mcg/h fentanyl to the systemic circulation, which represent about 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg per day respectively.
Initial dosage selection
The appropriate initiating dose of Durogesic DTrans should be based on the patient's current opioid use. It is recommended that Durogesic DTrans be used in patients who have demonstrated opioid tolerance. Other factors to be considered are the current general condition and medical status of the patient, including body size, age, and extent of debilitation as well as degree of opioid tolerance.
Adults
\*Opioid-tolerant patients\*
To convert opioid-tolerant patients from oral or parenteral opioids to Durogesic DTrans refer to Equianalgesic potency conversion below. The dosage may subsequently be titrated upwards or downwards, if required, in increments of either 12 or 25 mcg/h to achieve the lowest appropriate dosage of Durogesic DTrans depending on response and supplementary analgesic requirements.
\*Opioid-naïve patients\*
Generally, the transdermal route is not recommended in opioid-naïve patients. Alternative routes of administration (oral, parenteral) should be considered. To prevent overdose it is recommended that opioid-naïve patients receive low doses of immediate-release opioids (e.g. morphine, hydromorphone, oxycodone, tramadol, and codeine) that are to be titrated until an analgesic dosage equivalent to Durogesic DTrans with a release rate of 12 mcg/h or 25 mcg/h is attained. Patients can then switch to Durogesic DTrans.
In the circumstance in which commencing with oral opioids is not considered possible and Durogesic DTrans is considered to be the only appropriate treatment option for opioid-naïve patients, only the lowest starting dose (i.e. 12 mcg/h) should be considered. In such circumstances, the patient must be closely monitored. The potential for serious or life-threatening hypoventilation exists even if the lowest dose of Durogesic DTrans is used in initiating therapy in opioid-naïve patients (see sections 4.4 and 4.9).
\*Equianalgesic potency conversion\*
In patients currently taking opioid analgesics, the starting dose of Durogesic DTrans should be based on the daily dose of the prior opioid. To calculate the appropriate starting dose of Durogesic DTrans, follow the steps below.
1. Calculate the 24-hour dose (mg/day) of the opioid currently being used.
2. Convert this amount to the equianalgesic 24-hour oral morphine dose using the multiplication factors in Table 1 for the appropriate route of administration.
3. To derive the Durogesic DTrans dosage corresponding to the calculated 24-hour, equianalgesic morphine dosage, use dosage-conversion Table 2 or 3 as follows:
a. Table 2 is for adult patients who have a need for opioid rotation or who are less clinically stable (conversion ratio of oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl approximately equal to 150:1).
b. Table 3 is for adult patients who are on a stable, and well-tolerated, opioid regimen (conversion ratio of oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl approximately equal to 100:1).
\*\*Table 1: Conversion Table - Multiplication Factors for Converting the Daily Dose of Prior Opioids to the Equianalgesic 24-hour Oral Morphine Dose (mg/day Prior Opioid x Factor = Equianalgesic 24-hour Oral Morphine Dose)\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Prior Opioid\*\* | \*\*Route of Administration\*\* | \*\*Multiplication Factor\*\* |
| \*\*morphine\*\* | oral | 1a |
| parenteral | 3 |
| \*\*buprenorphine\*\* | sublingual | 75 |
| parenteral | 100 |
| \*\*codeine\*\* | oral | 0.15 |
| parenteral | 0.23b |
| \*\*diamorphine\*\* | oral | 0.5 |
| parenteral | 6b |
| \*\*fentanyl\*\* | oral | - |
| parenteral | 300 |
| \*\*hydromorphone\*\* | oral | 4 |
| parenteral | 20b |
| \*\*ketobemidone\*\* | oral | 1 |
| parenteral | 3 |
| \*\*levorphanol\*\* | oral | 7.5 |
| parenteral | 15b |
| \*\*methadone\*\* | oral | 1.5 |
| parenteral | 3b |
| \*\*oxycodone\*\* | oral | 1.5 |
| parenteral | 3 |
| \*\*oxymorphone\*\* | rectal | 3 |
| parenteral | 30b |
| \*\*pethidine\*\* | oral | - |
| parenteral | 0.4b |
| \*\*tapentadol\*\* | oral | 0.4 |
| parenteral | - |
| \*\*tramadol\*\* | oral | 0.25 |
| parenteral | 0.3 |
a The oral/IM potency for morphine is based on clinical experience in patients with chronic pain.
b Based on single-dose studies in which an IM dose of each active substance listed was compared with morphine to establish the relative potency. Oral doses are those recommended when changing from a parenteral to an oral route.
Reference: Adapted from 1) Foley KM. The treatment of cancer pain. NEJM 1985; 313 (2): 84-95 and 2) McPherson ML. Introduction to opioid conversion calculations. In: Demystifying Opioid Conversion Calculations: A Guide for Effective Dosing. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2010:1-15.
\*\*Table 2: Recommended starting dosage of Durogesic DTrans based upon daily oral morphine dose (for patients who have a need for opioid rotation or for clinically less stable patients: conversion ratio of oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl is approximately equal to 150:1)1\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Oral 24-hour morphine\*\* \*\*(mg/day)\*\* | \*\*Durogesic DTrans\*\* \*\*Dosage\*\* \*\*(mcg/h)\*\* |
| <90 | 12 |
| 90-134 | 25 |
| 135-224 | 50 |
| 225-314 | 75 |
| 315-404 | 100 |
| 405-494 | 125 |
| 495-584 | 150 |
| 585-674 | 175 |
| 675-764 | 200 |
| 765-854 | 225 |
| 855-944 | 250 |
| 945-1 034 | 275 |
| 1 035-1 124 | 300 |
1 In clinical studies these ranges of daily oral morphine doses were used as a basis for conversion to Durogesic DTrans.
\*\*Table 3: Recommended starting dosage of Durogesic DTrans based upon daily oral morphine dosage (for patients on stable and well tolerated opioid therapy: conversion ratio of oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl is approximately equal to 100:1)\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Oral 24-hour morphine\*\* \*\*(mg/day)\*\* | \*\*Durogesic DTrans\*\* \*\*Dosage\*\* \*\*(mcg/h)\*\* |
| ≤ 44 | 12 |
| 45-89 | 25 |
| 90-149 | 50 |
| 150-209 | 75 |
| 210-269 | 100 |
| 270-329 | 125 |
| 330-389 | 150 |
| 390-449 | 175 |
| 450-509 | 200 |
| 510-569 | 225 |
| 570-629 | 250 |
| 630-689 | 275 |
| 690-749 | 300 |
Initial evaluation of the maximum analgesic effect of Durogesic DTrans cannot be made before the patch is worn for 24 hours. This delay is due to the gradual increase in serum fentanyl concentration in the 24 hours following initial patch application.
Previous analgesic therapy should therefore be gradually phased out after the initial dose application until analgesic efficacy with Durogesic DTrans is attained.
\*Dose titration and maintenance therapy\*
The Durogesic DTrans patch should be replaced every 72 hours.
The dose should be titrated individually on the basis of average daily use of supplemental analgesics, until a balance between analgesic efficacy and tolerability is attained. Dosage titration should normally be performed in 12 mcg/h or 25 mcg/h increments, although the supplementary analgesic requirements (oral morphine 45/90 mg/day ≈ Durogesic DTrans 12/25 mcg/h) and pain status of the patient should be taken into account. After an increase in dose, it may take up to 6 days for the patient to reach equilibrium on the new dose level. Therefore, after a dose increase, patients should wear the higher dose patch through two 72-hour applications before any further increase in dose level is made.
More than one Durogesic DTrans patch may be used for doses greater than 100 mcg/h. Patients may require periodic supplemental doses of a short acting analgesic for “breakthrough” pain. Some patients may require additional or alternative methods of opioid administration when the Durogesic DTrans dose exceeds 300 mcg/h.
In the absence of adequate pain control, the possibility of hyperalgesia, tolerance and progression of underlying disease should be considered (see section 4.4).
If analgesia is insufficient during the first application only, the Durogesic DTrans patch may be replaced after 48 hours with a patch of the same dose, or the dose may be increased after 72 hours.
If the patch needs to be replaced (e.g. the patch falls off) before 72 hours, a patch of the same strength should be applied to a different skin site. This may result in increased serum concentrations (see section 5.2) and the patient should be monitored closely.
\*Treatment duration and goals\*
Before initiating treatment with DUROGESIC, a treatment strategy including treatment duration and treatment goals, and a plan for end of the treatment, should be agreed together with the patient, in accordance with pain management guidelines. During treatment, there should be frequent contact between the physician and the patient to evaluate the need for continued treatment, consider discontinuation and to adjust dosages if needed. In absence of adequate pain control, the possibility of hyperalgesia, tolerance and progression of underlying disease should be considered (see section 4.4).
\*Discontinuation of Durogesic DTrans\*
If discontinuation of Durogesic DTrans is necessary, replacement with other opioids should be gradual, starting at a low dose and increasing slowly. This is because fentanyl concentrations fall gradually after Durogesic DTrans is removed. It may take 20 hours or more for the fentanyl serum concentrations to decrease 50%. In general, the discontinuation of opioid analgesia should be gradual in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms (see sections 4.4 and 4.8). There have been reports that rapid discontinuation of opioid analgesics in patients who are physically dependent on opioids has resulted in serious withdrawal symptoms and uncontrolled pain. Tapering should be based on the individual dose, treatment duration and response of the patient regarding pain and withdrawal symptoms. Patients on long-term treatment may need a more gradual tapering. For patients who had been treated for a short period, a faster reduction schedule may be considered.
Opioid withdrawal symptoms are possible in some patients after conversion or dose adjustment.
Tables 1, 2, and 3 should only be used to convert from other opioids to Durogesic DTrans and not from Durogesic DTrans to other therapies to avoid overestimating the new analgesic dose and potentially causing overdose.
\*Special populations\*
\*Elderly patients\*
Elderly patients should be observed carefully and the dose should be individualised based upon the status of the patient (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
In opioid-naïve elderly patients, treatment should only be considered if the benefits outweigh the risks. In these cases, only Durogesic DTrans 12 mcg/h dosage should be considered for initial treatment.
\*Renal and hepatic impairment\*
Patients with renal or hepatic impairment should be observed carefully and the dose should be individualised based upon the status of the patient (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
In opioid-naïve patients with renal or hepatic impairment, treatment should only be considered if the benefits outweigh the risks. In these cases, only Durogesic DTrans 12 mcg/h dosage should be considered for initial treatment.
\*Paediatric population\*
\*Children aged 16 years and above\*
Follow adult dosage.
\*Children 2 to 16 years old\*
Durogesic DTrans should be administered to only those opioid-tolerant paediatric patients (ages 2 to 16 years) who are already receiving at least 30 mg oral morphine equivalents per day. To convert paediatric patients from oral or parenteral opioids to Durogesic DTrans, refer to Equianalgesic potency conversion (Table 1) and Recommended Durogesic DTrans dosage based upon daily oral morphine dose (Table 4).
\*\*Table 4: Recommended Durogesic DTrans dosage for paediatric patients1 based upon daily oral morphine dose2\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Oral 24-hour morphine (mg/day) | Durogesic DTrans Dosage (mcg/h) |
| 30 - 44 | 12 |
| 45 - 134 | 25 |
1 Conversion to Durogesic DTrans dosages greater than 25 mcg/h is the same for paediatric patients as it is for adult patients (see Table 2).
2 In clinical studies these ranges of daily oral morphine doses were used as a basis for conversion to Durogesic DTrans.
In two paediatric studies, the required fentanyl transdermal patch dose was calculated conservatively: 30 mg to 44 mg oral morphine per day or its equivalent opioid dose was replaced by one Durogesic DTrans 12 mcg/h patch. It should be noted that this conversion schedule for children only applies to the switch from oral morphine (or its equivalent) to Durogesic DTrans patches. The conversion schedule should not be used to convert from Durogesic DTrans into other opioids, as overdosing could then occur.
The analgesic effect of the first dose of Durogesic DTrans patches will not be optimal within the first 24 hours. Therefore, during the first 12 hours after switching to Durogesic DTrans, the patient should be given the previous regular dose of analgesics. In the next 12 hours, these analgesics should be provided based on clinical need.
Monitoring of the patient for adverse events, which may include hypoventilation, is recommended for at least 48 hours after initiation of Durogesic DTrans therapy or up-titration of the dose (see section 4.4)\*.\*
Durogesic DTrans should not be used in children aged less than 2 years because the safety and efficacy have not been established.
\*Dose titration and maintenance in children\*
The Durogesic DTrans patch should be replaced every 72 hours. The dose should be titrated individually until a balance between analgesic efficacy and tolerability is attained. Dosage must not be increased in intervals of less than 72 hours. If the analgesic effect of Durogesic DTrans is insufficient, supplementary morphine or another short-duration opioid should be administered. Depending on the additional analgesic needs and the pain status of the child, it may be decided to increase the dose. Dose adjustments should be done in 12 mcg/h steps.
Method of administration
Durogesic DTrans is for transdermal use.
Durogesic DTrans should be applied to non-irritated and non-irradiated skin on a flat surface of the torso or upper arms.
In young children, the upper back is the preferred location to minimise the potential of the child removing the patch.
Hair at the application site (a non-hairy area is preferable) should be clipped (not shaved) prior to application. If the site of Durogesic DTrans application requires cleansing prior to application of the patch, this should be done with clear water. Soaps, oils, lotions, or any other agent that might irritate the skin or alter its characteristics should not be used. The skin should be completely dry before the patch is applied. Patches should be inspected prior to use. Patches that are cut, divided, or damaged in any way should not be used.
Durogesic DTrans should be applied immediately upon removal from the sealed package. To remove the patch from the protective sachet, locate the pre-cut notch (indicated by an arrow on the patch label) along the edge of the seal. Fold the sachet at the notch, then carefully tear the sachet material. Further open the sachet along both sides, folding the sachet open like a book. The release liner for the patch is slit. Fold the patch in the middle and remove each half of the liner separately. Avoid touching the adhesive side of the patch. Apply the patch to the skin by applying light pressure with the palm of the hand for about 30 seconds. Make certain that the edges of the patch are adhering properly. Then wash hands with clean water.
Durogesic DTrans may be worn continuously for 72 hours. A new patch should be applied to a different skin site after removal of the previous transdermal patch. Several days should elapse before a new patch is applied to the same area of the skin.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Acute or post-operative pain because there is no opportunity for dose titration during short-term use, and because serious or life-threatening hypoventilation or persistent post-operative opioid use could result.
Severe respiratory depression.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Patients who have experienced serious adverse events should be monitored for at least 24 hours after removal of Durogesic DTrans, or more, as clinical symptoms dictate, because serum fentanyl concentrations decline gradually and are reduced by about 50% 20 to 27 hours later.
Patients and their carers must be instructed that Durogesic DTrans contains an active substance in an amount that can be fatal, especially to a child. Therefore, they must keep all patches out of the sight and reach of children, both before and after use.
Because of the risks, including fatal outcome, associated with accidental ingestion, misuse, and abuse, patients and their carers must be advised to keep Durogesic DTrans in a safe and secure place, not accessible by others.
\*Opioid-naïve and not opioid-tolerant states\*
Use of Durogesic DTrans in the opioid-naïve patient has been associated with very rare cases of significant respiratory depression and/or fatality when used as initial opioid therapy, especially in patients with non-cancer pain. The potential for serious or life-threatening hypoventilation exists even if the lowest dose of Durogesic DTrans is used in initiating therapy in opioid-naïve patients, especially in elderly or patients with hepatic or renal impairment. The tendency of tolerance development varies widely among individuals. It is recommended that Durogesic DTrans is used in patients who have demonstrated opioid tolerance (see section 4.2).
\*Respiratory depression\*
Some patients may experience significant respiratory depression with Durogesic DTrans; patients must be observed for these effects. Respiratory depression may persist beyond the removal of the Durogesic DTrans patch. The incidence of respiratory depression increases as the Durogesic DTrans dose is increased (see section 4.9).
Opioids can cause sleep-related breathing disorders including central sleep apnoea (CSA) and sleep-related hypoxia. Opioid use increases the risk of CSA in a dose-dependent fashion. In patients who present with CSA consider decreasing the total opioid dosage.
\*Risk from concomitant use of central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including sedative medicines such as benzodiazepines or related drugs, alcohol and CNS depressant narcotic drugs\*
Concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans and sedative medicines such as benzodiazepines or related drugs, alcohol, or CNS depressant narcotic drugs, may result in sedation, respiratory depression, coma and death. Because of these risks, concomitant prescribing with sedative medicines should be reserved for patients for whom alternative treatment options are not possible. If a decision is made to prescribe Durogesic DTrans concomitantly with sedative medicines, the lowest effective dose should be used, and the duration of treatment should be as short as possible.
The patients should be followed closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. In this respect, it is strongly recommended to inform patients and their caregivers to be aware of these symptoms (see section 4.5).
\*Chronic pulmonary disease\*
Durogesic DTrans may have more severe adverse effects in patients with chronic obstructive or other pulmonary disease. In such patients, opioids may decrease respiratory drive and increase airway resistance.
\*Long-term treatment effects and tolerance\*
In all patients, tolerance to the analgesic effects, hyperalgesia, physical dependence, and psychological dependence may develop upon repeated administration of opioids, whereas incomplete tolerance is developed for some side effects like opioid induced constipation. Particularly in patients with chronic non cancer pain, it has been reported that they may not experience a meaningful amelioration in pain intensity from continuous opioid treatment in the long term. During treatment, there should be frequent contact between the physician and the patient to evaluate the need for continued treatment (see section 4.2). When it is decided that there is no benefit for continuation, gradual down titration should be applied to address withdrawal symptoms.
Do not abruptly discontinue Durogesic DTrans in a patient physically dependent on opioids. Drug withdrawal syndrome may occur upon abrupt cessation of therapy or dose reduction.
There have been reports that rapid tapering of Durogesic DTrans in a patient physically dependent on opioids may lead to serious withdrawal symptoms and uncontrolled pain (see section 4.2 and section 4.8). When a patient no longer requires therapy, it is advisable to taper the dose gradually to minimise symptoms of withdrawal. Tapering from a high dose may take weeks to months.
The opioid drug withdrawal syndrome is characterised by some or all of the following: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, mydriasis and palpitations. Other symptoms may also develop including irritability, agitation, anxiety, hyperkinesia, tremor, weakness, insomnia, anorexia, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, increased blood pressure, increased respiratory rate or heart rate.
\*Opioid use disorder (abuse and dependence)\*
Repeated use of Durogesic DTrans may lead to Opioid use disorder (OUD). A higher dose and longer duration of opioid treatment can increase the risk of developing OUD. Abuse or intentional misuse of Durogesic DTrans may result in overdose and/or death. The risk of developing OUD is increased in patients with a personal or a family history (parents or siblings) of substance use disorders (including alcohol use disorder), in current tobacco users or in patients with a personal history of other mental health disorders (e.g. major depression, anxiety and personality disorders).
Before initiating treatment with DUROGESIC and during the treatment, treatment goals and a discontinuation plan should be agreed with the patient (see section 4.2). Before and during treatment the patient should also be informed about the risks and signs of OUD. If these signs occur, patients should be advised to contact their physician.
Patients treated with opioid medications should be monitored for signs of OUD, such as drug-seeking behaviour (e.g. too early requests for refills), particularly with patients at increased risk. This includes the review of concomitant opioids and psycho-active drugs (like benzodiazepines). For patients with signs and symptoms of OUD, consultation with an addiction specialist should be considered. If opioid discontinuation is to occur see section 4.4.
\*Central nervous system conditions including increased intracranial pressure\*
Durogesic DTrans should be used with caution in patients who may be particularly susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention such as those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure, impaired consciousness, or coma. Durogesic DTrans should be used with caution in patients with brain tumours.
\*Cardiac disease\*
Fentanyl may produce bradycardia and should therefore be administered with caution to patients with bradyarrhythmias.
\*Hypotension\*
Opioids may cause hypotension, especially in patients with acute hypovolaemia. Underlying, symptomatic hypotension and/or hypovolaemia should be corrected before treatment with fentanyl transdermal patches is initiated.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Because fentanyl is metabolised to inactive metabolites in the liver, hepatic impairment might delay its elimination. If patients with hepatic impairment receive Durogesic DTrans, they should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose of Durogesic DTrans reduced if necessary (see section 5.2)\*.\*
\*Renal impairment\*
Even though impairment of renal function is not expected to affect fentanyl elimination to a clinically relevant extent, caution is advised because fentanyl pharmacokinetics has not been evaluated in this patient population (see section 5.2). Treatment should only be considered if the benefits outweigh the risks. If patients with renal impairment receive Durogesic DTrans, they should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose reduced if necessary. Additional restrictions apply to opioid-naïve patients with renal impairment (see section 4.2).
\*Fever/external heat application\*
Fentanyl concentrations may increase if the skin temperature increases (see section 5.2). Therefore, patients with fever should be monitored for opioid undesirable effects and the Durogesic DTrans dose should be adjusted if necessary. There is a potential for temperature-dependent increases in fentanyl released from the system resulting in possible overdose and death.
All patients should be advised to avoid exposing the Durogesic DTrans application site to direct external heat sources such as heating pads, electric blankets, heated water beds, heat or tanning lamps, sunbathing, hot-water bottles, prolonged hot baths, saunas and hot whirlpool spa baths.
\*Serotonin syndrome\*
Caution is advised when Durogesic DTrans is co-administered with medicinal products that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter systems.
The development of a potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome may occur with the concomitant use of serotonergic active substances such as Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin Norepinephrine Re-uptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), and with active substances -that impair metabolism of serotonin (including Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors [MAOIs]). This may occur within the recommended dose (see section 4.5).
Serotonin syndrome may include mental-status changes (e.g. agitation, hallucinations, coma), autonomic instability (e.g. tachycardia, labile blood pressure, hyperthermia), neuromuscular abnormalities (e.g. hyperreflexia, incoordination, rigidity), and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea).
If serotonin syndrome is suspected, treatment with Durogesic DTrans should be discontinued.
\*Interactions with other medicinal products\*
\*CYP3A4 inhibitors\*
The concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors may result in an increase in fentanyl plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects, and may cause serious respiratory depression. Therefore, the concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans and CYP3A4 inhibitors is not recommended unless the benefits outweigh the increased risk of adverse effects. Generally, a patient should wait for 2 days after stopping treatment with a CYP3A4 inhibitor before applying the first Durogesic DTrans patch. However, the duration of inhibition varies and for some CYP3A4 inhibitors with a long elimination half-life, such as amiodarone, or for time-dependent inhibitors such as erythromycin, idelalisib, nicardipine and ritonavir, this period may need to be longer. Therefore, the product information of the CYP3A4 inhibitor must be consulted for the active substance's half-life and duration of the inhibitory effect before applying the first Durogesic DTrans patch. A patient who is treated with Durogesic DTrans should wait at least 1 week after removal of the last patch before initiating treatment with a CYP3A4 inhibitor. If concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans with a CYP3A4 inhibitor cannot be avoided, close monitoring for signs or symptoms of increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse effects of fentanyl (in particular respiratory depression) is warranted, and the Durogesic DTrans dosage must be reduced or interrupted as deemed necessary (see section 4.5).
\*Accidental exposure by patch transfer\*
Accidental transfer of a fentanyl patch to the skin of a non-patch wearer (particularly a child), while sharing a bed or being in close physical contact with a patch wearer, may result in an opioid overdose for the non-patch wearer. Patients should be advised that if accidental patch transfer occurs, the transferred patch must be removed immediately from the skin of the non-patch wearer (see section 4.9).
\*Use in elderly patients\*
Data from intravenous studies with fentanyl suggest that elderly patients may have reduced clearance, a prolonged half-life, and they may be more sensitive to the active substance than younger patients. If elderly patients receive Durogesic DTrans, they should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose reduced if necessary (see section 5.2).
\*Gastrointestinal tract\*
Opioids increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. The resultant prolongation in gastrointestinal transit time may be responsible for the constipating effect of fentanyl. Patients should be advised on measures to prevent constipation and prophylactic laxative use should be considered. Extra caution should be used in patients with chronic constipation. If paralytic ileus is present or suspected, treatment with Durogesic DTrans should be stopped.
\*Patients with myasthenia gravis\*
Non-epileptic (myo)clonic reactions can occur. Caution should be exercised when treating patients with myasthenia gravis.
\*Concomitant use of mixed opioid agonists/antagonists\*
The concomitant use of buprenorphine, nalbuphine or pentazocine is not recommended (see section 4.5).
\*Paediatric population\*
Durogesic DTrans should not be administered to opioid-naïve paediatric patients (see section 4.2)\*.\* The potential for serious or life-threatening hypoventilation exists regardless of the dose of Durogesic DTrans transdermal system administered\*.\*
Durogesic DTrans has not been studied in children under 2 years of age. Durogesic DTrans should be administered only to opioid-tolerant children age 2 years or older (see section 4.2).
To guard against accidental ingestion by children, use caution when choosing the application site for Durogesic DTrans (see sections 4.2 and 6.6) and monitor adhesion of the patch closely.
\*Opioid induced hyperalgesia\*
Opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a paradoxical response to an opioid in which there is an increase in pain perception despite stable or increased opioid exposure. It differs from tolerance, in which higher opioid doses are required to achieve the same analgesic effect or treat recurring pain. OIH may manifest as increased levels of pain, more generalised pain (i.e., less focal), or pain from ordinary (i.e. non-painful) stimuli (allodynia) with no evidence of disease progression. When OIH is suspected, the dose of opioid should be reduced or tapered off, if possible.
\*Endocrine effects\*
Opioids such as fentanyl may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or –gonadal axes, especially after long-term use. Some changes that can be seen include an increase in serum prolactin, and decreases in plasma cortisol and testosterone. Clinical signs and symptoms may manifest from these hormonal changes. If an endocrine effect such as hyperprolactinaemia or adrenal insufficiency is suspected, appropriate laboratory testing is recommended and discontinuation of treatment with DUROGESIC should be considered.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Pharmacodynamic-related interactions
\*Centrally-acting medicinal products/central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol and CNS depressant narcotic drugs\*
The concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans with other central nervous system depressants (including benzodiazepines and other sedatives/ hypnotics, opioids, general anaesthetics, phenothiazines, tranquilisers, sedating antihistamines, alcohol and CNS depressant narcotic drugs), skeletal muscle relaxants, and gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin) may result in respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, coma or death. Concomitant prescribing of CNS depressants and Durogesic DTrans should be reserved for patients for whom alternative treatment options are not possible. The use of any of these medicinal products concomitantly with Durogesic DTrans requires close monitoring and observation. The dose and duration of concomitant use should be limited (see section 4.4).
\*Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI)\*
Durogesic DTrans is not recommended for use in patients who require the concomitant administration of an MAOI. Severe and unpredictable interactions with MAOIs, involving the potentiation of opiate effects or the potentiation of serotoninergic effects, have been reported. Durogesic DTrans should not be used within 14 days after discontinuation of treatment with MAOIs.
\*Serotonergic medicinal products\*
Co-administration of fentanyl with serotonergic medicinal products, such as a Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor (SSRI) or a Serotonin Norepinephrine Re-uptake Inhibitor (SNRI) or a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI), may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. Use concomitantly with caution. Carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment (see section 4.4).
\*Concomitant use of mixed opioid agonists/antagonists\*
The concomitant use of buprenorphine, nalbuphine or pentazocine is not recommended. They have high affinity to opioid receptors with relatively low intrinsic activity and therefore partially antagonise the analgesic effect of fentanyl and may induce withdrawal symptoms in opioid dependent patients (see section 4.4)\*.\*
Pharmacokinetic-related interactions
\*Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) Inhibitors\*
Fentanyl, a high clearance active substance, is rapidly and extensively metabolised mainly by CYP3A4.
The concomitant use of Durogesic DTrans with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors may result in an increase in fentanyl plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects, and may cause serious respiratory depression. The extent of interaction with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is expected to be greater than with weak or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors. Cases of serious respiratory depression after coadministration of CYP3A4 inhibitors with transdermal fentanyl have been reported, including a fatal case after coadministration with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. The concomitant use of CYP3A4 inhibitors and Durogesic DTrans is not recommended, unless the patient is closely monitored (see section 4.4). Examples of active substances that may increase fentanyl concentrations include amiodarone, cimetidine, clarithromycin, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, ritonavir, verapamil and voriconazole (this list is not exhaustive). After coadministration of weak, moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors with short-term intravenous fentanyl administration, decreases in fentanyl clearance were generally ≤25%, however with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor), fentanyl clearance decreased on average 67%. The extent of the interactions of CYP3A4 inhibitors with long-term transdermal fentanyl administration is not known, but may be greater than with short-term intravenous administration.
\*Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) Inducers\*
The concomitant use of transdermal fentanyl with CYP3A4 inducers may result in a decrease in fentanyl plasma concentrations and a decreased therapeutic effect. Caution is advised upon concomitant use of CYP3A4 inducers and Durogesic DTrans. The dose of Durogesic DTrans may need to be increased or a switch to another analgesic active substance may be needed. A fentanyl dose decrease and careful monitoring is warranted in anticipation of stopping concomitant treatment with a CYP3A4 inducer. The effects of the inducer decline gradually and may result in increased fentanyl plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects, and may cause serious respiratory depression. Careful monitoring should be continued until stable drug effects are achieved. Examples of active substance that may decrease fentanyl plasma concentrations include carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and rifampicin (this list is not exhaustive).
Paediatric population
Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no adequate data from the use of Durogesic DTrans in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown some reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown, although fentanyl as an IV anaesthetic has been found to cross the placenta in human pregnancies. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome has been reported in newborn infants with chronic maternal use of Durogesic DTrans during pregnancy. Durogesic DTrans should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.
Use of Durogesic DTrans during childbirth is not recommended because it should not be used in the management of acute or postoperative pain (see section 4.3)\*.\* Moreover, because fentanyl passes through the placenta, the use of Durogesic DTrans during childbirth might result in respiratory depression in the newborn infant.
Breastfeeding
Fentanyl is excreted into human milk and may cause sedation/respiratory depression in a breastfed infant. Breastfeeding should therefore be discontinued during treatment with Durogesic DTrans and for at least 72 hours after removal of the patch.
Fertility
There are no clinical data on the effects of fentanyl on fertility. Some studies in rats have revealed reduced fertility and enhanced embryo mortality at maternally toxic doses (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Durogesic DTrans may impair mental and/or physical ability required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.
This medicine can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient's ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:
• The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive
• Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you
• It is an offence to drive while under the influence of this medicine
• However, you would not be committing an offence (called 'statutory defence') if:
o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem and
o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine and
o It was not affecting your ability to drive safely.4.8 Undesirable effects
The safety of Durogesic DTrans was evaluated in 1 565 adult and 289 paediatric subjects who participated in 11 clinical studies (1 double-blind, placebo-controlled; 7 open-label, active-controlled; 3 open-label, uncontrolled) used for the management of chronic malignant or non-malignant pain. These subjects received at least one dose of Durogesic DTrans and provided safety data. Based on pooled safety data from these clinical studies, the most commonly reported (i.e. ≥10% incidence) adverse reactions were: nausea (35.7%), vomiting (23.2%), constipation (23.1%), somnolence (15.0%), dizziness (13.1%), and headache (11.8%).
The adverse reactions reported with the use of Durogesic DTrans from these clinical studies including the above-mentioned adverse reactions, and from post-marketing experiences are listed below in Table 5.
The displayed frequency categories use the following convention: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1 000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10 000 to <1/1 000); very rare (<1/10 000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available clinical data). The adverse reactions are presented by System Organ Class and in order of decreasing seriousness within each frequency category.
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Table 5: Adverse reactions in adult and paediatric patients\*\* | | | | | |
| \*\*System/Organ Class\*\* | \*\*Frequency category\*\* | | | | |
| \*\*Very common\*\* | \*\*Common\*\* | \*\*Uncommon\*\* | \*\*Rare\*\* | \*\*Not known\*\* |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | | Hypersensitivity | | | Anaphylactic shock, Anaphylactic reaction, Anaphylactoid reaction |
| \*\*Endocrine disorders\*\* | | | | | Androgen deficiency |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | | Anorexia | | | |
| \*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\* | | Insomnia, Depression, Anxiety, Confusional state, Hallucination | Agitation, Disorientation, Euphoric mood | | Delirium, Dependence |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | Somnolence, Dizziness, Headache | Tremor, Paraesthesia | Hypoaesthesia, Convulsion (including clonic convulsions and grand mal convulsion), Amnesia, Depressed level of consciousness, Loss of consciousness | | |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | | | Vision blurred | Miosis | |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\* | | Vertigo | | | |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | | Palpitations, Tachycardia | Bradycardia, Cyanosis | | |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | | Hypertension | Hypotension | | |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | | Dyspnoea | Respiratory depression, Respiratory distress | Apnoea, Hypoventilation | Bradypnoea |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation | Diarrhoea, Dry mouth, Abdominal pain, Abdominal pain upper, Dyspepsia | Ileus, Dysphagia | Subileus | |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | | Hyperhidrosis, Pruritus, Rash, Erythema | Eczema, Dermatitis allergic, Skin disorder, Dermatitis, Dermatitis contact | | |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | | Muscle spasms | Muscle twitching | | |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | | Urinary retention | | | |
| \*\*Reproductive system and breast disorders\*\* | | | Erectile dysfunction, Sexual dysfunction | | |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | | Fatigue, Oedema peripheral, Asthenia, Malaise, Feeling cold | Application site reaction, Influenza-like illness, Feeling of body temperature change, Application site hypersensitivity, Drug withdrawal syndrome, Pyrexia\\* | Application site dermatitis, Application site eczema | Drug tolerance |
\\* The assigned frequency (uncommon) is based on analyses of incidence including only adult and paediatric clinical study subjects with non-cancer pain.
Paediatric population
The safety of Durogesic DTrans was evaluated in 289 paediatric subjects (<18 years) who participated in 3 clinical studies for the management of chronic or continuous pain of malignant or non-malignant origin. These subjects received at least one dose of Durogesic DTrans and provided safety data (see section 5.1).
The safety profile in children and adolescents treated with Durogesic DTrans was similar to that observed in adults. No risk was identified in the paediatric population beyond that expected with the use of opioids for the relief of pain associated with serious illness and there does not appear to be any paediatric-specific risk associated with Durogesic DTrans use in children as young as 2 years old when used as directed.
Based on pooled safety data from these 3 clinical studies in paediatric subjects, the most commonly reported (i.e. ≥10% incidence) adverse reactions were vomiting (33.9%), nausea (23.5%), headache (16.3%), constipation (13.5%), diarrhoea (12.8%), and pruritus (12.8%).
Tolerance
Tolerance can develop on repeated use.
Drug dependence
Repeated use of DUROGESIC can lead to drug dependence, even at therapeutic doses. The risk of drug dependence may vary depending on a patient's individual risk factors, dosage, and duration of opioid treatment (see section 4.4).
Opioid withdrawal symptoms
Opioid withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anxiety, and shivering) are possible in some patients after conversion from their previous opioid analgesic to Durogesic DTrans or if therapy is stopped suddenly (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
There have been very rare reports of newborn infants experiencing neonatal withdrawal syndrome when mothers chronically used Durogesic DTrans during pregnancy (see section 4.6).
Serotonin syndrome
Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported when fentanyl was administered concomitantly with highly serotonergic drugs (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
Symptoms and signs
The manifestations of fentanyl overdose are an extension of its pharmacologic actions, the most serious effect being respiratory depression. Toxic leukoencephalopathy has also been observed with fentanyl overdose.
Treatment
For management of respiratory depression, immediate countermeasures include removing the Durogesic DTrans patch and physically or verbally stimulating the patient. These actions can be followed by administration of a specific opioid antagonist such as naloxone. Respiratory depression following an overdose may outlast the duration of action of the opioid antagonist. The interval between IV antagonist doses should be carefully chosen because of the possibility of re-narcotisation after the patch is removed; repeated administration or a continuous infusion of naloxone may be necessary. Reversal of the narcotic effect may result in acute onset of pain and release of catecholamines.
If the clinical situation warrants, a patent airway should be established and maintained, possibly with an oropharyngeal airway or endotracheal tube, and oxygen should be administered and respiration assisted or controlled, as appropriate. Adequate body temperature and fluid intake should be maintained.
If severe or persistent hypotension occurs, hypovolaemia should be considered, and the condition should be managed with appropriate parenteral fluid therapy.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Analgesics, Opioids: phenylpiperidine derivatives,
ATC code: N02AB03
Mechanism of action
Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic, interacting predominantly with the µ opioid receptor. Its primary therapeutic actions are analgesia and sedation.
Paediatric population
The safety of Durogesic DTrans was evaluated in 3 open-label studies in 289 paediatric subjects with chronic pain, aged 2 to 17 years, inclusive. Eighty of the children were aged 2 to 6 years, inclusive. Of the 289 subjects enrolled in these 3 studies, 110 initiated Durogesic DTrans treatment with a dosage of 12 mcg/h. Of these 110 subjects, 23 (20.9%) had previously been receiving <30 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day, 66 (60.0%) had been receiving 30 to 44 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day, and 12 (10.9%) had been receiving at least 45 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day (data not available for 9 [8.2%] subjects). Starting dosages of 25 mcg/h and higher were used by the remaining 179 subjects, 174 (97.2%) of whom had been on opioid doses of at least 45 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day. Among the remaining 5 subjects with a starting dosage of at least 25 mcg/h whose prior opioid doses were <45 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day, 1 (0.6%) had previously been receiving <30 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day and 4 (2.2%) had been receiving 30 to 44 mg of oral morphine equivalents per day (see section 4.8).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Durogesic DTrans provides continuous systemic delivery of fentanyl during the 72-hour application period. Following Durogesic DTrans application, the skin under the system absorbs fentanyl, and a depot of fentanyl concentrates in the upper skin layers. Fentanyl then becomes available to the systemic circulation. The polymer matrix and the diffusion of fentanyl through the layers of the skin ensure that the release rate is relatively constant.The concentration gradient existing between the system and the lower concentration in the skin drives drug release. The average bioavailability of fentanyl after application of the transdermal patch is 92%.
After the first Durogesic DTrans application, serum fentanyl concentrations increase gradually, generally leveling off between 12 and 24 hours and remaining relatively constant for the remainder of the 72-hour application period. By the end of the second 72-hour application, a steady-state serum concentration is reached and is maintained during subsequent applications of a patch of the same size. Due to accumulation, the AUC and Cmax values over a dosing interval at steady state are approximately 40% higher than after a single application. Patients reach and maintain a steady-state serum concentration that is determined by individual variation in skin permeability and body clearance of fentanyl. High inter-subject variability in plasma concentrations has been observed.
A pharmacokinetic model has suggested that serum fentanyl concentrations may increase by 14% (range 0-26%) if a new patch is applied after 24 hours rather than the recommended 72-hour application.
Skin temperature elevation may enhance the absorption of transdermally-applied fentanyl (see section 4.4). An increase in skin temperature through the application of a heating pad on low setting over the Durogesic DTrans system during the first 10 hours of a single application increased the mean fentanyl AUC value by 2.2-fold and the mean concentration at the end of heat application by 61%.
Distribution
Fentanyl is rapidly distributed to various tissues and organs, as indicated by the large volume of distribution (3 to 10 L/kg after intravenous dosing in patients). Fentanyl accumulates in skeletal muscle and fat and is released slowly into blood.
In a study in cancer patients treated with transdermal fentanyl, plasma protein binding was on average 95% (range 77-100%). Fentanyl crosses the blood-brain barrier easily. It also crosses the placenta and is excreted in breast milk.
Biotransformation
Fentanyl is a high clearance active substance and is rapidly and extensively metabolised primarily by CYP3A4 in the liver. The major metabolite, norfentanyl, and other metabolites are inactive. Skin does not appear to metabolise fentanyl delivered transdermally. This was determined in a human keratinocyte cell assay and in clinical studies in which 92% of the dose delivered from the system was accounted for as unchanged fentanyl that appeared in the systemic circulation.
Elimination
Following a 72-hour patch application, the mean fentanyl half-life ranges from 20 to 27 hours. As a result of continued absorption of fentanyl from the skin depot after removal of the patch, the half-life of fentanyl after transdermal administration is about 2- to 3-fold longer than intravenous administration.
After intravenous administration, fentanyl mean total clearance values across studies range in general between 34 and 66 L/h.
Within 72 hours of IV fentanyl administration, approximately 75% of the dose is excreted into the urine and approximately 9% of the dose into the faeces. Excretion occurs primarily as metabolites, with less than 10% of the dose excreted as unchanged active substance.
Linearity/non-linearity
The serum fentanyl concentrations attained are proportional to the Durogesic DTrans patch size. The pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl do not change with repeated application.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships
There is a high inter-subject variability in fentanyl pharmacokinetics, in the relationships between fentanyl concentrations, therapeutic and adverse effects, and in opioid tolerance. The minimum effective fentanyl concentration depends on the pain intensity and the previous use of opioid therapy. Both the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration increase with tolerance. An optimal therapeutic concentration range of fentanyl can therefore not be established. Adjustment of the individual fentanyl dose must be based on the patient's response and level of tolerance. A lag time of 12 to 24 hours after application of the first patch and after a dose increase must be taken into account.
Special populations
\*Elderly\*
Data from intravenous studies with fentanyl suggest that elderly patients may have reduced clearance, a prolonged half-life, and they may be more sensitive to the drug than younger patients. In a study conducted with Durogesic DTrans, healthy elderly subjects had fentanyl pharmacokinetics which did not differ significantly from healthy young subjects although peak serum concentrations tended to be lower and mean half-life values were prolonged to approximately 34 hours. Elderly patients should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose reduced if necessary (see section 4.4)\*.\*
\*Renal impairment\*
The influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl is expected to be limited because urinary excretion of unchanged fentanyl is less than 10% and there are no known active metabolites eliminated by the kidney. However, as the influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl has not been evaluated, caution is advised (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Patients with hepatic impairment should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose of Durogesic DTrans should be reduced if necessary (see section 4.4). Data in subjects with cirrhosis and simulated data in subjects with different grades of impaired liver function treated with transdermal fentanyl suggest that fentanyl concentrations may be increased, and fentanyl clearance may be decreased compared to subjects with normal liver function. The simulations suggest that the steady-state AUC of patients with Child-Pugh Grade B liver disease (Child-Pugh Score = 8) would be approximately 1.36 times larger compared with that of patients with normal liver function (Grade A; Child-Pugh Score = 5.5). As for patients with Grade C liver disease (Child-Pugh Score = 12.5), the results indicate that fentanyl concentration accumulates with each administration, leading these patients to have an approximately 3.72 times larger AUC at steady state.
\*Paediatric population\*
Fentanyl concentrations were measured in more than 250 children aged 2 to 17 years who were applied fentanyl patches in the dose range of 12.5 to 300 mcg/h. Adjusting for body weight, clearance (L/h/kg) appears to be approximately 80% higher in children 2 to 5 years old and 25% higher in children 6 to 10 years old when compared to children 11 to 16 years old, who are expected to have a similar clearance as adults. These findings have been taken into consideration in determining the dosing recommendations for paediatric patients (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity.
Standard reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have been carried out using parenteral administration of fentanyl. In a rat study fentanyl did not influence male fertility. Some studies with female rats revealed reduced fertility and enhanced embryo mortality.
Effects on the embryo were due to maternal toxicity and not to direct effects of the substance on the developing embryo. There was no indication of teratogenic effects in studies in two species (rats and rabbits). In a study on pre- and postnatal development the survival rate of offspring was significantly reduced at doses that slightly reduced maternal weight. This effect could either be due to altered maternal care or a direct effect of fentanyl on the pups. Effects on somatic development and behaviour of the offspring were not observed.
Mutagenicity testing in bacteria and in rodents yielded negative results. Fentanyl induced mutagenic effects in mammalian cells \*in vitro\*, comparable to other opioid analgesics. A mutagenic risk for the use of therapeutic doses seems unlikely since effects appeared only at high concentrations.
A carcinogenicity study (daily subcutaneous injections of fentanyl hydrochloride for two years in Sprague Dawley rats) did not induce any findings indicative of oncogenic potential.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Backing Layer: Film, Polyester/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer,
Protective Liner: Film, Siliconized Polyester,
Drug Layer: Polyacrylate Adhesive.
Inks (on backing):
Printing Ink, Orange.6.2 Incompatibilities
To prevent interference with the adhesive properties of Durogesic DTrans, no creams, oils, lotions or powder should be applied to the skin area when the Durogesic DTrans transdermal patch is applied.6.3 Shelf life
1 year.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in the original pouch, in order to protect from light.
This medicinal product does not require any special temperature storage conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Each patch is packed in a heat-sealed pouch. The pouch material is a lamination of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), low density polyethylene (LDPE), aluminium foil, adhesive and acrylonitrile film or paper, PET, adhesive, aluminium foil and cyclic olefin copolymer.
Durogesic DTrans is supplied in cartons containing 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20 or 30 individually packed patches.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Instructions for disposal:
Used patches should be folded so that the adhesive side of the patch adheres to itself and then they should be safely discarded. Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
