- Approval Id
- 87ca3efb3a06dd02
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Micafungin 100 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion
- Drug Name
- Micafungin 100 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion
- Company Name
- Wockhardt UK Ltd
- Company Address
- Ash Road North, Wrexham Industrial Estate, Wrexham, LL13 9UF
- Company Website
- //www.wockhardt.co.uk
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0)1978 661 261
- Company Medical Info Email
- Drug.Safety@wockhardt.co.uk
- Atc Code
- J02AX05
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Wockhardt UK Ltd
Ash Road North, Wrexham, LL13 9UF
UK.
- Authorisation Number
- PL 29831/0704
- Authorisation Date
- 06/08/2020
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Wockhardt UK Ltd
Ash Road North, Wrexham, LL13 9UF
UK.
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PL 29831/0704
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 06/08/2020
- Instruction Composition
- Each vial contains 100 mg micafungin (as sodium).
After reconstitution each ml concentrate for solution for infusion contains 20 mg micafungin (as sodium).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Powder for concentrate for solution for infusion
White to off-white cake or powder.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Micafungin is indicated for:
Adults, adolescent's ≥ 16 years of age and elderly:
- Treatment of invasive candidiasis.
- Treatment of oesophageal candidiasis in patients for whom intravenous therapy is appropriate.
- Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infection in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or patients who are expected to have neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500 cells/µl) for 10 or more days.
Children (including neonates) and adolescents < 16 years of age:
- Treatment of invasive candidiasis.
- Prophylaxis of Candida infection in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or patients who are expected to have neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500 cells/µl) for 10 or more days.
The decision to use Micafungin should take into account a potential risk for the development of liver tumours (see section 4.4). Micafungin should therefore only be used if other antifungals are not appropriate.
Consideration should be given to official/national guidance on the appropriate use of antifungal agents.4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment with Micafungin should be initiated by a physician experienced in the management of fungal infections.
Posology
Specimens for fungal culture and other relevant laboratory studies (including histopathology) should be obtained prior to therapy to isolate and identify causative organism(s). Therapy may be instituted before the results of the cultures and other laboratory studies are known. However, once these results become available, antifungal therapy should be adjusted accordingly.
The dose regimen of micafungin depends on the body weight of the patient as given in the following tables:
\*Use in adults, adolescents ≥ 16 years of age and elderly\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Indication\*\* | \*\*Body weight > 40 kg\*\* | \*\*Body weight ≤ 40 kg\*\* |
| Treatment of invasive candidiasis | 100 mg/day\\* | 2 mg/kg/day\\* |
| Treatment of oesophageal candidiasis | 150 mg/day | 3 mg/kg/day |
| Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infection | 50 mg/day | 1 mg/kg/day |
\\*If the patient's response is inadequate, e.g. persistence of cultures or if clinical condition does not improve, the dose may be increased to 200 mg/day in patients weighing > 40 kg or 4 mg/kg/day in patients ≤ 40 kg.
\*Treatment duration\*
Invasive candidiasis: The treatment duration of \*Candida\* infection should be a minimum of 14 days. The antifungal treatment should continue for at least one week after two sequential negative blood cultures have been obtained and \*\*\*after\*\*\* resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of infection.
Oesophageal candidiasis: Micafungin should be administered for at least one week after resolution of clinical signs and symptoms.
Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infections: Micafungin should be administered for at least one week after neutrophil recovery.
\*Use in children ≥ 4 months of age up to adolescents < 16 years of age\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Indication\*\* | \*\*Body weight > 40 kg\*\* | \*\*Body weight ≤ 40 kg\*\* |
| Treatment of invasive candidiasis | 100 mg/day\\* | 2 mg/kg/day\\* |
| Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infection | 50 mg/day | 1 mg/kg/day |
\\*If the patient's response is inadequate, e.g. persistence of cultures or if clinical condition does not improve, the dose may be increased to 200 mg/day in patients weighing > 40 kg or 4 mg/kg/day in patients weighing ≤ 40 kg.
\*Use in children (including neonates) < 4 months of age\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Indication\*\* | |
| Treatment of invasive candidiasis | 4 - 10 mg/kg/day\\* |
| Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infection | 2 mg/kg/day |
\\*Micafungin dosed at 4 mg/kg in children less than 4 months approximates drug exposures achieved in adults receiving 100 mg/day for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. If central nervous system (CNS) infection is suspected, a higher dosage (e.g. 10 mg/kg) should be used due to the dose-dependent penetration of micafungin into the CNS (see section 5.2).
\*Treatment duration\*
Invasive candidiasis: The treatment duration of \*Candida\* infection should be a minimum of 14 days. The antifungal treatment should continue for at least one week after two sequential negative blood cultures have been obtained and \*\*\*after\*\*\* resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of infection.
Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infections: Micafungin should be administered for at least one week after neutrophil recovery. Experience with Micafungin in patients less than 2 years of age is limited.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). There are currently insufficient data available for the use of micafungin in patients with severe hepatic impairment and its use is not recommended in these patients (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
\*Renal impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with renal impairment (see section 5.2).
\*Paediatric population\*
The safety and efficacy in children (including neonates) less than 4 months of age of doses of 4 and 10 mg/kg for the treatment of invasive candidiasis with CNS involvement has not been adequately established. Currently available data are described in section 4.8, 5.1, 5.2.
Method of administration
For intravenous use.
After reconstitution and dilution, the solution should be administered by intravenous infusion over approximately 1 hour. More rapid infusions may result in more frequent histamine mediated reactions.
For instructions on reconstitution of the medicinal product, see section 6.6.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance, to other echinocandins or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
| |
| --- |
| \*\*Hepatic effects:\*\* \*\*The development of foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) and hepatocellular tumours after a treatment period of 3 months or longer were observed in rats. The assumed threshold for tumour development in rats is approximately in the range of clinical exposure. The clinical relevance of this finding is not known. Liver function should be carefully monitored during micafungin treatment. To minimise the risk of adaptive regeneration and potentially subsequent liver tumour formation, early discontinuation in the presence of significant and persistent elevation of ALT/AST is recommended. Micafungin treatment should be conducted on a careful risk/benefit basis, particularly in patients having severe liver function impairment or chronic liver diseases known to represent preneoplastic conditions, such as advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, neonatal liver disease or congenital enzyme defects, or receiving a concomitant therapy including hepatotoxic and/or genotoxic properties.\*\* |
Micafungin treatment was associated with significant impairment of liver function (increase of ALT, AST or total bilirubin > 3 times ULN) in both healthy volunteers and patients. In some patients more severe hepatic dysfunction, hepatitis, or hepatic failure including fatal cases have been reported.
Paediatric patients < 1 year of age might be more prone to liver injury (see section 4.8).
Anaphylactic reactions
During administration of micafungin, anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, including shock, may occur. If these reactions occur, micafungin infusion should be discontinued and appropriate treatment administered.
Skin reactions
Exfoliative cutaneous reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported. If patients develop a rash they should be monitored closely and micafungin discontinued if lesions progress.
Haemolysis
Rare cases of haemolysis, including acute intravascular haemolysis or haemolytic anaemia, have been reported in patients treated with micafungin. Patients who develop clinical or laboratory evidence of haemolysis during micafungin therapy should be monitored closely for evidence of worsening of these conditions and evaluated for the risk/benefit of continuing micafungin therapy.
Renal effects
Micafungin may cause kidney problems, renal failure, and abnormal renal function test. Patients should be closely monitored for worsening of renal function.
Interactions with other medicinal products
Co-administration of micafungin and amphotericin B desoxycholate should only be used when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, with close monitoring of amphotericin B desoxycholate toxicities (see section 4.5).
Patients receiving sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole in combination with micafungin should be monitored for sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole toxicity and the sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole dosage should be reduced if necessary (see section 4.5).
Paediatric population
The incidence of some adverse reactions was higher in paediatric patients than in adult patients (see section 4.8).
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per vial, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Micafungin has a low potential for interactions with medicines metabolised via CYP3A mediated pathways.
Drug interaction studies in healthy human subjects were conducted to evaluate the potential for interaction between micafungin and mycophenolate mofetil, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, prednisolone, sirolimus, nifedipine, fluconazole, ritonavir, rifampicin, itraconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B. In these studies, no evidence of altered pharmacokinetics of micafungin was observed. No micafungin dose adjustments are necessary when these medicines are administered concomitantly. Exposure (AUC) of itraconazole, sirolimus and nifedipine was slightly increased in the presence of micafungin (22 %, 21 % and 18 % respectively).
Co-administration of micafungin and amphotericin B desoxycholate was associated with a 30 % increase in amphotericin B desoxycholate exposure. Since this may be of clinical significance this co-administration should only be used when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, with close monitoring of amphotericin B desoxycholate toxicities (see section 4.4).
Patients receiving sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole in combination with micafungin should be monitored for sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole toxicity and the sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole dosage should be reduced if necessary (see section 4.4).4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no data from the use of micafungin in pregnant women. In animal studies micafungin crossed the placental barrier and reproductive toxicity was seen (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown.
Micafungin should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.
Breast-feeding
It is not known whether micafungin is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of micafungin in breast milk. A decision on whether to continue/discontinue breast-feeding or to continue/discontinue therapy with Micafungin should be made taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding to the child and the benefit of Micafungin therapy to the mother.
Fertility
Testicular toxicity was observed in animal studies (see section 5.3). Micafungin may have the potential to affect male fertility in humans.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Micafungin has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive or use machines. However, patients should be informed that dizziness has been reported during treatment with micafungin (see section 4.8).4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
Based on clinical trial experience, overall 32.2 % of the patients experienced adverse drug reactions. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were nausea (2.8 %), blood alkaline phosphatase increased (2.7 %), phlebitis (2.5 %, primarily in HIV infected patients with peripheral lines), vomiting (2.5 %), and aspartate aminotransferase increased (2.3 %).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
In the following table adverse reactions are listed by system organ class and MedDRA preferred term. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* | \*\*Common\*\* ≥ 1/100 to < 1/10 | \*\*Uncommon\*\* ≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100 | \*\*Rare\*\* ≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000 | \*\*Not known\*\* (frequency cannot be estimated from available data) |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | leukopenia, neutropenia, anaemia | pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, hypoalbuminaemia | haemolytic anaemia, haemolysis (see section 4.4) | disseminated intravascular coagulation |
| Immune system disorders | | anaphylactic/ anaphylactoid reaction (see section 4.4), hypersensitivity | | anaphylactic and anaphylactoid shock (see section 4.4) |
| Endocrine disorders | | hyperhidrosis | | |
| Metabolism and nutritional disorders | hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia | hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, hypophosphataemia, anorexia | | |
| Psychiatric disorders | | insomnia, anxiety, confusion | | |
| Nervous system disorders | headache | somnolence, tremor, dizziness, dysgeusia | | |
| Cardiac disorders | | tachycardia, palpitations, bradycardia | | |
| Vascular disorders | phlebitis | hypotension, hypertension, flushing | | shock |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | | dyspnoea | | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain | dyspepsia, constipation | | |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | blood alkaline phosphatase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, alanine aminotransferase increased, blood bilirubin increased (including hyperbilirubinaemia), liver function test abnormal | hepatic failure (see section 4.4), gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, jaundice, cholestasis, hepatomegaly, hepatitis | | hepatocellular damage including fatal cases (see section 4.4) |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | rash | urticaria, pruritus, erythema | | toxic skin eruption, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (see section 4.4) |
| Renal and urinary disorders | | blood creatinine increased, blood urea increased, renal failure aggravated | | renal impairment (see section 4.4), acute renal failure |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | pyrexia, rigors | injection site thrombosis, infusion site inflammation, injection site pain, peripheral oedema | | |
| Investigations | | blood lactate dehydrogenase increased | | |
Description of selected adverse reactions
\*Possible allergic-like symptoms\*
Symptoms such as rash and rigors have been reported in clinical studies. The majority were of mild to moderate intensity and not treatment limiting. Serious reactions (e.g. anaphylactoid reaction 0.2 %, 6/3028) were uncommonly reported during therapy with micafungin and only in patients with serious underlying conditions (e.g. advanced AIDS, malignancies) requiring multiple co-medications.
\*Hepatic adverse reactions\*
The overall incidence of hepatic adverse reactions in the patients treated with micafungin in clinical studies was 8.6 % (260/3028). The majority of hepatic adverse reactions were mild and moderate. Most frequent reactions were increase in AP (2.7 %), AST (2.3 %), ALT (2.0 %), blood bilirubin (1.6 %) and liver function test abnormal (1.5 %). Few patients (1.1 %; 0.4 % serious) discontinued treatment due to a hepatic event. Cases of serious hepatic dysfunction occurred uncommonly (see section 4.4).
\*Injection-site reactions\*
None of the injection-site adverse reactions were treatment limiting.
Paediatric population
The incidence of some adverse reactions (listed in the table below) was higher in paediatric patients than in adult patients. Additionally, paediatric patients < 1 year of age experienced about two times more often an increase in ALT, AST and AP than older paediatric patients (see section 4.4). The most likely reason for these differences were different underlying conditions compared with adults or older paediatric patients observed in clinical studies. At the time of entering the study, the proportion of paediatric patients with neutropenia was several-fold higher than in adult patients (40.2 % and 7.3 % of children and adults, respectively), as well as allogeneic HSCT (29.4 % and 13.4 %, respectively) and haematological malignancy (29.1 % and 8.7 %, respectively).
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\* | |
| Common: | thrombocytopenia |
| \*Cardiac disorders\* | |
| Common: | tachycardia |
| \*Vascular disorders\* | |
| Common: | hypertension, hypotension |
| \*Hepatobiliary disorders\* | |
| Common: | hyperbilirubinaemia, hepatomegaly |
| \*Renal and urinary disorders\* | |
| Common: | acute renal failure, blood urea increased |
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme, Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
Repeated daily doses up to 8 mg/kg (maximum total dose 896 mg) in adult patients have been administered in clinical trials with no reported dose-limiting toxicity. In one spontaneous case, it was reported a dosage of 16 mg/kg/day was administered in a newborn patient. No adverse reactions associated with this high dose were noted.
There is no experience with overdoses of micafungin. In case of overdose, general supportive measures and symptomatic treatment should be administered. Micafungin is highly protein-bound and not dialysable.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antimycotics for systemic use, other antimycotics for systemic use, ATC code: J02AX05
Mechanism of action
Micafungin non-competitively inhibits the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. 1,3-β-D-glucan is not present in mammalian cells.
Micafungin exhibits fungicidal activity against most \*Candida\* species and prominently inhibits actively growing hyphae of Aspergillus species.
PK/PD relationship
In animals models of candidiasis, a correlation was observed between exposure of micafungin divided by MIC (AUC/MIC) and efficacy defined as the ratio required to prevent progressive fungal growth. A ratio of ~2400 and ~1300 was required for \*C. albicans\* and \*C. glabrata\*, respectively, in these models. At the recommended therapeutic dosage of Micafungin, these ratios are achievable for the wild-type distribution of \*Candida\* spp.
Mechanism(s) of resistance
As for all antimicrobial agents, cases of reduced susceptibility and resistance have been reported and cross-resistance with other echinocandins cannot be excluded. Reduced susceptibility to echinocandins has been associated with mutations in the Fks1 and Fks2 genes coding for a major subunit of glucan synthase.
Breakpoints
EUCAST breakpoints
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*\*Candida\* species\*\* | \*\*MIC breakpoint (mg/L)\*\* | |
| \*\*≤ S (Susceptible)\*\* | \*\*> R (Resistant)\*\* |
| \*Candida albicans\* | 0.016 | 0.016 |
| \*Candida glabrata\* | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| \*Candida parapsilosis\* | 0.002 | 2 |
| \*Candida tropicalis1\* | Insufficient evidence | |
| \*Candida krusei1\* | Insufficient evidence | |
| \*Candida guilliermondii1\* | Insufficient evidence | |
| \*Other Candida spp.\* | Insufficient evidence | |
| 1 MICs for \*C. tropicalis\* are 1-2 two-fold dilution steps higher than for \*C. albicans\* and \*C. glabrata\*. In the clinical study, successful outcome was numerically slightly lower for \*C. tropicalis\* than for \*C. albicans\* at both dosages (100 and 150 mg daily). However, the difference was not significant and whether it translates into a relevant clinical difference is unknown. MICs for \*C. krusei\* are approximately 3 two-fold dilution steps higher than those for \*C. albicans\* and, similarly, those for \*C. guilliermondii\* are approximately 8 two-fold dilutions higher. In addition, only a small number of cases involved these species in the clinical trials. This means there is insufficient evidence to indicate whether the wild-type population of these pathogens can be considered susceptible to micafungin. | | |
Information from clinical studies
\*Candidaemia and Invasive Candidiasis:\* Micafungin (100 mg/day or 2 mg/kg/day) was as effective as and better tolerated than liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg/kg) as first-line treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis in a randomised, double-blind, multinational non-inferiority study.
Micafungin and liposomal amphotericin B were received for a median duration of 15 days (range, 4 to 42 days in adults; 12 to 42 days in children).
Non-inferiority was proven for adult patients, and similar findings were demonstrated for the paediatric subpopulations (including neonates and premature infants). Efficacy findings were consistent, independent of the infective \*Candida\* species, primary site of infection and neutropenic status (see table). Micafungin demonstrated a smaller mean peak decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate during treatment (p<0.001) and a lower incidence of infusion-related reactions (p = 0.001) than liposomal amphotericin B.
\*\*Overall Treatment Success in the Per Protocol Set, Invasive Candidiasis Study\*\*
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | \*\*Micafungin\*\* | | \*\*Liposomal\*\* \*\*Amphotericin B\*\* | | \*\*% Difference\*\* \*\*[95 % CI]\*\* |
| \*\*N\*\* | \*\*n (%)\*\* | \*\*N\*\* | \*\*n (%)\*\* | |
| \*\*Adult Patients\*\* | | | | | |
| Overall Treatment Success | 202 | 181 (89.6) | 190 | 170 (89.5) | 0.1 [-5.9, 6.1] † |
| Overall Treatment Success by Neutropenic Status | | | | | |
| Neutropenia at baseline | 24 | 18 (75.0) | 15 | 12 (80.0) | 0.7 [-5.3, 6.7] ‡ |
| No neutropenia at baseline | 178 | 163 (91.6) | 175 | 158 (90.3) |
| \*\*Paediatric Patients\*\* | | | | | |
| Overall Treatment Success | 48 | 35 (72.9) | 50 | 38 (76.0) | -2.7 [-17.3, 11.9] § |
| < 2 years old | 26 | 21 (80.8) | 31 | 24 (77.4) |
| Premature Infants | 10 | 7 (70.0) | 9 | 6 (66.7) |
| Neonates (0 days to < 4 weeks) | 7 | 7 (100) | 5 | 4 (80) |
| 2 to 15 years old | 22 | 14 (63.6) | 19 | 14 (73.7) |
| \*\*Adults and Children Combined, Overall Treatment Success by \*Candida\* Species\*\* | | | | | |
| \*Candida albicans\* | 102 | 91 (89.2) | 98 | 89 (90.8) | |
| Non-albicans species ¶: all | 151 | 133 (88.1) | 140 | 123 (87.9) |
| \*C. tropicalis\* | 59 | 54 (91.5) | 51 | 49 (96.1) |
| \*C. parapsilosis\* | 48 | 41 (85.4) | 44 | 35 (79.5) |
| \*C. glabrata\* | 23 | 19 (82.6) | 17 | 14 (82.4) |
| \*C. krusei\* | 9 | 8 (88.9) | 7 | 6 (85.7) |
† Micafungin rate minus the liposomal amphotericin B rate, and 2-sided 95 % confidence interval for the difference in overall success rate based on large sample normal approximation.
‡ Adjusted for neutropenic status; primary endpoint.
§ The paediatric population was not sized to test for non-inferiority.
¶ Clinical efficacy was also observed (< 5 patients) in the following \*Candida\* species: \*C. guilliermondii, C. famata, C. lusitaniae, C. utilis, C. inconspicua\* and \*C. dubliniensis\*.
\*Oesophageal Candidiasis\*: In a randomised, double-blind study of micafungin versus fluconazole in the first-line treatment of oesophageal candidiasis, 518 patients received at least a single dose of study drug. The median treatment duration was 14 days and the median average daily dose was 150 mg for micafungin (N = 260) and 200 mg for fluconazole (N = 258). An endoscopic grade of 0 (endoscopic cure) at the end of treatment was observed for 87.7 % (228/260) and 88.0 % (227/258) of patients in the micafungin and fluconazole groups, respectively (95 % CI for difference: [-5.9 %, 5.3 %]). The lower limit of the 95 % CI was above the predefined non-inferiority margin of -10 %, proving non-inferiority. The nature and incidence of adverse events were similar between treatment groups.
\*Prophylaxis:\* Micafungin was more effective than fluconazole in preventing invasive fungal infections in a population of patients at high risk of developing a systemic fungal infection (patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT] in a randomised, double-blind, multicentre study). Treatment success was defined as the absence of a proven, probable, or suspected systemic fungal infection through the end of therapy and absence of a proven or probable systemic fungal infection through the end of study. Most patients (97 %, N = 882) had neutropenia at baseline (< 200 neutrophils/µL). Neutropenia persisted for a median of 13 days. There was a fixed daily dose of 50 mg (1.0 mg/kg) for micafungin and 400 mg (8 mg/kg) for fluconazole. The mean period of treatment was 19 days for micafungin and 18 days for fluconazole in the adult population (N = 798) and 23 days for both treatment arms in the paediatric population (N = 84). The rate of treatment success was statistically significantly higher for micafungin than fluconazole (1.6 % \*versus\* 2.4 % breakthrough infections). Breakthrough \*Aspergillus\* infections were observed in 1 \*versus\* 7 patients, and proven or probable breakthrough \*Candida\* infections were observed in 4 \*versus\* 2 patients in the micafungin and fluconazole groups, respectively. Other breakthrough infections were caused by \*Fusarium\* (1 and 2 patients, respectively) and \*Zygomycetes\* (1 and 0 patients, respectively). The nature and incidence of adverse reactions were similar between treatment groups.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Pharmacokinetics are linear over the daily dose range of 12.5 mg to 200 mg and 3 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg. There is no evidence of systemic accumulation with repeated administration and steady-state is generally reached within 4 to 5 days.
Distribution
Following intravenous administration concentrations of micafungin show a biexponential decline. The drug is rapidly distributed into tissues.
In systemic circulation, micafungin is highly bound to plasma protein (> 99 %), primarily to albumin. Binding to albumin is independent of micafungin concentration (10-100 µg/ml). The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was approximately 18-19 litres.
Biotransformation
Unchanged micafungin is the principal circulating compound in systemic circulation. Micafungin has been shown to be metabolised to several compounds; of these M-1 (catechol form), M-2 (methoxy form of M-1) and M-5 (hydroxylation at the side chain) of micafungin have been detected in systemic circulation. Exposure to these metabolites is low and metabolites do not contribute to the overall efficacy of micafungin.
Even though micafungin is a substrate for CYP3A \*in vitro\*, hydroxylation by CYP3A is not a major pathway for micafungin metabolism \*in vivo\*.
Elimination and excretion
The mean terminal half-life is approximately 10-17 hours and stays consistent across doses up to 8 mg/kg and after single and repeated administration. Total clearance was 0.15-0.3 ml/min/kg in healthy subjects and adult patients and is independent of dose after single and repeated administration. Following a single intravenous dose of 14C-micafungin (25 mg) to healthy volunteers, 11.6 % of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine and 71.0 % in the faeces over 28 days. These data indicate that elimination of micafungin is primarily non-renal. In plasma, metabolites M-1 and M-2 were detected only at trace concentrations and metabolite M-5, the more abundant metabolite, accounted for a total of 6.5 % relative to parent compound.
Special populations
\*Paediatric patients\*
In paediatric patients AUC values were dose proportional over the dose range of 0.5-4 mg/kg. Clearance was influenced by weight, with mean values of weight-adjusted clearance 1.35 times higher in the younger children (4 months to 5 years) and 1.14 times higher in paediatric patients aged 6 to 11 years. Older children (12-16 years) had mean clearance values similar to those determined in adult patients. Mean weight-adjusted clearance in children less than 4 months of age is approximately 2.6-fold greater than older children (12-16 years) and 2.3-fold greater than in adults.
PK/PD bridging study demonstrated dose-dependent penetration of micafungin into CNS with the minimum AUC of 170 µg\\*hr/L required to achieve maximum eradication of fungal burden in the CNS tissues. Population PK modelling demonstrated that a dose of 10 mg/kg in children less than 4 month of age would be sufficient to achieve the target exposure for the treatment of CNS \*Candida\* infections.
\*Elderly\*
When administered as a single 1-hour infusion of 50 mg the pharmacokinetics of micafungin in the elderly (aged 66-78 years) were similar to those in young (20-24 years) subjects. No dose adjustment is necessary for the elderly.
\*Patients with hepatic impairment\*
In a study performed in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7-9), (n = 8), the pharmacokinetics of micafungin did not significantly differ from those in healthy subjects (n = 8). Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. In a study performed in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 10-12) (n = 8), lower plasma concentrations of micafungin and higher plasma concentrations of the hydroxide metabolite (M-5) were seen compared to healthy subjects (n = 8). These data are insufficient to support a dosing recommendation in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
\*Patients with renal impairment\*
Severe renal impairment (Glomerular Filtration Rate [GFR] < 30 ml/min) did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of micafungin. No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with renal impairment.
\*Gender/Race\*
Gender and race (Caucasian, Black and Oriental) did not significantly influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of micafungin. No dose adjustment of micafungin is required based on gender or race.5.3 Preclinical safety data
The development of foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) and hepatocellular tumours in rats was dependent on both dose and duration of micafungin treatment. FAH recorded after treatment for 13 weeks or longer persisted after a 13-week withdrawal period and developed into hepatocellular tumours following a treatment free period which covered the life span of rats. No standard carcinogenicity studies have been conducted but the development of FAH was assessed in female rats after up to 20 and 18 months after cessation of a 3 and 6 month treatment, respectively. In both studies increased incidences/numbers of hepatocellular tumours were observed after the 18 and 20 month treatment free period in the high dose group of 32 mg/kg/day as well as in a lower dose group (although not statistically significant). The plasma exposure at the assumed threshold for tumour development in rats (i.e. the dose where no FAH and liver tumours were detected) was in the same range as the clinical exposure. The relevance of the hepatocarcinogenic potential of micafungin for the human therapeutic use is not known.
The toxicology of micafungin following repeated intravenous dosing in rats and/or dogs showed adverse responses in liver, urinary tract, red blood cells, and male reproductive organs. The exposure levels at which these effects did not occur (NOAEL) were in the same range as the clinical exposure or lower. Consequently, the occurrence of these adverse responses may be expected in human clinical use of micafungin.
In standard safety pharmacology tests, cardiovascular and histamine releasing effects of micafungin were evident and appeared to be time above threshold dependent. Prolongation of infusion time reducing the plasma concentration peak appeared to reduce these effects.
In repeated dose toxicity studies in rat signs of hepatotoxicity consisted of increased liver enzymes and degenerative changes of hepatocytes which were accompanied by signs of compensatory regeneration. In dog, liver effects consisted of increased weight and centrilobular hypertrophy, no degenerative changes of hepatocytes were observed.
In rats, vacuolation of the renal pelvic epithelium as well as vacuolation and thickening (hyperplasia) of the bladder epithelium were observed in 26-week repeat dose studies. In a second 26-week study hyperplasia of transitional cells in the urinary bladder occurred with a much lower incidence. These findings showed reversibility over a follow-up period of 18 months. The duration of micafungin dosing in these rat studies (6 months) exceeds the usual duration of micafungin dosing in patients (see section 5.1).
Micafungin haemolysed rabbit blood in vitro. In rats, signs of haemolytic anaemia were observed after repeated bolus injection of micafungin. In repeat dose studies in dogs, haemolytic anaemia was not observed.
In reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, reduced birth weight of the pups was noted. One abortion occurred in rabbits at 32 mg/kg/day. Male rats treated intravenously for 9 weeks showed vacuolation of the epididymal ductal epithelial cells, increased epididymis weights and reduced number of sperm cells (by 15 %), however, in studies of 13 and 26 weeks duration these changes did not occur. In adult dogs, atrophy of seminiferous tubules with vacuolation of the seminiferous epithelium and decreased sperm in the epididymides were noted after prolonged treatment (39 weeks) but not after 13 weeks of treatment. In juvenile dogs, 39 weeks treatment did not induce lesions in the testis and epididymides in a dose dependent manner at the end of treatment but after a treatment free period of 13 weeks a dose dependent increase in these lesions were noted in the treated recovery groups. No impairment of male or female fertility was observed in the fertility and early embryonic development study in rats.
Micafungin was not mutagenic or clastogenic when evaluated in a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo tests, including an in vitro study on unscheduled DNA synthesis using rat hepatocytes.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Lactose monohydrate
Citric acid anhydrous (for pH-adjustment)
Sodium hydroxide (1 M) (for pH-adjustment)6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed or co-infused with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.6.3 Shelf life
2 years
Reconstituted concentrate in vial
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for up to 48 hours at 25 °C when reconstituted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for infusion or glucose 50 mg/ml (5 %) solution for infusion.
Diluted infusion solution
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 96 hours at 25 °C when protected from light when diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for infusion or glucose 50 mg/ml (5 %) solution for infusion.
Micafungin contains no preservatives. From a microbiological point of view, the reconstituted and diluted solutions should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8 °C, unless the reconstitution and dilution have taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
For storage conditions after reconstitution and dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
10 ml colourless type I glass vial with a bromobutyl rubber stopper with fluorinated polymer coating and aluminium flip-off cap with red plastic button. The vial is wrapped with an UV-protective film.
Pack size: 1 vial.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Micafungin must not be mixed or co-infused with other medicinal products except those mentioned below. Using aseptic techniques at room temperature, Micafungin is reconstituted and diluted as follows:
1. The plastic cap must be removed from the vial and the stopper disinfected with alcohol.
2. Five ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for infusion or glucose 50 mg/ml (5 %) solution for infusion (taken from a 100 ml bottle/bag) should be aseptically and slowly injected into each vial along the side of the inner wall. Although the concentrate will foam, every effort should be made to minimise the amount of foam generated. A sufficient number of vials of Micafungin must be reconstituted to obtain the required dose in mg (see table below).
3. The vial should be rotated gently. DO NOT SHAKE. The powder will dissolve completely within two minutes at the maximum. The concentrate should be clear and colourless. The concentrate should be used immediately. The vial is for single use only. Therefore, unused reconstituted concentrate must be discarded immediately.
4. All of the reconstituted concentrate should be withdrawn from each vial and returned into the infusion bottle/bag from which it was originally taken. The diluted infusion solution should be used immediately. Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 96 hours at 25 °C when protected from light and diluted as described above.
5. The infusion bottle/bag should be gently inverted to disperse the diluted solution but NOT agitated in order to avoid foaming. The solution must not be used if it is cloudy or has precipitated.
6. The infusion bottle/bag containing the diluted infusion solution should be inserted into a closable opaque bag for protection from light.
Preparation of the solution for infusion
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Dose\*\* \*\*(mg)\*\* | \*\*Micafungin vial to be used (mg/vial)\*\* | \*\*Volume of sodium chloride (0.9 %) or glucose (5 %) to be added per vial\*\* | \*\*Volume (concentration) of reconstituted powder\*\* | \*\*Standard infusion (added up to 100 ml) final concentration\*\* |
| 50 | 1 x 50 | 5 ml | approx. 5 ml (10 mg/ml) | 0.5 mg/ml |
| 100 | 1 x 100 | 5 ml | approx. 5 ml (20 mg/ml) | 1.0 mg/ml |
| 150 | 1 x 100 + 1 x 50 | 5 ml | approx. 10 ml | 1.5 mg/ml |
| 200 | 2 x 100 | 5 ml | approx. 10 ml | 2.0 mg/ml |
After reconstitution and dilution, the solution should be administered by intravenous infusion over approximately 1 hour.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Each vial contains 100 mg micafungin (as sodium).
After reconstitution each ml concentrate for solution for infusion contains 20 mg micafungin (as sodium).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Powder for concentrate for solution for infusion
White to off-white cake or powder.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Micafungin is indicated for:
Adults, adolescent's ≥ 16 years of age and elderly:
- Treatment of invasive candidiasis.
- Treatment of oesophageal candidiasis in patients for whom intravenous therapy is appropriate.
- Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infection in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or patients who are expected to have neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500 cells/µl) for 10 or more days.
Children (including neonates) and adolescents < 16 years of age:
- Treatment of invasive candidiasis.
- Prophylaxis of Candida infection in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or patients who are expected to have neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500 cells/µl) for 10 or more days.
The decision to use Micafungin should take into account a potential risk for the development of liver tumours (see section 4.4). Micafungin should therefore only be used if other antifungals are not appropriate.
Consideration should be given to official/national guidance on the appropriate use of antifungal agents.4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment with Micafungin should be initiated by a physician experienced in the management of fungal infections.
Posology
Specimens for fungal culture and other relevant laboratory studies (including histopathology) should be obtained prior to therapy to isolate and identify causative organism(s). Therapy may be instituted before the results of the cultures and other laboratory studies are known. However, once these results become available, antifungal therapy should be adjusted accordingly.
The dose regimen of micafungin depends on the body weight of the patient as given in the following tables:
\*Use in adults, adolescents ≥ 16 years of age and elderly\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Indication\*\* | \*\*Body weight > 40 kg\*\* | \*\*Body weight ≤ 40 kg\*\* |
| Treatment of invasive candidiasis | 100 mg/day\\* | 2 mg/kg/day\\* |
| Treatment of oesophageal candidiasis | 150 mg/day | 3 mg/kg/day |
| Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infection | 50 mg/day | 1 mg/kg/day |
\\*If the patient's response is inadequate, e.g. persistence of cultures or if clinical condition does not improve, the dose may be increased to 200 mg/day in patients weighing > 40 kg or 4 mg/kg/day in patients ≤ 40 kg.
\*Treatment duration\*
Invasive candidiasis: The treatment duration of \*Candida\* infection should be a minimum of 14 days. The antifungal treatment should continue for at least one week after two sequential negative blood cultures have been obtained and \*\*\*after\*\*\* resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of infection.
Oesophageal candidiasis: Micafungin should be administered for at least one week after resolution of clinical signs and symptoms.
Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infections: Micafungin should be administered for at least one week after neutrophil recovery.
\*Use in children ≥ 4 months of age up to adolescents < 16 years of age\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Indication\*\* | \*\*Body weight > 40 kg\*\* | \*\*Body weight ≤ 40 kg\*\* |
| Treatment of invasive candidiasis | 100 mg/day\\* | 2 mg/kg/day\\* |
| Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infection | 50 mg/day | 1 mg/kg/day |
\\*If the patient's response is inadequate, e.g. persistence of cultures or if clinical condition does not improve, the dose may be increased to 200 mg/day in patients weighing > 40 kg or 4 mg/kg/day in patients weighing ≤ 40 kg.
\*Use in children (including neonates) < 4 months of age\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Indication\*\* | |
| Treatment of invasive candidiasis | 4 - 10 mg/kg/day\\* |
| Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infection | 2 mg/kg/day |
\\*Micafungin dosed at 4 mg/kg in children less than 4 months approximates drug exposures achieved in adults receiving 100 mg/day for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. If central nervous system (CNS) infection is suspected, a higher dosage (e.g. 10 mg/kg) should be used due to the dose-dependent penetration of micafungin into the CNS (see section 5.2).
\*Treatment duration\*
Invasive candidiasis: The treatment duration of \*Candida\* infection should be a minimum of 14 days. The antifungal treatment should continue for at least one week after two sequential negative blood cultures have been obtained and \*\*\*after\*\*\* resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of infection.
Prophylaxis of \*Candida\* infections: Micafungin should be administered for at least one week after neutrophil recovery. Experience with Micafungin in patients less than 2 years of age is limited.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). There are currently insufficient data available for the use of micafungin in patients with severe hepatic impairment and its use is not recommended in these patients (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
\*Renal impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with renal impairment (see section 5.2).
\*Paediatric population\*
The safety and efficacy in children (including neonates) less than 4 months of age of doses of 4 and 10 mg/kg for the treatment of invasive candidiasis with CNS involvement has not been adequately established. Currently available data are described in section 4.8, 5.1, 5.2.
Method of administration
For intravenous use.
After reconstitution and dilution, the solution should be administered by intravenous infusion over approximately 1 hour. More rapid infusions may result in more frequent histamine mediated reactions.
For instructions on reconstitution of the medicinal product, see section 6.6.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance, to other echinocandins or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
| |
| --- |
| \*\*Hepatic effects:\*\* \*\*The development of foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) and hepatocellular tumours after a treatment period of 3 months or longer were observed in rats. The assumed threshold for tumour development in rats is approximately in the range of clinical exposure. The clinical relevance of this finding is not known. Liver function should be carefully monitored during micafungin treatment. To minimise the risk of adaptive regeneration and potentially subsequent liver tumour formation, early discontinuation in the presence of significant and persistent elevation of ALT/AST is recommended. Micafungin treatment should be conducted on a careful risk/benefit basis, particularly in patients having severe liver function impairment or chronic liver diseases known to represent preneoplastic conditions, such as advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, neonatal liver disease or congenital enzyme defects, or receiving a concomitant therapy including hepatotoxic and/or genotoxic properties.\*\* |
Micafungin treatment was associated with significant impairment of liver function (increase of ALT, AST or total bilirubin > 3 times ULN) in both healthy volunteers and patients. In some patients more severe hepatic dysfunction, hepatitis, or hepatic failure including fatal cases have been reported.
Paediatric patients < 1 year of age might be more prone to liver injury (see section 4.8).
Anaphylactic reactions
During administration of micafungin, anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, including shock, may occur. If these reactions occur, micafungin infusion should be discontinued and appropriate treatment administered.
Skin reactions
Exfoliative cutaneous reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported. If patients develop a rash they should be monitored closely and micafungin discontinued if lesions progress.
Haemolysis
Rare cases of haemolysis, including acute intravascular haemolysis or haemolytic anaemia, have been reported in patients treated with micafungin. Patients who develop clinical or laboratory evidence of haemolysis during micafungin therapy should be monitored closely for evidence of worsening of these conditions and evaluated for the risk/benefit of continuing micafungin therapy.
Renal effects
Micafungin may cause kidney problems, renal failure, and abnormal renal function test. Patients should be closely monitored for worsening of renal function.
Interactions with other medicinal products
Co-administration of micafungin and amphotericin B desoxycholate should only be used when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, with close monitoring of amphotericin B desoxycholate toxicities (see section 4.5).
Patients receiving sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole in combination with micafungin should be monitored for sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole toxicity and the sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole dosage should be reduced if necessary (see section 4.5).
Paediatric population
The incidence of some adverse reactions was higher in paediatric patients than in adult patients (see section 4.8).
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per vial, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Micafungin has a low potential for interactions with medicines metabolised via CYP3A mediated pathways.
Drug interaction studies in healthy human subjects were conducted to evaluate the potential for interaction between micafungin and mycophenolate mofetil, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, prednisolone, sirolimus, nifedipine, fluconazole, ritonavir, rifampicin, itraconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B. In these studies, no evidence of altered pharmacokinetics of micafungin was observed. No micafungin dose adjustments are necessary when these medicines are administered concomitantly. Exposure (AUC) of itraconazole, sirolimus and nifedipine was slightly increased in the presence of micafungin (22 %, 21 % and 18 % respectively).
Co-administration of micafungin and amphotericin B desoxycholate was associated with a 30 % increase in amphotericin B desoxycholate exposure. Since this may be of clinical significance this co-administration should only be used when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, with close monitoring of amphotericin B desoxycholate toxicities (see section 4.4).
Patients receiving sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole in combination with micafungin should be monitored for sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole toxicity and the sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole dosage should be reduced if necessary (see section 4.4).4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no data from the use of micafungin in pregnant women. In animal studies micafungin crossed the placental barrier and reproductive toxicity was seen (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown.
Micafungin should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.
Breast-feeding
It is not known whether micafungin is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of micafungin in breast milk. A decision on whether to continue/discontinue breast-feeding or to continue/discontinue therapy with Micafungin should be made taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding to the child and the benefit of Micafungin therapy to the mother.
Fertility
Testicular toxicity was observed in animal studies (see section 5.3). Micafungin may have the potential to affect male fertility in humans.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Micafungin has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive or use machines. However, patients should be informed that dizziness has been reported during treatment with micafungin (see section 4.8).4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
Based on clinical trial experience, overall 32.2 % of the patients experienced adverse drug reactions. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were nausea (2.8 %), blood alkaline phosphatase increased (2.7 %), phlebitis (2.5 %, primarily in HIV infected patients with peripheral lines), vomiting (2.5 %), and aspartate aminotransferase increased (2.3 %).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
In the following table adverse reactions are listed by system organ class and MedDRA preferred term. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* | \*\*Common\*\* ≥ 1/100 to < 1/10 | \*\*Uncommon\*\* ≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100 | \*\*Rare\*\* ≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000 | \*\*Not known\*\* (frequency cannot be estimated from available data) |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | leukopenia, neutropenia, anaemia | pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, hypoalbuminaemia | haemolytic anaemia, haemolysis (see section 4.4) | disseminated intravascular coagulation |
| Immune system disorders | | anaphylactic/ anaphylactoid reaction (see section 4.4), hypersensitivity | | anaphylactic and anaphylactoid shock (see section 4.4) |
| Endocrine disorders | | hyperhidrosis | | |
| Metabolism and nutritional disorders | hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia | hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, hypophosphataemia, anorexia | | |
| Psychiatric disorders | | insomnia, anxiety, confusion | | |
| Nervous system disorders | headache | somnolence, tremor, dizziness, dysgeusia | | |
| Cardiac disorders | | tachycardia, palpitations, bradycardia | | |
| Vascular disorders | phlebitis | hypotension, hypertension, flushing | | shock |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | | dyspnoea | | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain | dyspepsia, constipation | | |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | blood alkaline phosphatase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, alanine aminotransferase increased, blood bilirubin increased (including hyperbilirubinaemia), liver function test abnormal | hepatic failure (see section 4.4), gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, jaundice, cholestasis, hepatomegaly, hepatitis | | hepatocellular damage including fatal cases (see section 4.4) |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | rash | urticaria, pruritus, erythema | | toxic skin eruption, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (see section 4.4) |
| Renal and urinary disorders | | blood creatinine increased, blood urea increased, renal failure aggravated | | renal impairment (see section 4.4), acute renal failure |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | pyrexia, rigors | injection site thrombosis, infusion site inflammation, injection site pain, peripheral oedema | | |
| Investigations | | blood lactate dehydrogenase increased | | |
Description of selected adverse reactions
\*Possible allergic-like symptoms\*
Symptoms such as rash and rigors have been reported in clinical studies. The majority were of mild to moderate intensity and not treatment limiting. Serious reactions (e.g. anaphylactoid reaction 0.2 %, 6/3028) were uncommonly reported during therapy with micafungin and only in patients with serious underlying conditions (e.g. advanced AIDS, malignancies) requiring multiple co-medications.
\*Hepatic adverse reactions\*
The overall incidence of hepatic adverse reactions in the patients treated with micafungin in clinical studies was 8.6 % (260/3028). The majority of hepatic adverse reactions were mild and moderate. Most frequent reactions were increase in AP (2.7 %), AST (2.3 %), ALT (2.0 %), blood bilirubin (1.6 %) and liver function test abnormal (1.5 %). Few patients (1.1 %; 0.4 % serious) discontinued treatment due to a hepatic event. Cases of serious hepatic dysfunction occurred uncommonly (see section 4.4).
\*Injection-site reactions\*
None of the injection-site adverse reactions were treatment limiting.
Paediatric population
The incidence of some adverse reactions (listed in the table below) was higher in paediatric patients than in adult patients. Additionally, paediatric patients < 1 year of age experienced about two times more often an increase in ALT, AST and AP than older paediatric patients (see section 4.4). The most likely reason for these differences were different underlying conditions compared with adults or older paediatric patients observed in clinical studies. At the time of entering the study, the proportion of paediatric patients with neutropenia was several-fold higher than in adult patients (40.2 % and 7.3 % of children and adults, respectively), as well as allogeneic HSCT (29.4 % and 13.4 %, respectively) and haematological malignancy (29.1 % and 8.7 %, respectively).
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\* | |
| Common: | thrombocytopenia |
| \*Cardiac disorders\* | |
| Common: | tachycardia |
| \*Vascular disorders\* | |
| Common: | hypertension, hypotension |
| \*Hepatobiliary disorders\* | |
| Common: | hyperbilirubinaemia, hepatomegaly |
| \*Renal and urinary disorders\* | |
| Common: | acute renal failure, blood urea increased |
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme, Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
Repeated daily doses up to 8 mg/kg (maximum total dose 896 mg) in adult patients have been administered in clinical trials with no reported dose-limiting toxicity. In one spontaneous case, it was reported a dosage of 16 mg/kg/day was administered in a newborn patient. No adverse reactions associated with this high dose were noted.
There is no experience with overdoses of micafungin. In case of overdose, general supportive measures and symptomatic treatment should be administered. Micafungin is highly protein-bound and not dialysable.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antimycotics for systemic use, other antimycotics for systemic use, ATC code: J02AX05
Mechanism of action
Micafungin non-competitively inhibits the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. 1,3-β-D-glucan is not present in mammalian cells.
Micafungin exhibits fungicidal activity against most \*Candida\* species and prominently inhibits actively growing hyphae of Aspergillus species.
PK/PD relationship
In animals models of candidiasis, a correlation was observed between exposure of micafungin divided by MIC (AUC/MIC) and efficacy defined as the ratio required to prevent progressive fungal growth. A ratio of ~2400 and ~1300 was required for \*C. albicans\* and \*C. glabrata\*, respectively, in these models. At the recommended therapeutic dosage of Micafungin, these ratios are achievable for the wild-type distribution of \*Candida\* spp.
Mechanism(s) of resistance
As for all antimicrobial agents, cases of reduced susceptibility and resistance have been reported and cross-resistance with other echinocandins cannot be excluded. Reduced susceptibility to echinocandins has been associated with mutations in the Fks1 and Fks2 genes coding for a major subunit of glucan synthase.
Breakpoints
EUCAST breakpoints
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*\*Candida\* species\*\* | \*\*MIC breakpoint (mg/L)\*\* | |
| \*\*≤ S (Susceptible)\*\* | \*\*> R (Resistant)\*\* |
| \*Candida albicans\* | 0.016 | 0.016 |
| \*Candida glabrata\* | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| \*Candida parapsilosis\* | 0.002 | 2 |
| \*Candida tropicalis1\* | Insufficient evidence | |
| \*Candida krusei1\* | Insufficient evidence | |
| \*Candida guilliermondii1\* | Insufficient evidence | |
| \*Other Candida spp.\* | Insufficient evidence | |
| 1 MICs for \*C. tropicalis\* are 1-2 two-fold dilution steps higher than for \*C. albicans\* and \*C. glabrata\*. In the clinical study, successful outcome was numerically slightly lower for \*C. tropicalis\* than for \*C. albicans\* at both dosages (100 and 150 mg daily). However, the difference was not significant and whether it translates into a relevant clinical difference is unknown. MICs for \*C. krusei\* are approximately 3 two-fold dilution steps higher than those for \*C. albicans\* and, similarly, those for \*C. guilliermondii\* are approximately 8 two-fold dilutions higher. In addition, only a small number of cases involved these species in the clinical trials. This means there is insufficient evidence to indicate whether the wild-type population of these pathogens can be considered susceptible to micafungin. | | |
Information from clinical studies
\*Candidaemia and Invasive Candidiasis:\* Micafungin (100 mg/day or 2 mg/kg/day) was as effective as and better tolerated than liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg/kg) as first-line treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis in a randomised, double-blind, multinational non-inferiority study.
Micafungin and liposomal amphotericin B were received for a median duration of 15 days (range, 4 to 42 days in adults; 12 to 42 days in children).
Non-inferiority was proven for adult patients, and similar findings were demonstrated for the paediatric subpopulations (including neonates and premature infants). Efficacy findings were consistent, independent of the infective \*Candida\* species, primary site of infection and neutropenic status (see table). Micafungin demonstrated a smaller mean peak decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate during treatment (p<0.001) and a lower incidence of infusion-related reactions (p = 0.001) than liposomal amphotericin B.
\*\*Overall Treatment Success in the Per Protocol Set, Invasive Candidiasis Study\*\*
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | \*\*Micafungin\*\* | | \*\*Liposomal\*\* \*\*Amphotericin B\*\* | | \*\*% Difference\*\* \*\*[95 % CI]\*\* |
| \*\*N\*\* | \*\*n (%)\*\* | \*\*N\*\* | \*\*n (%)\*\* | |
| \*\*Adult Patients\*\* | | | | | |
| Overall Treatment Success | 202 | 181 (89.6) | 190 | 170 (89.5) | 0.1 [-5.9, 6.1] † |
| Overall Treatment Success by Neutropenic Status | | | | | |
| Neutropenia at baseline | 24 | 18 (75.0) | 15 | 12 (80.0) | 0.7 [-5.3, 6.7] ‡ |
| No neutropenia at baseline | 178 | 163 (91.6) | 175 | 158 (90.3) |
| \*\*Paediatric Patients\*\* | | | | | |
| Overall Treatment Success | 48 | 35 (72.9) | 50 | 38 (76.0) | -2.7 [-17.3, 11.9] § |
| < 2 years old | 26 | 21 (80.8) | 31 | 24 (77.4) |
| Premature Infants | 10 | 7 (70.0) | 9 | 6 (66.7) |
| Neonates (0 days to < 4 weeks) | 7 | 7 (100) | 5 | 4 (80) |
| 2 to 15 years old | 22 | 14 (63.6) | 19 | 14 (73.7) |
| \*\*Adults and Children Combined, Overall Treatment Success by \*Candida\* Species\*\* | | | | | |
| \*Candida albicans\* | 102 | 91 (89.2) | 98 | 89 (90.8) | |
| Non-albicans species ¶: all | 151 | 133 (88.1) | 140 | 123 (87.9) |
| \*C. tropicalis\* | 59 | 54 (91.5) | 51 | 49 (96.1) |
| \*C. parapsilosis\* | 48 | 41 (85.4) | 44 | 35 (79.5) |
| \*C. glabrata\* | 23 | 19 (82.6) | 17 | 14 (82.4) |
| \*C. krusei\* | 9 | 8 (88.9) | 7 | 6 (85.7) |
† Micafungin rate minus the liposomal amphotericin B rate, and 2-sided 95 % confidence interval for the difference in overall success rate based on large sample normal approximation.
‡ Adjusted for neutropenic status; primary endpoint.
§ The paediatric population was not sized to test for non-inferiority.
¶ Clinical efficacy was also observed (< 5 patients) in the following \*Candida\* species: \*C. guilliermondii, C. famata, C. lusitaniae, C. utilis, C. inconspicua\* and \*C. dubliniensis\*.
\*Oesophageal Candidiasis\*: In a randomised, double-blind study of micafungin versus fluconazole in the first-line treatment of oesophageal candidiasis, 518 patients received at least a single dose of study drug. The median treatment duration was 14 days and the median average daily dose was 150 mg for micafungin (N = 260) and 200 mg for fluconazole (N = 258). An endoscopic grade of 0 (endoscopic cure) at the end of treatment was observed for 87.7 % (228/260) and 88.0 % (227/258) of patients in the micafungin and fluconazole groups, respectively (95 % CI for difference: [-5.9 %, 5.3 %]). The lower limit of the 95 % CI was above the predefined non-inferiority margin of -10 %, proving non-inferiority. The nature and incidence of adverse events were similar between treatment groups.
\*Prophylaxis:\* Micafungin was more effective than fluconazole in preventing invasive fungal infections in a population of patients at high risk of developing a systemic fungal infection (patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT] in a randomised, double-blind, multicentre study). Treatment success was defined as the absence of a proven, probable, or suspected systemic fungal infection through the end of therapy and absence of a proven or probable systemic fungal infection through the end of study. Most patients (97 %, N = 882) had neutropenia at baseline (< 200 neutrophils/µL). Neutropenia persisted for a median of 13 days. There was a fixed daily dose of 50 mg (1.0 mg/kg) for micafungin and 400 mg (8 mg/kg) for fluconazole. The mean period of treatment was 19 days for micafungin and 18 days for fluconazole in the adult population (N = 798) and 23 days for both treatment arms in the paediatric population (N = 84). The rate of treatment success was statistically significantly higher for micafungin than fluconazole (1.6 % \*versus\* 2.4 % breakthrough infections). Breakthrough \*Aspergillus\* infections were observed in 1 \*versus\* 7 patients, and proven or probable breakthrough \*Candida\* infections were observed in 4 \*versus\* 2 patients in the micafungin and fluconazole groups, respectively. Other breakthrough infections were caused by \*Fusarium\* (1 and 2 patients, respectively) and \*Zygomycetes\* (1 and 0 patients, respectively). The nature and incidence of adverse reactions were similar between treatment groups.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Pharmacokinetics are linear over the daily dose range of 12.5 mg to 200 mg and 3 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg. There is no evidence of systemic accumulation with repeated administration and steady-state is generally reached within 4 to 5 days.
Distribution
Following intravenous administration concentrations of micafungin show a biexponential decline. The drug is rapidly distributed into tissues.
In systemic circulation, micafungin is highly bound to plasma protein (> 99 %), primarily to albumin. Binding to albumin is independent of micafungin concentration (10-100 µg/ml). The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was approximately 18-19 litres.
Biotransformation
Unchanged micafungin is the principal circulating compound in systemic circulation. Micafungin has been shown to be metabolised to several compounds; of these M-1 (catechol form), M-2 (methoxy form of M-1) and M-5 (hydroxylation at the side chain) of micafungin have been detected in systemic circulation. Exposure to these metabolites is low and metabolites do not contribute to the overall efficacy of micafungin.
Even though micafungin is a substrate for CYP3A \*in vitro\*, hydroxylation by CYP3A is not a major pathway for micafungin metabolism \*in vivo\*.
Elimination and excretion
The mean terminal half-life is approximately 10-17 hours and stays consistent across doses up to 8 mg/kg and after single and repeated administration. Total clearance was 0.15-0.3 ml/min/kg in healthy subjects and adult patients and is independent of dose after single and repeated administration. Following a single intravenous dose of 14C-micafungin (25 mg) to healthy volunteers, 11.6 % of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine and 71.0 % in the faeces over 28 days. These data indicate that elimination of micafungin is primarily non-renal. In plasma, metabolites M-1 and M-2 were detected only at trace concentrations and metabolite M-5, the more abundant metabolite, accounted for a total of 6.5 % relative to parent compound.
Special populations
\*Paediatric patients\*
In paediatric patients AUC values were dose proportional over the dose range of 0.5-4 mg/kg. Clearance was influenced by weight, with mean values of weight-adjusted clearance 1.35 times higher in the younger children (4 months to 5 years) and 1.14 times higher in paediatric patients aged 6 to 11 years. Older children (12-16 years) had mean clearance values similar to those determined in adult patients. Mean weight-adjusted clearance in children less than 4 months of age is approximately 2.6-fold greater than older children (12-16 years) and 2.3-fold greater than in adults.
PK/PD bridging study demonstrated dose-dependent penetration of micafungin into CNS with the minimum AUC of 170 µg\\*hr/L required to achieve maximum eradication of fungal burden in the CNS tissues. Population PK modelling demonstrated that a dose of 10 mg/kg in children less than 4 month of age would be sufficient to achieve the target exposure for the treatment of CNS \*Candida\* infections.
\*Elderly\*
When administered as a single 1-hour infusion of 50 mg the pharmacokinetics of micafungin in the elderly (aged 66-78 years) were similar to those in young (20-24 years) subjects. No dose adjustment is necessary for the elderly.
\*Patients with hepatic impairment\*
In a study performed in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7-9), (n = 8), the pharmacokinetics of micafungin did not significantly differ from those in healthy subjects (n = 8). Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. In a study performed in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 10-12) (n = 8), lower plasma concentrations of micafungin and higher plasma concentrations of the hydroxide metabolite (M-5) were seen compared to healthy subjects (n = 8). These data are insufficient to support a dosing recommendation in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
\*Patients with renal impairment\*
Severe renal impairment (Glomerular Filtration Rate [GFR] < 30 ml/min) did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of micafungin. No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with renal impairment.
\*Gender/Race\*
Gender and race (Caucasian, Black and Oriental) did not significantly influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of micafungin. No dose adjustment of micafungin is required based on gender or race.5.3 Preclinical safety data
The development of foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) and hepatocellular tumours in rats was dependent on both dose and duration of micafungin treatment. FAH recorded after treatment for 13 weeks or longer persisted after a 13-week withdrawal period and developed into hepatocellular tumours following a treatment free period which covered the life span of rats. No standard carcinogenicity studies have been conducted but the development of FAH was assessed in female rats after up to 20 and 18 months after cessation of a 3 and 6 month treatment, respectively. In both studies increased incidences/numbers of hepatocellular tumours were observed after the 18 and 20 month treatment free period in the high dose group of 32 mg/kg/day as well as in a lower dose group (although not statistically significant). The plasma exposure at the assumed threshold for tumour development in rats (i.e. the dose where no FAH and liver tumours were detected) was in the same range as the clinical exposure. The relevance of the hepatocarcinogenic potential of micafungin for the human therapeutic use is not known.
The toxicology of micafungin following repeated intravenous dosing in rats and/or dogs showed adverse responses in liver, urinary tract, red blood cells, and male reproductive organs. The exposure levels at which these effects did not occur (NOAEL) were in the same range as the clinical exposure or lower. Consequently, the occurrence of these adverse responses may be expected in human clinical use of micafungin.
In standard safety pharmacology tests, cardiovascular and histamine releasing effects of micafungin were evident and appeared to be time above threshold dependent. Prolongation of infusion time reducing the plasma concentration peak appeared to reduce these effects.
In repeated dose toxicity studies in rat signs of hepatotoxicity consisted of increased liver enzymes and degenerative changes of hepatocytes which were accompanied by signs of compensatory regeneration. In dog, liver effects consisted of increased weight and centrilobular hypertrophy, no degenerative changes of hepatocytes were observed.
In rats, vacuolation of the renal pelvic epithelium as well as vacuolation and thickening (hyperplasia) of the bladder epithelium were observed in 26-week repeat dose studies. In a second 26-week study hyperplasia of transitional cells in the urinary bladder occurred with a much lower incidence. These findings showed reversibility over a follow-up period of 18 months. The duration of micafungin dosing in these rat studies (6 months) exceeds the usual duration of micafungin dosing in patients (see section 5.1).
Micafungin haemolysed rabbit blood in vitro. In rats, signs of haemolytic anaemia were observed after repeated bolus injection of micafungin. In repeat dose studies in dogs, haemolytic anaemia was not observed.
In reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, reduced birth weight of the pups was noted. One abortion occurred in rabbits at 32 mg/kg/day. Male rats treated intravenously for 9 weeks showed vacuolation of the epididymal ductal epithelial cells, increased epididymis weights and reduced number of sperm cells (by 15 %), however, in studies of 13 and 26 weeks duration these changes did not occur. In adult dogs, atrophy of seminiferous tubules with vacuolation of the seminiferous epithelium and decreased sperm in the epididymides were noted after prolonged treatment (39 weeks) but not after 13 weeks of treatment. In juvenile dogs, 39 weeks treatment did not induce lesions in the testis and epididymides in a dose dependent manner at the end of treatment but after a treatment free period of 13 weeks a dose dependent increase in these lesions were noted in the treated recovery groups. No impairment of male or female fertility was observed in the fertility and early embryonic development study in rats.
Micafungin was not mutagenic or clastogenic when evaluated in a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo tests, including an in vitro study on unscheduled DNA synthesis using rat hepatocytes.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Lactose monohydrate
Citric acid anhydrous (for pH-adjustment)
Sodium hydroxide (1 M) (for pH-adjustment)6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed or co-infused with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.6.3 Shelf life
2 years
Reconstituted concentrate in vial
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for up to 48 hours at 25 °C when reconstituted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for infusion or glucose 50 mg/ml (5 %) solution for infusion.
Diluted infusion solution
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 96 hours at 25 °C when protected from light when diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for infusion or glucose 50 mg/ml (5 %) solution for infusion.
Micafungin contains no preservatives. From a microbiological point of view, the reconstituted and diluted solutions should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8 °C, unless the reconstitution and dilution have taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
For storage conditions after reconstitution and dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
10 ml colourless type I glass vial with a bromobutyl rubber stopper with fluorinated polymer coating and aluminium flip-off cap with red plastic button. The vial is wrapped with an UV-protective film.
Pack size: 1 vial.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Micafungin must not be mixed or co-infused with other medicinal products except those mentioned below. Using aseptic techniques at room temperature, Micafungin is reconstituted and diluted as follows:
1. The plastic cap must be removed from the vial and the stopper disinfected with alcohol.
2. Five ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for infusion or glucose 50 mg/ml (5 %) solution for infusion (taken from a 100 ml bottle/bag) should be aseptically and slowly injected into each vial along the side of the inner wall. Although the concentrate will foam, every effort should be made to minimise the amount of foam generated. A sufficient number of vials of Micafungin must be reconstituted to obtain the required dose in mg (see table below).
3. The vial should be rotated gently. DO NOT SHAKE. The powder will dissolve completely within two minutes at the maximum. The concentrate should be clear and colourless. The concentrate should be used immediately. The vial is for single use only. Therefore, unused reconstituted concentrate must be discarded immediately.
4. All of the reconstituted concentrate should be withdrawn from each vial and returned into the infusion bottle/bag from which it was originally taken. The diluted infusion solution should be used immediately. Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 96 hours at 25 °C when protected from light and diluted as described above.
5. The infusion bottle/bag should be gently inverted to disperse the diluted solution but NOT agitated in order to avoid foaming. The solution must not be used if it is cloudy or has precipitated.
6. The infusion bottle/bag containing the diluted infusion solution should be inserted into a closable opaque bag for protection from light.
Preparation of the solution for infusion
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Dose\*\* \*\*(mg)\*\* | \*\*Micafungin vial to be used (mg/vial)\*\* | \*\*Volume of sodium chloride (0.9 %) or glucose (5 %) to be added per vial\*\* | \*\*Volume (concentration) of reconstituted powder\*\* | \*\*Standard infusion (added up to 100 ml) final concentration\*\* |
| 50 | 1 x 50 | 5 ml | approx. 5 ml (10 mg/ml) | 0.5 mg/ml |
| 100 | 1 x 100 | 5 ml | approx. 5 ml (20 mg/ml) | 1.0 mg/ml |
| 150 | 1 x 100 + 1 x 50 | 5 ml | approx. 10 ml | 1.5 mg/ml |
| 200 | 2 x 100 | 5 ml | approx. 10 ml | 2.0 mg/ml |
After reconstitution and dilution, the solution should be administered by intravenous infusion over approximately 1 hour.
