- Approval Id
- 902f2fdc3783061b
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Atriance 5 mg/ml solution for infusion
- Drug Name
- Atriance 5 mg/ml solution for infusion
- Company Name
- Sandoz Limited
- Company Address
- Maxis 1, Western Road, Bracknell, RG12 1RF, UK
- Company Website
- http://www.sandoz.uk.com
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0) 1276 698020
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 (0)1276 698 101
- Company Medical Info Email
- mi.uk@sandoz.com
- Company Customer Care Direct Line
- +44 (0)1276 698020
- Atc Code
- L01BB07
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Sandoz Limited
Park View, Riverside Way
Watchmoor Park
Camberley, Surrey
GU15 3YL
United Kingdom
- Authorisation Number
- PLGB 04416/1702
- Authorisation Date
- 01 January 2021
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Sandoz Limited
Park View, Riverside Way
Watchmoor Park
Camberley, Surrey
GU15 3YL
United Kingdom
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PLGB 04416/1702
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 01 January 2021
- Instruction Composition
- Each ml of solution contains 5 mg of nelarabine.
Each vial contains 250 mg of nelarabine.
Excipient with known effect
Each ml of solution contains 1.770 mg (77 micromols) of sodium.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Solution for infusion.
Clear, colourless solution.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Nelarabine is indicated for the treatment of patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) whose disease has not responded to or has relapsed following treatment with at least two chemotherapy regimens.
Due to the small patient populations in these disease settings, the information to support these indications is based on limited data.4.2 Posology and method of administration
Nelarabine must only be administered under the supervision of a physician experienced in the use of cytotoxic agents.
Posology
Complete blood counts including platelets must be monitored regularly (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).
\*Adults and adolescents (aged 16 years and older)\*
The recommended dose of nelarabine for adults and adolescents aged 16 years and older is 1,500 mg/m2 administered intravenously over two hours on days 1, 3 and 5 and repeated every 21 days.
\*Children and adolescents (aged 21 years and younger)\*
The recommended dose of nelarabine for children and adolescents (aged 21 years and younger) is 650 mg/m2 administered intravenously over one hour daily for 5 consecutive days, repeated every 21 days.
In clinical studies, the 650 mg/m2 and 1,500 mg/m2 dose have both been used in patients in the age range 16 to 21 years. Efficacy and safety were similar for both regimens. The prescribing physician should consider which regimen is appropriate when treating patients in this age range.
Limited clinical pharmacology data are available for patients below the age of 4 years (see section 5.2).
\*Dose modification\*
Nelarabine must be discontinued at the first sign of neurological events of National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Event (NCI CTCAE) grade 2 or greater. Delaying subsequent dosing is an option for other toxicities, including haematological toxicity.
\*Special populations\*
\*Elderly\*
Insufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years of age and older have been treated with nelarabine to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
\*Renal impairment\*
Nelarabine has not been studied in individuals with renal impairment. Nelarabine and 9-β-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G) are partially renally excreted (see section 5.2). There are insufficient data to support a dose adjustment recommendation for patients with a renal clearance of creatinine Clcr less than 50 ml/min. Patients with renal impairment must be closely monitored for toxicities when treated with nelarabine.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Nelarabine has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment. These patients should be treated with caution.
Method of administration
Nelarabine is for intravenous use only and must not be diluted prior to administration. The appropriate dose of nelarabine must be transferred into polyvinylchloride (PVC) or ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) infusion bags or glass containers and administered intravenously as a two-hour infusion in adult patients and as a one-hour infusion in paediatric patients.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
| |
| --- |
| \*NEUROLOGICAL ADVERSE REACTIONS\* Severe neurological reactions have been reported with the use of nelarabine. These reactions have included altered mental states including severe somnolence, confusion and coma, central nervous system effects including convulsions, ataxia and status epilepticus, and peripheral neuropathy including hypoesthesia ranging from numbness and paresthesias to motor weakness and paralysis. There have also been reports of reactions associated with demyelination, and ascending peripheral neuropathies similar in appearance to Guillain-Barré Syndrome. (see section 4.8). Neurotoxicity is the dose-limiting toxicity of nelarabine. Full recovery from these reactions has not always occurred with cessation of nelarabine. Therefore, close monitoring for neurological reactions is strongly recommended, and nelarabine must be discontinued at the first sign of neurological reactions of NCI CTCAE Grade 2 or greater. |
Patients treated previously or concurrently with intrathecal chemotherapy or previously with craniospinal irradiation are potentially at increased risk for neurological adverse events (see section 4.2 - dose modification) and therefore concomitant intrathecal therapy and/or craniospinal irradiation is not recommended.
Immunisation using a live organism vaccine has the potential to cause infection in immunocompromised hosts. Therefore, immunisations with live organism vaccines are not recommended.
Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, and neutropenia, (including febrile neutropenia) have been associated with nelarabine therapy. Complete blood counts including platelets must be monitored regularly (see sections 4.2 and 4.8).
Patients receiving nelarabine are recommended to receive intravenous hydration according to standard medical practice for the management of hyperuricaemia in patients at risk of tumour lysis syndrome. For patients at risk of hyperuricaemia, the use of allopurinol should be considered.
Elderly
Clinical studies of nelarabine did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. In an exploratory analysis, increasing age, especially age 65 years and older, appeared to be associated with increased rates of neurological adverse events.
Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity testing of nelarabine has not been performed. Nelarabine however, is known to be genotoxic to mammalian cells (see section 5.3).
Sodium warning
This medicinal product contains 88.51 mg (3.85 mmol) sodium per vial (50 ml), equivalent to 4.4% of the WHO recommended maximum daily intake of 2 g sodium for an adult.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Nelarabine and ara-G did not significantly inhibit the activities of the major hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4 \*in vitro\*.
Concomitant administration of nelarabine in combination with adenosine deaminase inhibitors such as pentostatin is not recommended. Concomitant administration may reduce the efficacy of nelarabine and/or change the adverse event profile of either active substance.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Contraception in males and females
Both sexually active men and women should use effective methods of contraception during treatment with nelarabine. Men with partners who are pregnant or could become pregnant should use condoms during treatment with nelarabine and for at least three months following cessation of treatment.
Pregnancy
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of nelarabine in pregnant women.
Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk in humans is unknown, however, exposure during pregnancy will likely lead to anomalies and malformations of the foetus.
Nelarabine should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary. If a patient becomes pregnant during treatment with nelarabine, they should be informed of the possible risk to the foetus.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether nelarabine or its metabolites are excreted in human breast milk. A risk to the newborn/infant cannot be excluded. Breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with Atriance.
Fertility
The effect of nelarabine on fertility in humans is unknown. Based on the pharmacological action of the compound, undesirable effects on fertility are possible. Family planning should be discussed with patients as appropriate.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Atriance has major influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Patients treated with nelarabine are potentially at risk of suffering from somnolence during and for several days after treatment. Patients must be cautioned that somnolence can affect performance of skilled tasks, such as driving.4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The safety profile from pivotal clinical studies at the recommended doses of nelarabine in adults (1,500 mg/m2) and children (650 mg/m2) is based on data from 103 adults and 84 paediatric patients respectively. The most frequently occurring adverse events were fatigue; gastrointestinal disorders; haematological disorders; respiratory disorders; nervous system disorders (somnolence, peripheral neurological disorders [sensory and motor], dizziness, hypoaesthesia, paraesthesia, headache); and pyrexia. Neurotoxicity is the dose-limiting toxicity associated with nelarabine therapy (see section 4.4).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following convention has been utilised for the classification of frequency: very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Adverse reactions\*\* | \*\*Adults (1,500 mg/m2)\*\* \*\*N=103\*\* | \*\*Children (650 mg/m2)\*\* \*\*N=84\*\* |
| \*\*Infections and infestations\*\* | | |
| Infection (including but not limited to; sepsis, bacteraemia, pneumonia, fungal infection) | Very common: 40 (39%) | Very common: 13 (15%) |
| \*\*Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)\*\* | | |
| Tumour lysis syndrome (see also data from compassionate use programme and non-pivotal studies) | Common: 1 (1%) | N/A |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | | |
| Febrile neutropenia | Very common: 12 (12%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Neutropenia | Very common: 83 (81%) | Very common: 79 (94%) |
| Leukopenia | Common: 3 (3%) | Very common: 32 (38%) |
| Thrombocytopenia | Very common: 89 (86%) | Very common: 74 (88%) |
| Anaemia | Very common: 102 (99%) | Very common: 80 (95%) |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | | |
| Hypoglycaemia | N/A | Common: 5 (6%) |
| Hypocalcaemia | Common: 3 (3%) | Common: 7 (8%) |
| Hypomagnesaemia | Common: 4 (4%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
| Hypokalaemia | Common: 4 (4%) | Very common: 9 (11%) |
| Anorexia | Common: 9 (9%) | N/A |
| \*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\* | | |
| Confusional state | Common: 8 (8%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | | |
| Seizures (including convulsions, grand mal convulsions, status epilepticus) | Common: 1 (1%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
| Amnesia | Common: 3 (3%) | N/A |
| Somnolence | Very common: 24 (23%) | Common: 6 (7%) |
| Peripheral neurological disorders (sensory and motor) | Very common: 22 (21%) | Very common: 10 (12%) |
| Hypoesthesia | Very common: 18 (17%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
| Paraesthesia | Very common: 15 (15%) | Common: 3 (4%) |
| Ataxia | Common: 9 (9%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| Balance disorder | Common: 2 (2%) | N/A |
| Tremor | Common: 5 (5%) | Common: 3 (4%) |
| Dizziness | Very common: 22 (21%) | N/A |
| Headache | Very common: 15 (15%) | Very common: 14 (17%) |
| Dysgeusia | Common: 3 (3%) | N/A |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | | |
| Blurred vision | Common: 4(4%) | N/A |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | | |
| Hypotension | Common: 8 (8%) | N/A |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | | |
| Pleural effusion | Common: 10 (10%) | N/A |
| Wheezing | Common: 5 (5%) | N/A |
| Dyspnoea | Very common: 21 (20%) | N/A |
| Cough | Very common: 26 (25%) | N/A |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | | |
| Diarrhoea | Very common: 23 (22%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| Stomatitis | Common: 8 (8%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Vomiting | Very common: 23 (22%) | Common: 8 (10%) |
| Abdominal pain | Common: 9 (9%) | N/A |
| Constipation | Very common: 22 (21%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Nausea | Very common: 42 (41%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | | |
| Hyperbilirubinaemia | Common: 3 (3%) | Common: 8 (10%) |
| Transaminases increased | N/A | Very common: 10(12%) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase increased | Common: 6 (6%) | N/A |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | | |
| Muscle weakness | Common: 8 (8%) | N/A |
| Myalgia | Very common: 13 (13%) | N/A |
| Arthralgia | Common: 9 (9%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Back pain | Common: 8 (8%) | N/A |
| Pain in extremity | Common: 7 (7%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| Rhabdomyolysis, blood creatine phosphokinase increased (see “Post – marketing data”) | Rare: N/A | Rare: N/A |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | | |
| Blood creatinine increased | Common: 2 (2%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | | |
| Oedema | Very common: 11 (11%) | N/A |
| Gait abnormal | Common: 6 (6%) | N/A |
| Oedema peripheral | Very common: 15 (15%) | N/A |
| Pyrexia | Very common: 24 (23%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| Pain | Very common: 11 (11%) | N/A |
| Fatigue | Very common: 51 (50%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Asthenia | Very common: 18 (17%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
Description of selected adverse reactions
\*Infection and infestations\*
There was a single additional report of biopsy confirmed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the adult population.
There have been reports of sometimes fatal opportunistic infections in patients receiving nelarabine therapy.
\*Nervous system disorders\*
There have been reports of events associated with demyelination and ascending peripheral neuropathies similar in appearance to Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Two paediatric patients had fatal neurological events.
Data from NCI studies/compassionate use programme and phase I studies
In addition to the adverse reactions seen in the pivotal clinical studies, there are also data from 875 patients from NCI studies/compassionate use programme (694 patients) and Phase I (181 patients) studies of nelarabine. The following additional adverse reactions were seen:
\*Neoplasms benign and malignant (including cysts and polyps)\*
Tumour lysis syndrome – 7 cases (see sections 4.2 and 4.4)
Post–marketing data
Rhabdomyolysis and increased blood creatine phosphokinase have been identified during post-approval use of nelarabine. This includes spontaneous case reports as well as serious adverse events from ongoing studies.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google play or Apple App store.4.9 Overdose
No case of overdose has been reported.
Nelarabine has been administered in clinical studies up to a dose of 75 mg/kg (approximately 2,250 mg/m2) daily for 5 days to a paediatric patient, up to a dose of 60 mg/kg (approximately 2,400 mg/m2) daily for 5 days to 5 adult patients and up to 2,900 mg/m2 in a further 2 adults on days 1, 3 and 5.
Symptoms and signs
It is likely that nelarabine overdose would result in severe neurotoxicity (possibly including paralysis, coma), myelosuppression and potentially death. At a dose of 2200 mg/m2 given on days 1, 3 and 5 every 21 days, 2 patients developed a significant grade 3 ascending sensory neuropathy. MRI evaluations of the 2 patients demonstrated findings consistent with a demyelinating process in the cervical spine.
Treatment
There is no known antidote for nelarabine overdose. Supportive care consistent with good clinical practice should be provided.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, antimetabolites, purine analogues, ATC code: L01B B 07
Nelarabine is a pro-drug of the deoxyguanosine analogue ara-G. Nelarabine is rapidly demethylated by adenosine deaminase (ADA) to ara-G and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxyguanosine kinase and deoxycytidine kinase to its 5'-monophosphate metabolite. The monophosphate metabolite is subsequently converted to the active 5'-triphosphate form, ara-GTP. Accumulation of ara-GTP in leukaemic blasts allows for preferential incorporation of ara-GTP into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis. This results in cell death. Other mechanisms may contribute to the cytotoxic effects of nelarabine. \*In vitro\*, T-cells are more sensitive than B-cells to the cytotoxic effects of nelarabine.
Clinical efficacy and data
\*Adult clinical study in relapsed or refractory T-ALL and T-LBL\*
In an open-label study carried out by the Cancer and Leukaemia Group B and the Southwest Oncology Group, the safety and efficacy of nelarabine were evaluated in 39 adults with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL). Twenty–eight of the 39 adults had relapsed or were refractory to at least two prior induction regimens and aged between 16 to 65 years of age (mean 34 years). Nelarabine at a dose of 1500 mg/m2/day was administered intravenously over two hours on days 1, 3 and 5 of a 21 day cycle. Five of the 28 patients (18 %) [95 % CI: 6 %—37 %] treated with nelarabine achieved a complete response (bone marrow blast counts ≤ 5 %, no other evidence of disease, and full recovery of peripheral blood counts). A total of 6 patients (21 %) [95 % CI: 8 %–41 %] achieved a complete response with or without haematological recovery. Time to complete response in both classifications of response ranged from 2.9 to 11.7 weeks. Duration of response (in both classifications of response (n=5) ranged between 15 and 195+ weeks. Median overall survival was 20.6 weeks [95 % CI: 10.4–36.4]. Survival at one year was 29 % [95 % CI: 12 %–45 %].
\*Paediatric clinical study in relapsed or refractory T-ALL and T-LBL\*
In an open-label, multicenter study carried out by Childrens Oncology Group, nelarabine was administered intravenously over 1 hour for 5 days to 151 patients ≤ 21 years of age, 149 of whom had relapsed or refractory T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) or T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL). Eighty-four (84) patients, 39 of whom had received two or more prior induction regimens and 31 whom had received one prior induction regimen, were treated with 650 mg/m2/day of nelarabine administered intravenously over 1 hour daily for 5 consecutive days repeated every 21 days.
Of the 39 patients who had received two or more prior induction regimens, 5 (13 %) [95 % CI: 4 %–27 %] achieved a complete response (bone marrow blast counts ≤ 5 %, no other evidence of disease, and full recovery of peripheral blood counts) and 9 (23 %) [95 % CI: 11 %–39 %] achieved complete responses with or without full haematological recovery. Duration of response in both classifications of response ranged between 4.7 and 36.4 weeks and median overall survival was 13.1 weeks [95 % CI: 8.7–17.4] and survival at one year was 14 % [95 % CI: 3 %–26 %].
Thirteen (42 %) of the 31 patients treated with one prior induction regimen achieved a complete response overall. Nine of these 31 patients failed to respond to prior induction (refractory patients). Four (44 %) of the nine refractory patients experienced a complete response to nelarabine.
This medicinal product has been authorised under “exceptional circumstances”. This means that due to the rarity of the disease it has not been possible to obtain complete information on this medicinal product.
The European Medicines Agency will review any new information which may become available every year and this SmPC will be updated as necessary.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Nelarabine is a pro-drug of the deoxyguanosine analogue ara-G. Nelarabine is rapidly demethylated by adenosine deaminase (ADA) to ara-G and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxyguanosine kinase and deoxycytidine kinase to its 5'-monophosphate metabolite. The monophosphate metabolite is subsequently converted to the active 5'-triphosphate from, ara-GTP. Accumulation of ara-GTP in leukaemic blasts allows for preferential incorporation of ara-GTP into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis. This results in cell death. Other mechanisms may contribute to the cytotoxic effects of nelarabine. \*In vitro\*, T-cells are more sensitive than B-cells to the cytotoxic effects of nelarabine.
In a cross-study analysis using data from four Phase I studies, the pharmacokinetics of nelarabine and ara-G were characterized in patients aged less than 18 years and adult patients with refractory leukaemia or lymphoma.
Absorption
\*Adults\*
Plasma ara-G Cmax values generally occurred at the end of the nelarabine infusion and were generally higher than nelarabine Cmax values, suggesting rapid and extensive conversion of nelarabine to ara-G. After infusion of 1,500 mg/m2 nelarabine over two hours in adult patients, mean (%CV) plasma nelarabine Cmax and AUCinf values were 13.9 µM (81 %) and 13.5 µM.h (56 %) respectively. Mean plasma ara-G Cmax and AUCinf values were 115 µM (16 %) and 571 µM.h (30 %), respectively.
Intracellular Cmax for ara-GTP appeared within 3 to 25 hours on day 1. Mean (%CV) intracellular ara-GTP Cmax and AUC values were 95.6 µM (139 %) and 2214 µM.h (263 %) at this dose.
\*Paediatric patients\*
After infusion of 400 or 650 mg/m2 nelarabine over one hour in 6 paediatric patients, mean (%CV) plasma nelarabine Cmax and AUCinf values, adjusted to a 650 mg/m2 dose, were 45.0 µM (40 %) and 38.0 µM.h (39 %), respectively. Mean plasma ara-G Cmax and AUCinf values were 60.1 µM (17 %) and 212 µM.h (18 %), respectively.
Distribution
Nelarabine and ara-G are extensively distributed throughout the body based on combined Phase I pharmacokinetic data at nelarabine doses of 104 to 2,900 mg/m2. Specifically, for nelarabine, mean (%CV) VSS values were 115 l/m2 (159 %) and 89.4 l/m2 (278 %) in adult and paediatric patients, respectively. For ara-G, mean VSS/F values were 44.8 l/m2 (32 %) and 32.1 l/m2 (25 %) in adult and paediatric patients, respectively.
Nelarabine and ara-G are not substantially bound to human plasma proteins (less than 25 %) \*in vitro\*, and binding is independent of nelarabine or ara-G concentrations up to 600 µM.
No accumulation of nelarabine or ara-G was observed in plasma after nelarabine administration on either a daily or a day 1, 3, 5 schedule.
Intracellular ara-GTP concentrations in leukaemic blasts were quantifiable for a prolonged period after nelarabine administration. Intracellular ara-GTP accumulated with repeated administration of nelarabine. On the day 1, 3, and 5 schedule, Cmax and AUC(0-t) values on day 3 were approximately 50 % and 30 %, respectively, greater than Cmax and AUC(0-t) values on day 1.
Biotransformation
The principal route of metabolism for nelarabine is O-demethylation by adenosine deaminase to form ara-G, which undergoes hydrolysis to form guanine. In addition, some nelarabine is hydrolysed to form methylguanine, which is O-demethylated to form guanine. Guanine is N-deaminated to form xanthine, which is further oxidized to yield uric acid.
Elimination
Nelarabine and ara-G are rapidly eliminated from plasma with a half-life of approximately 30 minutes and 3 hours, respectively. These findings were demonstrated in patients with refractory leukaemia or lymphoma given a dose of 1,500 mg/m2 nelarabine (adults) or a 650 mg/m2 (paediatrics).
Combined Phase 1 pharmacokinetic data at nelarabine doses of 104 to 2,900 mg/m2 indicate that mean (%CV) clearance (Cl) values for nelarabine are 138 l/h/m2 (104 %) and 125 l/h/m2 (214 %) in adult and paediatric patients, respectively, on day 1 (n = 65 adults, n = 21 paediatric patients). The apparent clearance of ara-G (Cl/F) is comparable between the two groups [9.5 l/h/m2 (35 %) in adult patients and 10.8 l/h/m2 (36 %) in paediatric patients] on day 1.
Nelarabine and ara-G are partially eliminated by the kidneys. In 28 adult patients, 24 hours after nelarabine infusion on day 1, mean urinary excretion of nelarabine and ara-G was 5.3 % and 23.2 % of the administered dose, respectively. Renal clearance averaged 9.0 l/h/m2 (151 %) for nelarabine and 2.6 l/h/m2 (83 %) for ara-G in 21 adult patients.
Because the timecourse of intracellular ara-GTP was prolonged, its elimination half-life could not be accurately estimated.
Paediatric population
Limited clinical pharmacology data are available for patients below the age of 4 years.
Combined Phase 1 pharmacokinetic data at nelarabine doses of 104 to 2,900 mg/m2 indicate that the clearance (Cl) and Vss values for nelarabine and ara-G are comparable between the two groups. Further data with respect to nelarabine and ara-G pharmacokinetics in the paediatric population are provided in other subsections.
Gender
Gender has no effect on nelarabine or ara-G plasma pharmacokinetics. Intracellular ara-GTP Cmax and AUC(0–t) values at the same dose level were 2– to 3– fold greater on average in adult female than in adult male patients.
Race
The effect of race on nelarabine and ara-G pharmacokinetics has not been specifically studied. In a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic cross study analysis, race had no apparent effect on nelarabine, ara-G, or intracellular ara-GTP pharmacokinetics.
Renal impairment
The pharmacokinetics of nelarabine and ara-G have not been specifically studied in renally impaired or haemodialysed patients. Nelarabine is excreted by the kidney to a small extent (5 to 10 % of the administered dose). Ara-G is excreted by the kidney to a greater extent (20 to 30 % of the administered nelarabine dose). Adults and children in clinical studies were categorized into the three groups according to renal impairment: normal with Clcr greater than 80 ml/min (n = 56), mild with Clcr equalling 50 to 80 ml/min (n = 12), and moderate with Clcr less than 50 ml/min (n = 2). The mean apparent clearance (Cl/F) of ara-G was about 7 % lower in patients with mild renal impairment than in patients with normal renal function (see section 4.2). No data are available to provide a dose advice for patients with Clcr less than 50 ml/min.
Elderly
Age has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of nelarabine or ara-G. Decreased renal function, which is more common in the elderly, may reduce ara-G clearance (see section 4.2).5.3 Preclinical safety data
Adverse reactions not observed in clinical studies, but seen in animals at exposure levels similar to clinical exposure levels and with possible relevance to clinical use were as follows: nelarabine caused histopathological changes to the central nervous system (white matter vacuolation and degenerative changes in cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord) of monkeys after daily treatment with nelarabine for 23 days, at exposures below the human therapeutic exposure. Nelarabine showed \*in vitro\* cytotoxicity to monocytes and macrophages.
Carcinogenicity
Carcinogenicity testing of nelarabine has not been performed.
Mutagenicity
Nelarabine was mutagenic to L5178Y/TK mouse lymphoma cells with and without metabolic activation.
Reproduction toxicity
Compared to controls, nelarabine caused increased incidences of foetal malformations, anomalies, and variations in rabbits when given at doses approximately 24 % of the adult human dose on a mg/m2 basis during the period of organogenesis. Cleft palate was seen in rabbits given a dose approximately 2-fold the adult human dose, absent pollices in rabbits given a dose approximately 79 % of the adult human dose while absent gall bladder, accessory lung lobes, fused or extra sternebrae and delayed ossification was seen at all doses. Maternal body weight gain and foetal body weights were reduced in rabbits given a dose approximately 2-fold the adult human dose.
Fertility
No studies have been conducted in animals to assess the effects of nelarabine on fertility. However, no undesirable effects were seen in the testes or ovaries of monkeys given nelarabine intravenously at doses up to approximately 32 % of the adult human dose on a mg/m2 basis for 30 consecutive days.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Sodium chloride
Water for injections
Hydrochloric acid (to adjust the pH)
Sodium hydroxide (to adjust the pH)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years.
Atriance is stable for up to 8 hours at up to 30°C once the vial is opened.6.4 Special precautions for storage
For storage conditions after first opening of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Clear glass (Type I) vial with a bromobutyl rubber stopper, and an aluminium seal with a red snap-off cap.
Each vial contains 50 ml of solution. Atriance is supplied in packs of 1 vial or 6 vials.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
- The normal procedures for proper handling and disposal of cytotoxic anti-tumour medicinal products should be adopted, namely:
- Staff should be trained in how to handle and transfer the medicinal product.
- Pregnant staff should be excluded from working with this medicinal product.
- Personnel handling this medicinal product during handling/transfer should wear protective clothing including mask, goggles and gloves.
- All items for administration or cleaning, including gloves, should be placed in high-risk, waste disposal bags for high-temperature incineration. Any liquid waste from the preparation of the nelarabine solution for infusion may be flushed with large amounts of water.
- Accidental contact with the skin or eyes should be treated immediately with copious amounts of water.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Each ml of solution contains 5 mg of nelarabine.
Each vial contains 250 mg of nelarabine.
Excipient with known effect
Each ml of solution contains 1.770 mg (77 micromols) of sodium.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Solution for infusion.
Clear, colourless solution.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Nelarabine is indicated for the treatment of patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) whose disease has not responded to or has relapsed following treatment with at least two chemotherapy regimens.
Due to the small patient populations in these disease settings, the information to support these indications is based on limited data.4.2 Posology and method of administration
Nelarabine must only be administered under the supervision of a physician experienced in the use of cytotoxic agents.
Posology
Complete blood counts including platelets must be monitored regularly (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).
\*Adults and adolescents (aged 16 years and older)\*
The recommended dose of nelarabine for adults and adolescents aged 16 years and older is 1,500 mg/m2 administered intravenously over two hours on days 1, 3 and 5 and repeated every 21 days.
\*Children and adolescents (aged 21 years and younger)\*
The recommended dose of nelarabine for children and adolescents (aged 21 years and younger) is 650 mg/m2 administered intravenously over one hour daily for 5 consecutive days, repeated every 21 days.
In clinical studies, the 650 mg/m2 and 1,500 mg/m2 dose have both been used in patients in the age range 16 to 21 years. Efficacy and safety were similar for both regimens. The prescribing physician should consider which regimen is appropriate when treating patients in this age range.
Limited clinical pharmacology data are available for patients below the age of 4 years (see section 5.2).
\*Dose modification\*
Nelarabine must be discontinued at the first sign of neurological events of National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Event (NCI CTCAE) grade 2 or greater. Delaying subsequent dosing is an option for other toxicities, including haematological toxicity.
\*Special populations\*
\*Elderly\*
Insufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years of age and older have been treated with nelarabine to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
\*Renal impairment\*
Nelarabine has not been studied in individuals with renal impairment. Nelarabine and 9-β-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G) are partially renally excreted (see section 5.2). There are insufficient data to support a dose adjustment recommendation for patients with a renal clearance of creatinine Clcr less than 50 ml/min. Patients with renal impairment must be closely monitored for toxicities when treated with nelarabine.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
Nelarabine has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment. These patients should be treated with caution.
Method of administration
Nelarabine is for intravenous use only and must not be diluted prior to administration. The appropriate dose of nelarabine must be transferred into polyvinylchloride (PVC) or ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) infusion bags or glass containers and administered intravenously as a two-hour infusion in adult patients and as a one-hour infusion in paediatric patients.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
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| --- |
| \*NEUROLOGICAL ADVERSE REACTIONS\* Severe neurological reactions have been reported with the use of nelarabine. These reactions have included altered mental states including severe somnolence, confusion and coma, central nervous system effects including convulsions, ataxia and status epilepticus, and peripheral neuropathy including hypoesthesia ranging from numbness and paresthesias to motor weakness and paralysis. There have also been reports of reactions associated with demyelination, and ascending peripheral neuropathies similar in appearance to Guillain-Barré Syndrome. (see section 4.8). Neurotoxicity is the dose-limiting toxicity of nelarabine. Full recovery from these reactions has not always occurred with cessation of nelarabine. Therefore, close monitoring for neurological reactions is strongly recommended, and nelarabine must be discontinued at the first sign of neurological reactions of NCI CTCAE Grade 2 or greater. |
Patients treated previously or concurrently with intrathecal chemotherapy or previously with craniospinal irradiation are potentially at increased risk for neurological adverse events (see section 4.2 - dose modification) and therefore concomitant intrathecal therapy and/or craniospinal irradiation is not recommended.
Immunisation using a live organism vaccine has the potential to cause infection in immunocompromised hosts. Therefore, immunisations with live organism vaccines are not recommended.
Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, and neutropenia, (including febrile neutropenia) have been associated with nelarabine therapy. Complete blood counts including platelets must be monitored regularly (see sections 4.2 and 4.8).
Patients receiving nelarabine are recommended to receive intravenous hydration according to standard medical practice for the management of hyperuricaemia in patients at risk of tumour lysis syndrome. For patients at risk of hyperuricaemia, the use of allopurinol should be considered.
Elderly
Clinical studies of nelarabine did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. In an exploratory analysis, increasing age, especially age 65 years and older, appeared to be associated with increased rates of neurological adverse events.
Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity testing of nelarabine has not been performed. Nelarabine however, is known to be genotoxic to mammalian cells (see section 5.3).
Sodium warning
This medicinal product contains 88.51 mg (3.85 mmol) sodium per vial (50 ml), equivalent to 4.4% of the WHO recommended maximum daily intake of 2 g sodium for an adult.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Nelarabine and ara-G did not significantly inhibit the activities of the major hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4 \*in vitro\*.
Concomitant administration of nelarabine in combination with adenosine deaminase inhibitors such as pentostatin is not recommended. Concomitant administration may reduce the efficacy of nelarabine and/or change the adverse event profile of either active substance.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Contraception in males and females
Both sexually active men and women should use effective methods of contraception during treatment with nelarabine. Men with partners who are pregnant or could become pregnant should use condoms during treatment with nelarabine and for at least three months following cessation of treatment.
Pregnancy
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of nelarabine in pregnant women.
Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk in humans is unknown, however, exposure during pregnancy will likely lead to anomalies and malformations of the foetus.
Nelarabine should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary. If a patient becomes pregnant during treatment with nelarabine, they should be informed of the possible risk to the foetus.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether nelarabine or its metabolites are excreted in human breast milk. A risk to the newborn/infant cannot be excluded. Breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with Atriance.
Fertility
The effect of nelarabine on fertility in humans is unknown. Based on the pharmacological action of the compound, undesirable effects on fertility are possible. Family planning should be discussed with patients as appropriate.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Atriance has major influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Patients treated with nelarabine are potentially at risk of suffering from somnolence during and for several days after treatment. Patients must be cautioned that somnolence can affect performance of skilled tasks, such as driving.4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The safety profile from pivotal clinical studies at the recommended doses of nelarabine in adults (1,500 mg/m2) and children (650 mg/m2) is based on data from 103 adults and 84 paediatric patients respectively. The most frequently occurring adverse events were fatigue; gastrointestinal disorders; haematological disorders; respiratory disorders; nervous system disorders (somnolence, peripheral neurological disorders [sensory and motor], dizziness, hypoaesthesia, paraesthesia, headache); and pyrexia. Neurotoxicity is the dose-limiting toxicity associated with nelarabine therapy (see section 4.4).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following convention has been utilised for the classification of frequency: very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Adverse reactions\*\* | \*\*Adults (1,500 mg/m2)\*\* \*\*N=103\*\* | \*\*Children (650 mg/m2)\*\* \*\*N=84\*\* |
| \*\*Infections and infestations\*\* | | |
| Infection (including but not limited to; sepsis, bacteraemia, pneumonia, fungal infection) | Very common: 40 (39%) | Very common: 13 (15%) |
| \*\*Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)\*\* | | |
| Tumour lysis syndrome (see also data from compassionate use programme and non-pivotal studies) | Common: 1 (1%) | N/A |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | | |
| Febrile neutropenia | Very common: 12 (12%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Neutropenia | Very common: 83 (81%) | Very common: 79 (94%) |
| Leukopenia | Common: 3 (3%) | Very common: 32 (38%) |
| Thrombocytopenia | Very common: 89 (86%) | Very common: 74 (88%) |
| Anaemia | Very common: 102 (99%) | Very common: 80 (95%) |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | | |
| Hypoglycaemia | N/A | Common: 5 (6%) |
| Hypocalcaemia | Common: 3 (3%) | Common: 7 (8%) |
| Hypomagnesaemia | Common: 4 (4%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
| Hypokalaemia | Common: 4 (4%) | Very common: 9 (11%) |
| Anorexia | Common: 9 (9%) | N/A |
| \*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\* | | |
| Confusional state | Common: 8 (8%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | | |
| Seizures (including convulsions, grand mal convulsions, status epilepticus) | Common: 1 (1%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
| Amnesia | Common: 3 (3%) | N/A |
| Somnolence | Very common: 24 (23%) | Common: 6 (7%) |
| Peripheral neurological disorders (sensory and motor) | Very common: 22 (21%) | Very common: 10 (12%) |
| Hypoesthesia | Very common: 18 (17%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
| Paraesthesia | Very common: 15 (15%) | Common: 3 (4%) |
| Ataxia | Common: 9 (9%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| Balance disorder | Common: 2 (2%) | N/A |
| Tremor | Common: 5 (5%) | Common: 3 (4%) |
| Dizziness | Very common: 22 (21%) | N/A |
| Headache | Very common: 15 (15%) | Very common: 14 (17%) |
| Dysgeusia | Common: 3 (3%) | N/A |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | | |
| Blurred vision | Common: 4(4%) | N/A |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | | |
| Hypotension | Common: 8 (8%) | N/A |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | | |
| Pleural effusion | Common: 10 (10%) | N/A |
| Wheezing | Common: 5 (5%) | N/A |
| Dyspnoea | Very common: 21 (20%) | N/A |
| Cough | Very common: 26 (25%) | N/A |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | | |
| Diarrhoea | Very common: 23 (22%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| Stomatitis | Common: 8 (8%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Vomiting | Very common: 23 (22%) | Common: 8 (10%) |
| Abdominal pain | Common: 9 (9%) | N/A |
| Constipation | Very common: 22 (21%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Nausea | Very common: 42 (41%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | | |
| Hyperbilirubinaemia | Common: 3 (3%) | Common: 8 (10%) |
| Transaminases increased | N/A | Very common: 10(12%) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase increased | Common: 6 (6%) | N/A |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | | |
| Muscle weakness | Common: 8 (8%) | N/A |
| Myalgia | Very common: 13 (13%) | N/A |
| Arthralgia | Common: 9 (9%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Back pain | Common: 8 (8%) | N/A |
| Pain in extremity | Common: 7 (7%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| Rhabdomyolysis, blood creatine phosphokinase increased (see “Post – marketing data”) | Rare: N/A | Rare: N/A |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | | |
| Blood creatinine increased | Common: 2 (2%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | | |
| Oedema | Very common: 11 (11%) | N/A |
| Gait abnormal | Common: 6 (6%) | N/A |
| Oedema peripheral | Very common: 15 (15%) | N/A |
| Pyrexia | Very common: 24 (23%) | Common: 2 (2%) |
| Pain | Very common: 11 (11%) | N/A |
| Fatigue | Very common: 51 (50%) | Common: 1 (1%) |
| Asthenia | Very common: 18 (17%) | Common: 5 (6%) |
Description of selected adverse reactions
\*Infection and infestations\*
There was a single additional report of biopsy confirmed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the adult population.
There have been reports of sometimes fatal opportunistic infections in patients receiving nelarabine therapy.
\*Nervous system disorders\*
There have been reports of events associated with demyelination and ascending peripheral neuropathies similar in appearance to Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Two paediatric patients had fatal neurological events.
Data from NCI studies/compassionate use programme and phase I studies
In addition to the adverse reactions seen in the pivotal clinical studies, there are also data from 875 patients from NCI studies/compassionate use programme (694 patients) and Phase I (181 patients) studies of nelarabine. The following additional adverse reactions were seen:
\*Neoplasms benign and malignant (including cysts and polyps)\*
Tumour lysis syndrome – 7 cases (see sections 4.2 and 4.4)
Post–marketing data
Rhabdomyolysis and increased blood creatine phosphokinase have been identified during post-approval use of nelarabine. This includes spontaneous case reports as well as serious adverse events from ongoing studies.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google play or Apple App store.4.9 Overdose
No case of overdose has been reported.
Nelarabine has been administered in clinical studies up to a dose of 75 mg/kg (approximately 2,250 mg/m2) daily for 5 days to a paediatric patient, up to a dose of 60 mg/kg (approximately 2,400 mg/m2) daily for 5 days to 5 adult patients and up to 2,900 mg/m2 in a further 2 adults on days 1, 3 and 5.
Symptoms and signs
It is likely that nelarabine overdose would result in severe neurotoxicity (possibly including paralysis, coma), myelosuppression and potentially death. At a dose of 2200 mg/m2 given on days 1, 3 and 5 every 21 days, 2 patients developed a significant grade 3 ascending sensory neuropathy. MRI evaluations of the 2 patients demonstrated findings consistent with a demyelinating process in the cervical spine.
Treatment
There is no known antidote for nelarabine overdose. Supportive care consistent with good clinical practice should be provided.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, antimetabolites, purine analogues, ATC code: L01B B 07
Nelarabine is a pro-drug of the deoxyguanosine analogue ara-G. Nelarabine is rapidly demethylated by adenosine deaminase (ADA) to ara-G and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxyguanosine kinase and deoxycytidine kinase to its 5'-monophosphate metabolite. The monophosphate metabolite is subsequently converted to the active 5'-triphosphate form, ara-GTP. Accumulation of ara-GTP in leukaemic blasts allows for preferential incorporation of ara-GTP into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis. This results in cell death. Other mechanisms may contribute to the cytotoxic effects of nelarabine. \*In vitro\*, T-cells are more sensitive than B-cells to the cytotoxic effects of nelarabine.
Clinical efficacy and data
\*Adult clinical study in relapsed or refractory T-ALL and T-LBL\*
In an open-label study carried out by the Cancer and Leukaemia Group B and the Southwest Oncology Group, the safety and efficacy of nelarabine were evaluated in 39 adults with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL). Twenty–eight of the 39 adults had relapsed or were refractory to at least two prior induction regimens and aged between 16 to 65 years of age (mean 34 years). Nelarabine at a dose of 1500 mg/m2/day was administered intravenously over two hours on days 1, 3 and 5 of a 21 day cycle. Five of the 28 patients (18 %) [95 % CI: 6 %—37 %] treated with nelarabine achieved a complete response (bone marrow blast counts ≤ 5 %, no other evidence of disease, and full recovery of peripheral blood counts). A total of 6 patients (21 %) [95 % CI: 8 %–41 %] achieved a complete response with or without haematological recovery. Time to complete response in both classifications of response ranged from 2.9 to 11.7 weeks. Duration of response (in both classifications of response (n=5) ranged between 15 and 195+ weeks. Median overall survival was 20.6 weeks [95 % CI: 10.4–36.4]. Survival at one year was 29 % [95 % CI: 12 %–45 %].
\*Paediatric clinical study in relapsed or refractory T-ALL and T-LBL\*
In an open-label, multicenter study carried out by Childrens Oncology Group, nelarabine was administered intravenously over 1 hour for 5 days to 151 patients ≤ 21 years of age, 149 of whom had relapsed or refractory T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) or T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL). Eighty-four (84) patients, 39 of whom had received two or more prior induction regimens and 31 whom had received one prior induction regimen, were treated with 650 mg/m2/day of nelarabine administered intravenously over 1 hour daily for 5 consecutive days repeated every 21 days.
Of the 39 patients who had received two or more prior induction regimens, 5 (13 %) [95 % CI: 4 %–27 %] achieved a complete response (bone marrow blast counts ≤ 5 %, no other evidence of disease, and full recovery of peripheral blood counts) and 9 (23 %) [95 % CI: 11 %–39 %] achieved complete responses with or without full haematological recovery. Duration of response in both classifications of response ranged between 4.7 and 36.4 weeks and median overall survival was 13.1 weeks [95 % CI: 8.7–17.4] and survival at one year was 14 % [95 % CI: 3 %–26 %].
Thirteen (42 %) of the 31 patients treated with one prior induction regimen achieved a complete response overall. Nine of these 31 patients failed to respond to prior induction (refractory patients). Four (44 %) of the nine refractory patients experienced a complete response to nelarabine.
This medicinal product has been authorised under “exceptional circumstances”. This means that due to the rarity of the disease it has not been possible to obtain complete information on this medicinal product.
The European Medicines Agency will review any new information which may become available every year and this SmPC will be updated as necessary.5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Nelarabine is a pro-drug of the deoxyguanosine analogue ara-G. Nelarabine is rapidly demethylated by adenosine deaminase (ADA) to ara-G and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxyguanosine kinase and deoxycytidine kinase to its 5'-monophosphate metabolite. The monophosphate metabolite is subsequently converted to the active 5'-triphosphate from, ara-GTP. Accumulation of ara-GTP in leukaemic blasts allows for preferential incorporation of ara-GTP into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis. This results in cell death. Other mechanisms may contribute to the cytotoxic effects of nelarabine. \*In vitro\*, T-cells are more sensitive than B-cells to the cytotoxic effects of nelarabine.
In a cross-study analysis using data from four Phase I studies, the pharmacokinetics of nelarabine and ara-G were characterized in patients aged less than 18 years and adult patients with refractory leukaemia or lymphoma.
Absorption
\*Adults\*
Plasma ara-G Cmax values generally occurred at the end of the nelarabine infusion and were generally higher than nelarabine Cmax values, suggesting rapid and extensive conversion of nelarabine to ara-G. After infusion of 1,500 mg/m2 nelarabine over two hours in adult patients, mean (%CV) plasma nelarabine Cmax and AUCinf values were 13.9 µM (81 %) and 13.5 µM.h (56 %) respectively. Mean plasma ara-G Cmax and AUCinf values were 115 µM (16 %) and 571 µM.h (30 %), respectively.
Intracellular Cmax for ara-GTP appeared within 3 to 25 hours on day 1. Mean (%CV) intracellular ara-GTP Cmax and AUC values were 95.6 µM (139 %) and 2214 µM.h (263 %) at this dose.
\*Paediatric patients\*
After infusion of 400 or 650 mg/m2 nelarabine over one hour in 6 paediatric patients, mean (%CV) plasma nelarabine Cmax and AUCinf values, adjusted to a 650 mg/m2 dose, were 45.0 µM (40 %) and 38.0 µM.h (39 %), respectively. Mean plasma ara-G Cmax and AUCinf values were 60.1 µM (17 %) and 212 µM.h (18 %), respectively.
Distribution
Nelarabine and ara-G are extensively distributed throughout the body based on combined Phase I pharmacokinetic data at nelarabine doses of 104 to 2,900 mg/m2. Specifically, for nelarabine, mean (%CV) VSS values were 115 l/m2 (159 %) and 89.4 l/m2 (278 %) in adult and paediatric patients, respectively. For ara-G, mean VSS/F values were 44.8 l/m2 (32 %) and 32.1 l/m2 (25 %) in adult and paediatric patients, respectively.
Nelarabine and ara-G are not substantially bound to human plasma proteins (less than 25 %) \*in vitro\*, and binding is independent of nelarabine or ara-G concentrations up to 600 µM.
No accumulation of nelarabine or ara-G was observed in plasma after nelarabine administration on either a daily or a day 1, 3, 5 schedule.
Intracellular ara-GTP concentrations in leukaemic blasts were quantifiable for a prolonged period after nelarabine administration. Intracellular ara-GTP accumulated with repeated administration of nelarabine. On the day 1, 3, and 5 schedule, Cmax and AUC(0-t) values on day 3 were approximately 50 % and 30 %, respectively, greater than Cmax and AUC(0-t) values on day 1.
Biotransformation
The principal route of metabolism for nelarabine is O-demethylation by adenosine deaminase to form ara-G, which undergoes hydrolysis to form guanine. In addition, some nelarabine is hydrolysed to form methylguanine, which is O-demethylated to form guanine. Guanine is N-deaminated to form xanthine, which is further oxidized to yield uric acid.
Elimination
Nelarabine and ara-G are rapidly eliminated from plasma with a half-life of approximately 30 minutes and 3 hours, respectively. These findings were demonstrated in patients with refractory leukaemia or lymphoma given a dose of 1,500 mg/m2 nelarabine (adults) or a 650 mg/m2 (paediatrics).
Combined Phase 1 pharmacokinetic data at nelarabine doses of 104 to 2,900 mg/m2 indicate that mean (%CV) clearance (Cl) values for nelarabine are 138 l/h/m2 (104 %) and 125 l/h/m2 (214 %) in adult and paediatric patients, respectively, on day 1 (n = 65 adults, n = 21 paediatric patients). The apparent clearance of ara-G (Cl/F) is comparable between the two groups [9.5 l/h/m2 (35 %) in adult patients and 10.8 l/h/m2 (36 %) in paediatric patients] on day 1.
Nelarabine and ara-G are partially eliminated by the kidneys. In 28 adult patients, 24 hours after nelarabine infusion on day 1, mean urinary excretion of nelarabine and ara-G was 5.3 % and 23.2 % of the administered dose, respectively. Renal clearance averaged 9.0 l/h/m2 (151 %) for nelarabine and 2.6 l/h/m2 (83 %) for ara-G in 21 adult patients.
Because the timecourse of intracellular ara-GTP was prolonged, its elimination half-life could not be accurately estimated.
Paediatric population
Limited clinical pharmacology data are available for patients below the age of 4 years.
Combined Phase 1 pharmacokinetic data at nelarabine doses of 104 to 2,900 mg/m2 indicate that the clearance (Cl) and Vss values for nelarabine and ara-G are comparable between the two groups. Further data with respect to nelarabine and ara-G pharmacokinetics in the paediatric population are provided in other subsections.
Gender
Gender has no effect on nelarabine or ara-G plasma pharmacokinetics. Intracellular ara-GTP Cmax and AUC(0–t) values at the same dose level were 2– to 3– fold greater on average in adult female than in adult male patients.
Race
The effect of race on nelarabine and ara-G pharmacokinetics has not been specifically studied. In a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic cross study analysis, race had no apparent effect on nelarabine, ara-G, or intracellular ara-GTP pharmacokinetics.
Renal impairment
The pharmacokinetics of nelarabine and ara-G have not been specifically studied in renally impaired or haemodialysed patients. Nelarabine is excreted by the kidney to a small extent (5 to 10 % of the administered dose). Ara-G is excreted by the kidney to a greater extent (20 to 30 % of the administered nelarabine dose). Adults and children in clinical studies were categorized into the three groups according to renal impairment: normal with Clcr greater than 80 ml/min (n = 56), mild with Clcr equalling 50 to 80 ml/min (n = 12), and moderate with Clcr less than 50 ml/min (n = 2). The mean apparent clearance (Cl/F) of ara-G was about 7 % lower in patients with mild renal impairment than in patients with normal renal function (see section 4.2). No data are available to provide a dose advice for patients with Clcr less than 50 ml/min.
Elderly
Age has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of nelarabine or ara-G. Decreased renal function, which is more common in the elderly, may reduce ara-G clearance (see section 4.2).5.3 Preclinical safety data
Adverse reactions not observed in clinical studies, but seen in animals at exposure levels similar to clinical exposure levels and with possible relevance to clinical use were as follows: nelarabine caused histopathological changes to the central nervous system (white matter vacuolation and degenerative changes in cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord) of monkeys after daily treatment with nelarabine for 23 days, at exposures below the human therapeutic exposure. Nelarabine showed \*in vitro\* cytotoxicity to monocytes and macrophages.
Carcinogenicity
Carcinogenicity testing of nelarabine has not been performed.
Mutagenicity
Nelarabine was mutagenic to L5178Y/TK mouse lymphoma cells with and without metabolic activation.
Reproduction toxicity
Compared to controls, nelarabine caused increased incidences of foetal malformations, anomalies, and variations in rabbits when given at doses approximately 24 % of the adult human dose on a mg/m2 basis during the period of organogenesis. Cleft palate was seen in rabbits given a dose approximately 2-fold the adult human dose, absent pollices in rabbits given a dose approximately 79 % of the adult human dose while absent gall bladder, accessory lung lobes, fused or extra sternebrae and delayed ossification was seen at all doses. Maternal body weight gain and foetal body weights were reduced in rabbits given a dose approximately 2-fold the adult human dose.
Fertility
No studies have been conducted in animals to assess the effects of nelarabine on fertility. However, no undesirable effects were seen in the testes or ovaries of monkeys given nelarabine intravenously at doses up to approximately 32 % of the adult human dose on a mg/m2 basis for 30 consecutive days.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Sodium chloride
Water for injections
Hydrochloric acid (to adjust the pH)
Sodium hydroxide (to adjust the pH)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years.
Atriance is stable for up to 8 hours at up to 30°C once the vial is opened.6.4 Special precautions for storage
For storage conditions after first opening of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
Clear glass (Type I) vial with a bromobutyl rubber stopper, and an aluminium seal with a red snap-off cap.
Each vial contains 50 ml of solution. Atriance is supplied in packs of 1 vial or 6 vials.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
- The normal procedures for proper handling and disposal of cytotoxic anti-tumour medicinal products should be adopted, namely:
- Staff should be trained in how to handle and transfer the medicinal product.
- Pregnant staff should be excluded from working with this medicinal product.
- Personnel handling this medicinal product during handling/transfer should wear protective clothing including mask, goggles and gloves.
- All items for administration or cleaning, including gloves, should be placed in high-risk, waste disposal bags for high-temperature incineration. Any liquid waste from the preparation of the nelarabine solution for infusion may be flushed with large amounts of water.
- Accidental contact with the skin or eyes should be treated immediately with copious amounts of water.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
