- Approval Id
- 9ee7de69cfac3124
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets
- Drug Name
- Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets
- Company Name
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd
- Company Address
- 2nd Floor, The WestWorks Building, White City Place, 195 Wood Lane, London, W12 7FQ
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0)1276 692 255
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 (0)1276 698 370
- Company Medical Info Email
- medinfo.uk@novartis.com
- Company Customer Care Direct Line
- +44 (0)845 741 9442
- Atc Code
- C09DA03
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Novartis Ireland Limited
Vista Building,
Elm Park, Merrion Road,
Ballsbridge, Dublin 4,
Ireland.
- Authorisation Number
- | | |
| --- | --- |
| Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets: | PL 23860/0003 |
| Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets: | PL 23860/0004 |
| Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets: | PL 23860/0005 |
- Authorisation Date
- | | |
| --- | --- |
| Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets: | 29 January 2003 / 03 November 2010 |
| Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets: | 23 June 2004 / 03 November 2010 |
| Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets: | 23 June 2004 / 03 November 2010 |
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Novartis Ireland Limited
Vista Building,
Elm Park, Merrion Road,
Ballsbridge, Dublin 4,
Ireland.
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- | | |
| --- | --- |
| Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets: | PL 23860/0003 |
| Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets: | PL 23860/0004 |
| Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets: | PL 23860/0005 |
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- | | |
| --- | --- |
| Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets: | 29 January 2003 / 03 November 2010 |
| Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets: | 23 June 2004 / 03 November 2010 |
| Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets: | 23 June 2004 / 03 November 2010 |
- Instruction Composition
- Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets: Each film-coated tablet contains 80mg valsartan and 12.5mg hydrochlorothiazide.
Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets: Each film-coated tablet contains 160mg valsartan and 12.5mg hydrochlorothiazide.
Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets: Each film-coated tablet contains 160mg valsartan and 25mg hydrochlorothiazide.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- \*\*Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets:\*\*
Oval, non-divisible, film-coated tablets measuring approx. 10.2 to 5.4mm in diameter and 3.7mm in thickness, and weighing approx. 156mg. The tablets are coloured light orange and imprinted with HGH on one side and CG on the other side.
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets:\*\*
Oval, non-divisible, film-coated tablets measuring approximately 15.2 mm by 6.2 mm and 4.4 mm in thickness, and weighing approximately 312 mg. The tablets are coloured dark red and imprinted with HHH on one side and CG on the other side.
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets:\*\*
Oval, non-divisible, film-coated tablets measuring approximately 14.2 mm by 5.7 mm and 4.5 mm in thickness, and weighing approximately 310 mg. The tablets are coloured brown orange and imprinted with HXH on one side and NVR on the other side.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of essential hypertension in adults.
Co-Diovan fixed-dose combination is indicated in patients whose blood pressure is not adequately controlled on valsartan or hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*\*Posology\*\*\*
The recommended dose of Co-Diovan 80/12.5mg is one film-coated tablet once daily. Dose titration with the individual components is recommended. In each case, up-titration of individual components to the next dose should be followed in order to reduce the risk of hypotension and other adverse events.
When clinically appropriate direct change from monotherapy to the fixed combination may be considered in patients whose blood pressure is not adequately controlled on valsartan or hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy, provided the recommended dose titration sequence for the individual components is followed.
The clinical response to Co-Diovan should be evaluated after initiating therapy and if blood pressure remains uncontrolled, the dose may be increased by increasing either one of the components to a maximum dose of Co-Diovan 320 mg/25 mg.
The antihypertensive effect is substantially present within 2 weeks.
In most patients, maximal effects are observed within 4 weeks. However, in some patients, 4-8 weeks treatment may be required. This should be taken into account during dose titration.
\*\*\*Method of administration\*\*\*
Co-Diovan can be taken with or without food and should be administered with water.
\*\*\*Special populations\*\*\*
\*\*\*Patients with renal impairment\*\*\*
No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) ≥ 30 ml/min). Due to the hydrochlorothiazide component, Co-Diovan is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR < 30 mL/min) and anuria (see sections 4.3, 4.4 and 5.2).
\*\*\*Patients with hepatic impairment\*\*\*
In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment without cholestasis the dose of valsartan should not exceed 80 mg (see section 4.4). No adjustment of the hydrochlorothiazide dose is required for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Due to the valsartan component, Co-Diovan is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment or with biliary cirrhosis and cholestasis (see sections 4.3, 4.4 and 5.2).
\*\*\*Older people\*\*\*
No dose adjustment is required in elderly patients.
\*\*\*Paediatric patients\*\*\*
Co-Diovan is not recommended for use in children below the age of 18 years due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy.4.3 Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to active substances, other sulfonamide-derived medicinal products or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
- Second and third trimester of pregnancy (section 4.4 and 4.6).
- Severe hepatic impairment, biliary cirrhosis and cholestasis.
- Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min), anuria.
- Refractory hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypercalcaemia, and symptomatic hyperuricaemia.
- Concomitant use of Co-Diovan with aliskiren containing products in patients with diabetes mellitus or renal impairment (GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2) (see sections 4.5 and 5.1).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*\*Serum electrolyte changes\*\*
\*\*\*Valsartan\*\*\*
Concomitant use with potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics, salt substitutes containing potassium, or other agents that may increase potassium levels (heparin, etc.) is not recommended. Monitoring of potassium should be undertaken as appropriate.
\*\*\*Hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
Hypokalaemia has been reported under treatment with thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide. Frequent monitoring of serum potassium is recommended.
Treatment with thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, has been associated with hyponatraemia and hypochloraemic alkalosis. Thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide, increase the urinary excretion of magnesium, which may result in hypomagnesaemia. Calcium excretion is decreased by thiazide diuretics. This may result in hypercalcaemia.
As for any patient receiving diuretic therapy, periodic determination of serum electrolytes should be performed at appropriate intervals.
\*\*\*Sodium and/or volume-depleted patients\*\*\*
Patients receiving thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, should be observed for clinical signs of fluid or electrolyte imbalance.
In severely sodium-depleted and/or volume-depleted patients, such as those receiving high doses of diuretics, symptomatic hypotension may occur in rare cases after initiation of therapy with Co-Diovan. Sodium and/or volume depletion should be corrected before starting treatment with Co-Diovan.
\*\*\*Patients with severe chronic heart failure or other conditions with stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system\*\*\*
In patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (e.g. patients with severe congestive heart failure), treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors has been associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotaemia, and in rare cases with acute renal failure and/or death. Evaluation of patients with heart failure or post-myocardial infarction should always include assessment of renal function. The use of Co-Diovan in patients with severe chronic heart failure has not been established.
Hence it cannot be excluded that because of the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system the application of Co-Diovan as well may be associated with impairment of the renal function. Co-Diovan should not be used in these patients.
\*\*\*Renal artery stenosis\*\*\*
Co-Diovan should not be used to treat hypertension in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a solitary kidney, since blood urea and serum creatinine may increase in such patients.
\*\*\*Primary hyperaldosteronism\*\*\*
Patients with primary hyperaldosteronism should not be treated with Co-Diovan as their renin-angiotensin system is not activated.
\*\*\*Aortic and mitral valve stenosis, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy\*\*\*
As with all other vasodilators, special caution is indicated in patients suffering from aortic or mitral stenosis, or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).
\*\*\*Renal impairment\*\*\*
No dosage adjustment is required for patients with renal impairment with a creatinine clearance ≥30 ml/min (see section 4.2). Periodic monitoring of serum potassium, creatinine and uric acid levels is recommended when Co-Diovan is used in patients with renal impairment.
\*\*\*Kidney transplantation\*\*\*
There is currently no experience on the safe use of Co-Diovan in patients who have recently undergone kidney transplantation.
\*\*\*Hepatic impairment\*\*\*
In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment without cholestasis\*,\* Co-Diovan should be used with caution (see sections 4.2 and 5.2)\*.\* Thiazides should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function or progressive liver disease, since minor alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance may precipitate hepatic coma.
\*\*\*History of angioedema\*\*\*
Angioedema, including swelling of the larynx and glottis, causing airway obstruction and/or swelling of the face, lips, pharynx, and/or tongue has been reported in patients treated with valsartan; some of these patients previously experienced angioedema with other drugs including ACE inhibitors. Co-Diovan should be immediately discontinued in patients who develop angioedema, and Co-Diovan should not be re-administered (see section 4.8).
\*\*\*Systemic lupus erythematosus\*\*\*
Thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, have been reported to exacerbate or activate systemic lupus erythematosus.
\*\*\*Other metabolic disturbances\*\*\*
Thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, may alter glucose tolerance and raise serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid. In diabetic patients dosage adjustments of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents may be required.
Thiazides may reduce urinary calcium excretion and cause an intermittent and slight elevation of serum calcium in the absence of known disorders of calcium metabolism. Marked hypercalcaemia may be evidence of underlying hyperparathyroidism. Thiazides should be discontinued before carrying out tests for parathyroid function.
\*\*\*Photosensitivity\*\*\*
Cases of photosensitivity reactions have been reported with thiazide diuretics (see section 4.8). If photosensitivity reaction occurs during treatment, it is recommended to stop the treatment. If a re-administration of the diuretic is deemed necessary, it is recommended to protect exposed areas to the sun or to artificial UVA.
\*\*\*Pregnancy\*\*\*
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (AIIRAs) should not be initiated during pregnancy. Unless continued AIIRAs therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with AIIRAs should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started (see sections 4.3 and 4.6).
\*\*\*General\*\*\*
Caution should be exercised in patients who have shown prior hypersensitivity to other angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Hypersensitivity reactions to hydrochlorothiazide are more likely in patients with allergy and asthma.
\*\*\*Choroidal effusion, acute myopia and secondary acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma\*\*\*
Hydrochlorothiazide, a sulfonamide, has been associated with an idiosyncratic reaction resulting in choroidal effusion with visual field defect, acute transient myopia and acute angle-closure glaucoma. Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity or ocular pain and typically occur within hours to weeks of a drug initiation. Untreated acute-angle closure glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss.
The primary treatment is to discontinue hydrochlorothiazide as rapidly as possible. Prompt medical or surgical treatment may need to be considered if the intraocular pressure remains uncontrolled. Risk factors for developing acute angle closure glaucoma may include a history of sulfonamide or penicillin allergy.
\*\*\*Dual Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)\*\*\*
There is evidence that the concomitant use of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren increases the risk of hypotension, hyperkalaemia, and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure). Dual blockade of the RAAS through the combined use of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is therefore not recommended (see section 4.5 and 5.1).
If dual blockade therapy is considered absolutely necessary, this should only occur under specialist supervision and subject to frequent close monitoring of renal function, electrolytes and blood pressure. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
\*\*\*Non-melanoma skin cancer\*\*\*
An increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) [basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)] with increasing cumulative dose of hydrochlorothiazide exposure has been observed in two epidemiological studies based on the Danish National Cancer Registry. Photosensitising actions of hydrochlorothiazide could act as a possible mechanism for NMSC.
Patients taking hydrochlorothiazide should be informed of the risk of NMSC and advised to regularly check their skin for any new lesions and promptly report any suspicious skin lesions. Possible preventive measures such as limited exposure to sunlight and UV rays and, in case of exposure, adequate protection should be advised to the patients in order to minimize the risk of skin cancer. Suspicious skin lesions should be promptly examined potentially including histological examinations of biopsies. The use of hydrochlorothiazide may also need to be reconsidered in patients who have experienced previous NMSC (see also section 4.8).
\*\*\*Acute respiratory toxicity\*\*\*
Very rare severe cases of acute respiratory toxicity, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), have been reported after taking hydrochlorothiazide. Pulmonary oedema typically develops within minutes to hours after hydrochlorothiazide intake. At the onset, symptoms include dyspnoea, fever, pulmonary deterioration and hypotension. If diagnosis of ARDS is suspected, Diovan Comp should be withdrawn, and appropriate treatment given. Hydrochlorothiazide should not be administered to patients who previously experienced ARDS following hydrochlorothiazide intake.
\*\*\*Intestinal angioedema\*\*\*
Intestinal angioedema has been reported in patients treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including valsartan (see section 4.8). These patients presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Symptoms resolved after discontinuation of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. If intestinal angioedema is diagnosed, Co-Diovan should be discontinued, and appropriate monitoring should be initiated until complete resolution of symptoms has occurred.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
\*\*Interactions related to both valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide\*\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use not recommended\*\*\*
\*\*\*Lithium\*\*\*
Reversible increases in serum lithium concentrations and toxicity have been reported during concomitant administration of lithium with ACE inhibitors, angiontensin II receptor antagonist or thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide. Since renal clearance of lithium is reduced by thiazides, the risk of lithium toxicity may presumably be increased further with Co-Diovan. If the combination proves necessary, a careful monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended.
\*\*\*Concomitant use requiring caution\*\*\*
\*\*\*Other antihypertensive agents\*\*\*
Co-Diovan may increase the effects of other agents with antihypertensive properties (e.g. guanethidine, methyldopa, vasodilators, ACEI, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and DRIs).
\*\*\*Pressor amines\*\*\* \*\*\*(e.g. noradrenaline, adrenaline)\*\*\*
Possible decreased response to pressor amines. The clinical significance of this effect is uncertain and not sufficient to preclude their use.
\*\*\*Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), including selective\*\*\* COX\*\*\*-2 inhibitors, acetylsalicylic acid (>3 g/day), and non-selective NSAIDs\*\*.\*
NSAIDS can attenuate the antihypertensive effect of both angiotensin II antagonists and hydrochlorothiazide when administered simultaneously. Furthermore, concomitant use of Co-Diovan and NSAIDs may lead to worsening of renal function and an increase in serum potassium. Therefore, monitoring of renal function at the beginning of the treatment is recommended, as well as adequate hydration of the patient.
\*\*Interactions related to valsartan\*\*
\*\*\*Dual blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) with ARBs, ACEIs, or aliskiren\*\*\*
Clinical trial data has shown that dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) through the combined use of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is associated with a higher frequency of adverse events such as hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to the use of s single RAAS-acting agent (see section 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1).
\*\*\*Concomitant use not recommended\*\*\*
\*Potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, salt substitutes containing potassium and other substances that may increase potassium levels.\*
If a medicinal product that affects potassium levels is considered necessary in combination with valsartan, monitoring of potassium plasma levels is advised.
\*\*\*Transporters\*\*\*
In vitro data indicates that valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1/OATP1B3 and the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2. The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown. Co-administration of inhibitors of the uptake transporter (eg. rifampin, ciclosporin) or efflux transporter (eg. ritonavir) may increase the systemic exposure to valsartan. Exercise appropriate care when initiating or ending concomitant treatment with such drugs.
\*\*\*No interaction\*\*\*
In drug interaction studies with valsartan, no interactions of clinical significance have been found with valsartan or any of the following substances: cimetidine, warfarin, furosemide, digoxin, atenolol, indomethacin, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, glibenclamide. Digoxin and indomethacin could interact with the hydrochlorothiazide component of Co-Diovan (see interactions related to hydrochlorothiazide).
\*\*Interactions related to hydrochlorothiazide\*\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use requiring caution\*\*\*
\*Medicinal products affecting serum potassium level\*
The hypokalaemic effect of hydrochlorothiazide may be increased by concomitant administration of kaliuretic diuretics, corticosteroids, laxatives, ACTH, amphotericin, carbenoxolone, penicillin G, salicylic acid and derivatives.
If these medicinal products are to be prescribed with the hydrochlorothiazide-valsartan combination, monitoring of potassium plasma levels is advised (see section 4.4).
\*\*\*Medicinal products that could induce torsades de pointes\*\*\*
Due to the risk of hypokalaemia, hydrochlorothiazide should be administered with caution when associated with medicinal products that could induce torsades de pointes, in particular Class Ia and Class III antiarrhythmics and some antipsychotics.
\*\*\*Medicinal products affecting serum sodium level\*\*\*
The hyponatraemic effect of diuretics may be intensified by concomitant administration of drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiepileptics, etc. Caution is advised in long-term administration of these drugs.
\*\*\*Digitalis glycosides\*\*\*
Thiazide-induced hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia may occur as undesirable effects favouring the onset of digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias (see section 4.4).
\*\*\*Calcium salts and vitamin D\*\*\*
Administration of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, with vitamin D or with calcium salts may potentiate the rise in serum calcium. Concomitant use of thiazide type diuretics with calcium salts may cause hypercalcaemia in patients pre-disposed for hypercalcaemia (e.g. hyperparathyroidism, malignancy or vitamin-D-mediated conditions) by increasing tubular calcium reabsorption.
\*\*\*Antidiabetic agents\*\*\* \*\*(oral agents and insulin)\*\*
Thiazides may alter glucose tolerance. Dose adjustment of the antidiabetic medicinal product may be necessary.
Metformin should be used with caution because of the risk of lactic acidosis induced by possible functional renal failure linked to hydrochlorothiazide.
\*\*\*Beta blockers and diazoxide\*\*\*
Concomitant use of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, with beta blockers may increase the risk of hyperglycaemia. Thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, may enhance the hyperglycaemic effect of diazoxide.
\*\*\*Medicinal products used in the treatment of gout\*\*\* \*\*(probenecid, sulfinpyrazone and allopurinol)\*\*
Dose adjustment of uricosuric medications may be necessary as hydrochlorothiazide may raise the level of serum uric acid. Increase of dosage of probenecid or sulfinpyrazone may be necessary. Co-administration of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, may increase the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol.
\*\*\*Anticholinergic agents\*\*\* \*\*\*and other medicinal products affecting gastric motility\*\*\*
The bioavailability of thiazide-type diuretics may be increased by anticholinergic agents (e.g. atropine, biperiden), apparently due to a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and the stomach emptying rate. Conversely, it is anticipated that prokinetic drugs such as cisapride may decrease the bioavailability of thiazide-type diuretics.
\*\*\*Amantadine\*\*\*
Thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide, may increase the risk of adverse effects caused by amantadine.
\*\*\*Ion exchange resins\*\*\*
Absorption of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, is decreased by cholestyramine or colestipol. This could result in sub-therapeutic effects of thiazide diuretics. However, staggering the dosage of hydrochlorothiazide and resin such that hydrochlorothiazide is administered at least 4 h before or 4-6 h after the administration of resins would potentially minimise the interaction.
\*\*\*Cytotoxic agents\*\*\*
Thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide, may reduce renal excretion of cytotoxic agents (e.g. cyclophosamide, methotrexate) and potentiate their myelosuppressive effects.
\*\*\*Non-depolarising skeletal muscle relaxants\*\*\* \*\*(e.g. tubocurarine)\*\*
Thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide, potentiate the action of skeletal muscle relaxants such as curare derivatives.
\*\*\*Ciclosporin\*\*\*
Concomitant treatment with ciclosporin may increase the risk of hyperuricaemia and gout-type complications.
\*\*\*Alcohol, barbiturates or narcotics\*\*\*
Concomitant administration of thiazide diuretics with substances that also have a blood pressure lowering effect (e.g. by reducing sympathetic central nervous system activity or direct vasodilatation activity) may potentiate orthostatic hypotension.
\*\*\*Methyldopa\*\*\*
There have been isolated reports of haemolytic anaemia in patients receiving concomitant treatment with methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide.
\*\*\*Iodine contrast media\*\*\*
In case of diuretic-induced dehydration, there is an increased risk of acute renal failure, especially with high doses of the iodine product. Patients should be rehydrated before the administration.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*\*Pregnancy\*\*\*
\*\*Valsartan\*\*
| |
| --- |
| The use of Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (AIIRAs) is not recommended during first trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.4). The use of AIIRAs is contra-indicated during the second and third trimester of pregnancy (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). |
Epidemiological evidence regarding the risk of teratogenicity following exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been conclusive; however a small increase in risk cannot be excluded. Whilst there is no controlled epidemiological data on the risk with Angiotensin II Receptor Inhibitors (AIIRAs), similar risks may exist for this class of drugs. Unless continued AIIRAs therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with AIIRAs should be stopped immediately and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started.
AIIRAs therapy exposure during the second and third trimesters is known to induce human fetotoxicity (decreased renal function, oligohydramnios, skull ossification retardation) and neonatal toxicity (renal failure, hypotension, hyperkalaemia) (see also section 5.3).
Should exposure to AIIRAs have occurred from the second trimester of pregnancy, ultrasound check of renal function and skull is recommended.
Infants whose mothers have taken AIIRAs should be closely observed for hypotension (see also section 4.3 and 4.4).
\*\*Hydrochlorothiazide\*\*
There is limited experience with hydrochlorothiazide during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. Animal studies are insufficient. Hydrochlorothiazide crosses the placenta. Based on the pharmacological mechanism of action of hydrochlorothiazide its use during the second and third trimester may compromise foeto-placental perfusion and may cause foetal and neonatal effects like icterus, disturbance of electrolyte balance and thrombocytopenia.
\*\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*\*
No information is available regarding the use of valsartan during breastfeeding. Hydrochlorothiazide is excreted in human milk.. Therefore the use of Co-Diovan during breast feeding is not recommended. Alternative treatments with better established safety profiles during breast-feeding are preferable, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effect of Co-Diovan, on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. When driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account that occasionally dizziness or weariness may occur.4.8 Undesirable effects
Adverse drug reactions reported in clinical trials and laboratory findings occurring more frequently with valsartan plus hydrochlorothiazide versus placebo and individual postmarketing reports are presented below according to system organ class. Adverse drug reactions known to occur with each component given individually but which have not been seen in clinical trials may occur during treatment with valsartan/ hydrochlorothiazide.
\*\*\*\*Adverse Drug Reactions\*\*\*\*
Adverse drug reactions are ranked by frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000 to \*<\* 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000); not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data).
Within each frequency grouping, adverse drug reactions are ranked in order of decreasing seriousness.
\*\*Table 1. Frequency of adverse reactions with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Dehydration |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare | Dizziness |
| Uncommon | Paraesthesia |
| Not known | Syncope |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Vision blurred |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Tinnitus |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Hypotension |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Cough |
| Not known | Non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare | Diarrhoea |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Myalgia |
| Very rare | Arthralgia |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Impaired renal function |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Fatigue |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* | |
| Not known | Serum uric acid increased, Serum bilirubin and Serum creatinine increased, Hypokalaemia, Hyponatraemia, Elevation of Blood Urea Nitrogen, Neutropenia |
\*\*Additional information on the individual components\*\*
Adverse reactions previously reported with one of the individual components may be potential undesirable effects with Co-Diovan as well, even if not observed in clinical trials or during postmarketing period.
\*\*Table 2. Frequency of adverse reactions with valsartan\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Decrease in haemoglobin, decrease in haematocrit, thrombocytopenia |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Other hypersensitivity/allergic reactions including serum sickness |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Increase of serum potassium, hyponatraemia |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Vertigo |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Vasculitis |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Abdominal pain |
| Very Rare | Intestinal angioedema |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Elevation of liver function values |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Angioedema, dermatitis bullous, rash, pruritus |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Renal failure |
\*\*Table 3. Frequency of adverse reactions with hydrochorothiazide\*\*
Hydrochlorothiazide has been extensively prescribed for many years, frequently in higher doses than those administered with Co-Diovan. The following adverse reactions have been reported in patients treated with monotherapy of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide:
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps)\*\* | |
| Not known | Non-melanoma skin cancer (Basal cell carcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma) |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Thrombocytopenia sometimes with purpura |
| Very rare | Agranulocytosis, leucopenia, haemolytic anaemia, bone marrow failure |
| Not known | Aplastic anemia |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare | Hypersensitivity reactions |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Hypokalaemia, blood lipids increased (mainly at higher doses) |
| Common | Hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperuricaemia |
| Rare | Hypercalcaemia, hyperglycaemia, glycosuria and worsening of diabetic metabolic state |
| Very rare | Hypochloraemic alkalosis |
| \*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Depression, sleep disturbances |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Headache, dizziness, paraesthesia |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Visual impairment |
| Not known | Choroidal effusion, acute angle-closure glaucoma |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Cardiac arrhythmias |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Postural hypotension |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare | Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (see section 4.4), respiratory distress including pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Loss of appetite, mild nausea and vomiting |
| Rare | Constipation, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhoea |
| Very rare | Pancreatitis |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Intrahepatic cholestasis or jaundice |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Renal dysfunction, acute renal failure |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Urticaria and other forms of rash |
| Rare | Photosensitisation |
| Very rare | Necrotising vasculitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus-like reactions, reactivation of cutaneous lupus erythematosus |
| Not known | Erythema multiforme |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | |
| Not known | Pyrexia, asthenia |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Muscle spasm |
| \*\*Reproductive system and breast disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Impotence |
\*\*Description of selected adverse reactions\*\*
Non-melanoma skin cancer: based on available data from epidemiological studies, cumulative dose dependent association between hydrochlorothiazide and NMSC has been observed (see also sections 4.4 and 5.1).
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.4.9 Overdose
\*\*\*Symptoms\*\*\*
Overdose with valsartan may result in marked hypotension, which could lead to depressed level of consciousness, circulatory collapse and/or shock. In addition, the following signs and symptoms may occur due to an overdose of the hydrochlorothiazide component: nausea, somnolence, hypovolaemia, and electrolyte disturbances associated with cardiac arrhythmias and muscle spasms.
\*\*\*Treatment\*\*\*
The therapeutic measures depend on the time of ingestion and the type and severity of the symptoms, stabilisation of the circulatory condition being of prime importance.
If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and salt and volume supplementation should be given rapidly.
Valsartan cannot be eliminated by means of haemodialysis because of its strong plasma binding behaviour whereas clearance of hydrochlorothiazide will be achieved by dialysis.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Angiotensin II antagonists and diuretics, valsartan and diuretics; ATC code: C09D A03
\*\*\*Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
\*\*Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets only:\*\*
In a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled trial in patients not adequately controlled on hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (14.9/11.3 mmHg) compared to hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (5.2/2.9 mmHg) and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (6.8/5.7 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (60%) compared to hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (25%) and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (27%).
In a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled trial in patients not adequately controlled on valsartan 80 mg, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (9.8/8.2 mmHg) compared to valsartan 80 mg (3.9/5.1 mmHg) and valsartan 160 mg (6.5/6.2 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (51%) compared to valsartan 80 mg (36%) and valsartan 160 mg (37%).
In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, factorial design trial comparing various dose combinations of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide to their respective components, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (16.5/11.8 mmHg) compared to placebo (1.9/4.1 mmHg) and both hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (7.3/7.2 mmHg) and valsartan 80 mg (8.8/8.6 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (64%) compared to placebo (29%) and hydrochlorothiazide (41%).
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg and 160/25mg Tablets only:\*\*
In a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled trial in patients not adequately controlled on hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/ hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (12.4/7.5 mmHg) compared to hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (5.6/2.1 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (BP <140/90 mmHg or SBP reduction ≥20 mmHg or DBP reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (50%) compared to hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (25%).
In a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled trial in patients not adequately controlled on valsartan 160 mg, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with both the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/25 mg (14.6/11.9 mmHg) and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (12.4/10.4 mmHg) compared to valsartan 160 mg (8.7/8.8 mmHg). The difference in BP reductions between the 160/25 mg and 160/12.5 mg doses also reached statistical significance. In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/25 mg (68%) and 160/12.5 mg (62%) compared to valsartan 160 mg (49%).
In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, factorial design trial comparing various dose combinations of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide to their respective components, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (17.8/13.5 mmHg) and 160/25 mg (22.5/15.3 mmHg) compared to placebo (1.9/4.1 mmHg) and the respective monotherapies, i.e., hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (7.3/7.2 mmHg), hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (12.7/9.3 mmHg) and valsartan 160 mg (12.1/9.4 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/25 mg (81%) and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (76%) compared to placebo (29%) and the respective monotherapies, i.e., hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (41%), hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (54%), and valsartan 160 mg (59%).
\*\*Co-Diovan 80/12.5mg, 160/12.5 mg and 160/25mg Tablets:\*\*
Dose-dependent decreases in serum potassium occurred in controlled clinical studies with valsartan + hydrochlorothiazide. Reduction in serum potassium occurred more frequently in patients given 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide than in those given 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide. In controlled clinical trials with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide the potassium lowering effect of hydrochlorothiazide was attenuated by the potassium-sparing effect of valsartan.
Beneficial effects of valsartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity are currently unknown.
Epidemiological studies have shown that long-term treatment with hydrochlorothiazide reduces the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.
\*\*\*Valsartan\*\*\*
Valsartan is an orally active and specific angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor antagonist. It acts selectively on the AT1 receptor subtype, which is responsible for the known actions of angiotensin II. The increased plasma levels of Ang II following AT1 receptor blockade with valsartan may stimulate the unblocked AT2 receptor, which appears to counterbalance the effect of the AT1 receptor. Valsartan does not exhibit any partial agonist activity at the AT1 receptor and has much (about 20,000 fold) greater affinity for the AT1 receptor than for the AT2 receptor. Valsartan is not known to bind to or block other hormone receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation.
Valsartan does not inhibit ACE, also known as kininase II, which converts Ang I to Ang II and degrades bradykinin. Since there is no effect on ACE and no potentiation of bradykinin or substance P, angiotensin II antagonists are unlikely to be associated with coughing. In clinical trials where valsartan was compared with an ACE inhibitor, the incidence of dry cough was significantly (P <0.05) lower in patients treated with valsartan than in those treated with an ACE inhibitor (2.6% versus 7.9% respectively). In a clinical trial of patients with a history of dry cough during ACE inhibitor therapy, 19.5% of trial subjects receiving valsartan and 19.0% of those receiving a thiazide diuretic experienced cough compared to 68.5% of those treated with an ACE inhibitor (P <0.05).
Administration of valsartan to patients with hypertension results in reduction of blood pressure without affecting pulse rate. In most patients, after administration of a single oral dose, onset of antihypertensive activity occurs within 2 hours, and the peak reduction of blood pressure is achieved within 4-6 hours. The antihypertensive effect persists over 24 hours after dosing. During repeated dosing, the maximum reduction in blood pressure with any dose is generally attained within 2-4 weeks and is sustained during long-term therapy. Combined with hydrochlorothiazide, a significant additional reduction in blood pressure is achieved.
Abrupt withdrawal of valsartan has not been associated with rebound hypertension or other adverse clinical events.
In hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, valsartan has been shown to reduce the urinary excretion of albumin. The MARVAL (Micro Albuminuria Reduction with Valsartan) study assessed the reduction in urinary albumin excretion (UAE) with valsartan (80-160 mg/od) versus amlodipine (5-10 mg/od), in 332 type 2 diabetic patients (mean age: 58 years; 265 men) with microalbuminuria (valsartan: 58 µg/min; amlodipine: 55.4 µg/min), normal or high blood pressure and with preserved renal function (blood creatinine <120 µmol/l). At 24 weeks, UAE was reduced (p <0.001) by 42% (–24.2 µg/min; 95% CI: –40.4 to –19.1) with valsartan and approximately 3% (–1.7 µg/min; 95% CI: –5.6 to 14.9) with amlodipine despite similar rates of blood pressure reduction in both groups. The Diovan Reduction of Proteinuria (DROP) study further examined the efficacy of valsartan in reducing UAE in 391 hypertensive patients (BP=150/88 mmHg) with type 2 diabetes, albuminuria (mean=102 µg/min; 20–700 µg/min) and preserved renal function (mean serum creatinine = 80 µmol/l). Patients were randomised to one of 3 doses of valsartan (160, 320 and 640 mg/od) and treated for 30 weeks. The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal dose of valsartan for reducing UAE in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. At 30 weeks, the percentage change in UAE was significantly reduced by 36% from baseline with valsartan 160 mg (95%CI: 22 to 47%), and by 44% with valsartan 320 mg (95%CI: 31 to 54%). It was concluded that 160-320 mg of valsartan produced clinically relevant reductions in UAE in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
\*\*Other: dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)\*\*
Two large randomised, controlled trials (ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial) and VA NEPHRON-D (The Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes)) have examined the use of the combination of an ACE-inhibitor with an angiotensin II receptor blocker.
ONTARGET was a study conducted in patients with a history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, or type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by evidence of end-organ damage. VA NEPHRON-D was a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.
These studies have shown no significant beneficial effect on renal and/or cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, while an increased risk of hyperkalaemia, acute kidney injury and/or hypotension as compared to monotherapy was observed. Given their similar pharmacodynamic properties, these results are also relevant for other ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers.
ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should therefore not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
ALTITUDE (Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardiovascular and Renal Disease Endpoints) was a study designed to test the benefit of adding aliskiren to a standard therapy of an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or both. The study was terminated early because of an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Cardiovascular death and stroke were both numerically more frequent in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group and adverse events and serious adverse events of interest (hyperkalaemia, hypotension and renal dysfunction) were more frequently reported in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group.
\*\*\*Hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
The site of action of thiazide diuretics is primarily in the renal distal convoluted tubule. It has been shown that there is a high-affinity receptor in the renal cortex as the primary binding site for the thiazide diuretic action and inhibition of NaCl transport in the distal convoluted tubule. The mode of action of thiazides is through inhibition of the Na+Cl- symporter perhaps by competing for the Cl- site, thereby affecting electrolyte reabsorption mechanisms:directly increasing sodium and chloride excretion to an approximately equal extent, and indirectly by this diuretic action reducing plasma volume, with consequent increases in plasma renin activity, aldosterone secretion and urinary potassium loss, and a decrease in serum potassium. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin II, so with co-administration of valsartan the reduction in serum potassium is less pronounced as observed under monotherapy with hydrochlorothiazide.
\*\*Non-melanoma skin cancer:\*\*
Based on available data from epidemiological studies, cumulative dose-dependent association between hydrochlorothiazide and NMSC has been observed. One study included a population comprised of 71,533 cases of BCC and of 8,629 cases of SCC matched to 1,430,833 and 172,462 population controls, respectively. High hydrochlorothiazide use (≥50,000 mg cumulative) was associated with an adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.29 (95% CI: 1.23-1.35) for BCC and 3.98 (95% CI: 3.68-4.31) for SCC. A clear cumulative dose response relationship was observed for both BCC and SCC. Another study showed a possible association between lip cancer (SCC) and exposure to hydrochlorothiazide: 633 cases of lip-cancer were matched with 63,067 population controls, using a risk-set sampling strategy. A cumulative dose- response relationship was demonstrated with an adjusted OR 2.1 (95% CI: 1.7-2.6) increasing to OR 3.9 (3.0-4.9) for high use (~25,000 mg) and OR 7.7 (5.7-10.5) for the highest cumulative dose (~100,000 mg) (see also section 4.4).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*\*Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
The systemic availability of hydrochlorothiazide is reduced by about 30% when co-administered with valsartan. The kinetics of valsartan are not markedly affected by the co-administration of hydrochlorothiazide. This observed interaction has no impact on the combined use of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, since controlled clinical trials have shown a clear anti-hypertensive effect, greater than that obtained with either active substance given alone, or placebo.
\*\*\*Valsartan\*\*\*
\*Absorption\*
Following oral administration of valsartan alone, peak plasma concentrations of valsartan are reached in 2–4 hours. Mean absolute bioavailability is 23%. Food decreases exposure (as measured by AUC) to valsartan by about 40% and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) by about 50%, although from about 8 h post dosing plasma valsartan concentrations are similar for the fed and fasted groups. This reduction in AUC is not, however, accompanied by a clinically significant reduction in the therapeutic effect, and valsartan can therefore be given either with or without food.
\*\*\*Distribution\*\*\*
The steady-state volume of distribution of valsartan after intravenous administration is about 17 litres, indicating that valsartan does not distribute into tissues extensively. Valsartan is highly bound to serum proteins (94 – 97%), mainly serum albumin.
\*Biotransformation\*
Valsartan is not biotransformed to a high extent as only about 20% of dose is recovered as metabolites. A hydroxy metabolite has been identified in plasma at low concentrations (less than 10% of the valsartan AUC). This metabolite is pharmacologically inactive.
\*\*\*Elimination\*\*\*
Valsartan shows multiexponential decay kinetics (t½α <1 h and t½ß about 9 h). Valsartan is primarily eliminated in faeces (about 83% of dose) and urine (about 13% of dose), mainly as unchanged drug. Following intravenous administration, plasma clearance of valsartan is about 2 l/h and its renal clearance is 0.62 l/h (about 30% of total clearance). The half-life of valsartan is 6 hours.
\*\*\*Hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
\*Absorption\*
The absorption of hydrochlorothiazide, after an oral dose, is rapid (tmax about 2 h). The increase in mean AUC is linear and dose proportional in the therapeutic range.
The effect of food on hydrochlorothiazide absorption, if any, has little clinical significance. Absolute bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide is 70% after oral administration.
\*\*\*Distribution\*\*\*
The apparent volume of distribution is 4–8 l/kg.
Circulating hydrochlorothiazide is bound to serum proteins (40–70%), mainly serum albumin. Hydrochlorothiazide also accumulates in erythrocytes at approximately 3 times the level in plasma.
\*\*\*Elimination\*\*\*
Hydrochlorothiazide is eliminated predominantly as unchanged drug. Hydrochlorothiazide is eliminated from plasma with a half-life averaging 6 to 15 hours in the terminal elimination phase. There is no change in the kinetics of hydrochlorothiazide on repeated dosing, and accumulation is minimal when dosed once daily. There is more than 95% of the absorbed dose being excreted as unchanged compound in the urine. The renal clearance is composed of passive filtration and active secretion into the renal tubule.
\*\*\*Special populations\*\*\*
\*\*\*Older people\*\*\*
A somewhat higher systemic exposure to valsartan was observed in some elderly subjects than in young subjects; however, this has not been shown to have any clinical significance.
Limited data suggest that the systemic clearance of hydrochlorothiazide is reduced in both healthy and hypertensive elderly subjects compared to young healthy volunteers.
\*\*\*Renal impairment\*\*\*
At the recommended dose of Co-Diovan, no dose adjustment is required for patients with a Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of 30–70 ml/min.
In patients with severe renal impairment (GFR <30 ml/min) and patients undergoing dialysis no data are available for Co-Diovan. Valsartan is highly bound to plasma protein and is not to be removed by dialysis, whereas clearance of hydrochlorothiazide will be achieved by dialysis.
In the presence of renal impairment, mean peak plasma levels and AUC values of hydrochlorothiazide are increased and the urinary excretion rate is reduced. In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, a 3-fold increase in hydrochlorothiazide AUC has been observed. In patients with severe renal impairment an 8-fold increase in AUC has been observed. Hydrochlorothiazide is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (see section 4.3).
\*\*\*Hepatic impairment\*\*\*
In a pharmacokinetics trial in patients with mild (n=6) to moderate (n=5) hepatic dysfunction, exposure to valsartan was increased approximately 2-fold compared with healthy volunteers (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
There is no data available on the use of valsartan in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction (see section 4.3). Hepatic disease does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide.5.3 Preclinical safety data
The potential toxicity of the valsartan - hydrochlorothiazide combination after oral administration was investigated in rats and marmosets in studies lasting up to six months. No findings emerged that would exclude the use of therapeutic doses in man.
The changes produced by the combination in the chronic toxicity studies are most likely to have been caused by the valsartan component. The toxicological target organ was the kidney, the reaction being more marked in the marmoset than the rat. The combination led to kidney damage (nephropathy with tubular basophilia, rises in plasma urea, plasma creatinine and serum potassium, increases in urine volume and urinary electrolytes from 30 mg/kg/day valsartan + 9 mg/kg/day hydrochlorothiazide in rats and 10 + 3 mg/kg/d in marmosets), probably by way of altered renal haemodynamics. These doses in rat, respectively, represent 0.9 and 3.5–times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. These doses in marmoset, respectively, represent 0.3 and 1.2–times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. (Calculations assume an oral dose of 320 mg/day valsartan in combination with 25 mg/day hydrochlorothiazide and a 60-kg patient.)
High doses of the valsartan - hydrochlorothiazide combination caused falls in red blood cell indices (red cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, from 100 + 31 mg/kg/d in rats and 30 + 9 mg/kg/d in marmosets). These doses in rat, respectively, represent 3.0 and 12 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. These doses in marmoset, respectively, represent 0.9 and 3.5 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. (Calculations assume an oral dose of 320 mg/day valsartan in combination with 25 mg/day hydrochlorothiazide and a 60-kg patient).
In marmosets, damage was observed in the gastric mucosa (from 30 + 9 mg/kg/d). The combination also led in the kidney to hyperplasia of the afferent aterioles (at 600 + 188 mg/kg/d in rats and from 30 + 9 mg/kg/d in marmosets). These doses in marmoset, respectively, represent 0.9 and 3.5 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. These doses in rat, respectively, represent 18 and 73 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. (Calculations assume an oral dose of 320 mg/day valsartan in combination with 25 mg/day hydrochlorothiazide and a 60-kg patient).
The above mentioned effects appear to be due to the pharmacological effects of high valsartan doses (blockade of angiotensin II-induced inhibition of renin release, with stimulation of the renin-producing cells) and also occur with ACE inhibitors. These findings appear to have no relevance to the use of therapeutic doses of valsartan in humans.
The valsartan - hydrochlorothiazide combination was not tested for mutagenicity, chromosomal breakage or carcinogenicity, since there is no evidence of interaction between the two substances. However, these tests were performed separately with valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, and produced no evidence of mutagenicity, chromosomal breakage or carcinogenicity.
In rats, maternally toxic doses of valsartan (600 mg/kg/day) during the last days of gestation and lactation led to lower survival, lower weight gain and delayed development (pinna detachment and ear-canal opening) in the offspring (see section 4.6). These doses in rats (600 mg/kg/day) are approximately 18 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis (calculations assume an oral dose of 320 mg/day and a 60-kg patient). Similar findings were seen with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide in rats and rabbits. In embryo-fetal development (Segment II) studies with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide in rat and rabbit, there was no evidence of teratogenicity; however, fetotoxicity associated with maternal toxicity was observed.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
\*\*Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets:\*\*
\*\*\*\*Core:\*\*\*\*
Microcrystalline cellulose
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Crospovidone
Magnesium stearate
\*\*\*\*Coating:\*\*\*\*
Hypromellose
Macrogol 8000
Talc
Red iron oxide (E172)
Yellow iron oxide (E172)
Titanium dioxide (E171).
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets:\*\*
\*\*\*\*Core:\*\*\*\*
Microcrystalline cellulose
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Crospovidone
Magnesium stearate
\*\*\*\*Coating:\*\*\*\*
Hypromellose,
Macrogol 8000
Talc
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Red iron oxide (E172)
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets:\*\*
\*\*\*\*Core:\*\*\*\*
Microcrystalline cellulose
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Crospovidone
Magnesium stearate
\*\*\*\*Coating:\*\*\*\*
Hypromellose
Macrogol 8000
Talc
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Red iron oxide (E172)
Yellow iron oxide (E172)
Black iron oxide (E172)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 30°C.
Store in the original package in order to protect from moisture.6.5 Nature and contents of container
PVC/PE/PVDC, PVC/PVDC aluminium blister packs containing 28, 56 and 98 tablets per pack.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
No specific instructions for use/handling.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets: Each film-coated tablet contains 80mg valsartan and 12.5mg hydrochlorothiazide.
Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets: Each film-coated tablet contains 160mg valsartan and 12.5mg hydrochlorothiazide.
Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets: Each film-coated tablet contains 160mg valsartan and 25mg hydrochlorothiazide.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
\*\*Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets:\*\*
Oval, non-divisible, film-coated tablets measuring approx. 10.2 to 5.4mm in diameter and 3.7mm in thickness, and weighing approx. 156mg. The tablets are coloured light orange and imprinted with HGH on one side and CG on the other side.
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets:\*\*
Oval, non-divisible, film-coated tablets measuring approximately 15.2 mm by 6.2 mm and 4.4 mm in thickness, and weighing approximately 312 mg. The tablets are coloured dark red and imprinted with HHH on one side and CG on the other side.
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets:\*\*
Oval, non-divisible, film-coated tablets measuring approximately 14.2 mm by 5.7 mm and 4.5 mm in thickness, and weighing approximately 310 mg. The tablets are coloured brown orange and imprinted with HXH on one side and NVR on the other side.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of essential hypertension in adults.
Co-Diovan fixed-dose combination is indicated in patients whose blood pressure is not adequately controlled on valsartan or hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy.4.2 Posology and method of administration
\*\*\*Posology\*\*\*
The recommended dose of Co-Diovan 80/12.5mg is one film-coated tablet once daily. Dose titration with the individual components is recommended. In each case, up-titration of individual components to the next dose should be followed in order to reduce the risk of hypotension and other adverse events.
When clinically appropriate direct change from monotherapy to the fixed combination may be considered in patients whose blood pressure is not adequately controlled on valsartan or hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy, provided the recommended dose titration sequence for the individual components is followed.
The clinical response to Co-Diovan should be evaluated after initiating therapy and if blood pressure remains uncontrolled, the dose may be increased by increasing either one of the components to a maximum dose of Co-Diovan 320 mg/25 mg.
The antihypertensive effect is substantially present within 2 weeks.
In most patients, maximal effects are observed within 4 weeks. However, in some patients, 4-8 weeks treatment may be required. This should be taken into account during dose titration.
\*\*\*Method of administration\*\*\*
Co-Diovan can be taken with or without food and should be administered with water.
\*\*\*Special populations\*\*\*
\*\*\*Patients with renal impairment\*\*\*
No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) ≥ 30 ml/min). Due to the hydrochlorothiazide component, Co-Diovan is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR < 30 mL/min) and anuria (see sections 4.3, 4.4 and 5.2).
\*\*\*Patients with hepatic impairment\*\*\*
In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment without cholestasis the dose of valsartan should not exceed 80 mg (see section 4.4). No adjustment of the hydrochlorothiazide dose is required for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Due to the valsartan component, Co-Diovan is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment or with biliary cirrhosis and cholestasis (see sections 4.3, 4.4 and 5.2).
\*\*\*Older people\*\*\*
No dose adjustment is required in elderly patients.
\*\*\*Paediatric patients\*\*\*
Co-Diovan is not recommended for use in children below the age of 18 years due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy.4.3 Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to active substances, other sulfonamide-derived medicinal products or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
- Second and third trimester of pregnancy (section 4.4 and 4.6).
- Severe hepatic impairment, biliary cirrhosis and cholestasis.
- Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min), anuria.
- Refractory hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypercalcaemia, and symptomatic hyperuricaemia.
- Concomitant use of Co-Diovan with aliskiren containing products in patients with diabetes mellitus or renal impairment (GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2) (see sections 4.5 and 5.1).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
\*\*Serum electrolyte changes\*\*
\*\*\*Valsartan\*\*\*
Concomitant use with potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics, salt substitutes containing potassium, or other agents that may increase potassium levels (heparin, etc.) is not recommended. Monitoring of potassium should be undertaken as appropriate.
\*\*\*Hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
Hypokalaemia has been reported under treatment with thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide. Frequent monitoring of serum potassium is recommended.
Treatment with thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, has been associated with hyponatraemia and hypochloraemic alkalosis. Thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide, increase the urinary excretion of magnesium, which may result in hypomagnesaemia. Calcium excretion is decreased by thiazide diuretics. This may result in hypercalcaemia.
As for any patient receiving diuretic therapy, periodic determination of serum electrolytes should be performed at appropriate intervals.
\*\*\*Sodium and/or volume-depleted patients\*\*\*
Patients receiving thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, should be observed for clinical signs of fluid or electrolyte imbalance.
In severely sodium-depleted and/or volume-depleted patients, such as those receiving high doses of diuretics, symptomatic hypotension may occur in rare cases after initiation of therapy with Co-Diovan. Sodium and/or volume depletion should be corrected before starting treatment with Co-Diovan.
\*\*\*Patients with severe chronic heart failure or other conditions with stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system\*\*\*
In patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (e.g. patients with severe congestive heart failure), treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors has been associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotaemia, and in rare cases with acute renal failure and/or death. Evaluation of patients with heart failure or post-myocardial infarction should always include assessment of renal function. The use of Co-Diovan in patients with severe chronic heart failure has not been established.
Hence it cannot be excluded that because of the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system the application of Co-Diovan as well may be associated with impairment of the renal function. Co-Diovan should not be used in these patients.
\*\*\*Renal artery stenosis\*\*\*
Co-Diovan should not be used to treat hypertension in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a solitary kidney, since blood urea and serum creatinine may increase in such patients.
\*\*\*Primary hyperaldosteronism\*\*\*
Patients with primary hyperaldosteronism should not be treated with Co-Diovan as their renin-angiotensin system is not activated.
\*\*\*Aortic and mitral valve stenosis, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy\*\*\*
As with all other vasodilators, special caution is indicated in patients suffering from aortic or mitral stenosis, or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).
\*\*\*Renal impairment\*\*\*
No dosage adjustment is required for patients with renal impairment with a creatinine clearance ≥30 ml/min (see section 4.2). Periodic monitoring of serum potassium, creatinine and uric acid levels is recommended when Co-Diovan is used in patients with renal impairment.
\*\*\*Kidney transplantation\*\*\*
There is currently no experience on the safe use of Co-Diovan in patients who have recently undergone kidney transplantation.
\*\*\*Hepatic impairment\*\*\*
In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment without cholestasis\*,\* Co-Diovan should be used with caution (see sections 4.2 and 5.2)\*.\* Thiazides should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function or progressive liver disease, since minor alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance may precipitate hepatic coma.
\*\*\*History of angioedema\*\*\*
Angioedema, including swelling of the larynx and glottis, causing airway obstruction and/or swelling of the face, lips, pharynx, and/or tongue has been reported in patients treated with valsartan; some of these patients previously experienced angioedema with other drugs including ACE inhibitors. Co-Diovan should be immediately discontinued in patients who develop angioedema, and Co-Diovan should not be re-administered (see section 4.8).
\*\*\*Systemic lupus erythematosus\*\*\*
Thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, have been reported to exacerbate or activate systemic lupus erythematosus.
\*\*\*Other metabolic disturbances\*\*\*
Thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, may alter glucose tolerance and raise serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid. In diabetic patients dosage adjustments of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents may be required.
Thiazides may reduce urinary calcium excretion and cause an intermittent and slight elevation of serum calcium in the absence of known disorders of calcium metabolism. Marked hypercalcaemia may be evidence of underlying hyperparathyroidism. Thiazides should be discontinued before carrying out tests for parathyroid function.
\*\*\*Photosensitivity\*\*\*
Cases of photosensitivity reactions have been reported with thiazide diuretics (see section 4.8). If photosensitivity reaction occurs during treatment, it is recommended to stop the treatment. If a re-administration of the diuretic is deemed necessary, it is recommended to protect exposed areas to the sun or to artificial UVA.
\*\*\*Pregnancy\*\*\*
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (AIIRAs) should not be initiated during pregnancy. Unless continued AIIRAs therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with AIIRAs should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started (see sections 4.3 and 4.6).
\*\*\*General\*\*\*
Caution should be exercised in patients who have shown prior hypersensitivity to other angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Hypersensitivity reactions to hydrochlorothiazide are more likely in patients with allergy and asthma.
\*\*\*Choroidal effusion, acute myopia and secondary acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma\*\*\*
Hydrochlorothiazide, a sulfonamide, has been associated with an idiosyncratic reaction resulting in choroidal effusion with visual field defect, acute transient myopia and acute angle-closure glaucoma. Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity or ocular pain and typically occur within hours to weeks of a drug initiation. Untreated acute-angle closure glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss.
The primary treatment is to discontinue hydrochlorothiazide as rapidly as possible. Prompt medical or surgical treatment may need to be considered if the intraocular pressure remains uncontrolled. Risk factors for developing acute angle closure glaucoma may include a history of sulfonamide or penicillin allergy.
\*\*\*Dual Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)\*\*\*
There is evidence that the concomitant use of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren increases the risk of hypotension, hyperkalaemia, and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure). Dual blockade of the RAAS through the combined use of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is therefore not recommended (see section 4.5 and 5.1).
If dual blockade therapy is considered absolutely necessary, this should only occur under specialist supervision and subject to frequent close monitoring of renal function, electrolytes and blood pressure. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
\*\*\*Non-melanoma skin cancer\*\*\*
An increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) [basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)] with increasing cumulative dose of hydrochlorothiazide exposure has been observed in two epidemiological studies based on the Danish National Cancer Registry. Photosensitising actions of hydrochlorothiazide could act as a possible mechanism for NMSC.
Patients taking hydrochlorothiazide should be informed of the risk of NMSC and advised to regularly check their skin for any new lesions and promptly report any suspicious skin lesions. Possible preventive measures such as limited exposure to sunlight and UV rays and, in case of exposure, adequate protection should be advised to the patients in order to minimize the risk of skin cancer. Suspicious skin lesions should be promptly examined potentially including histological examinations of biopsies. The use of hydrochlorothiazide may also need to be reconsidered in patients who have experienced previous NMSC (see also section 4.8).
\*\*\*Acute respiratory toxicity\*\*\*
Very rare severe cases of acute respiratory toxicity, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), have been reported after taking hydrochlorothiazide. Pulmonary oedema typically develops within minutes to hours after hydrochlorothiazide intake. At the onset, symptoms include dyspnoea, fever, pulmonary deterioration and hypotension. If diagnosis of ARDS is suspected, Diovan Comp should be withdrawn, and appropriate treatment given. Hydrochlorothiazide should not be administered to patients who previously experienced ARDS following hydrochlorothiazide intake.
\*\*\*Intestinal angioedema\*\*\*
Intestinal angioedema has been reported in patients treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including valsartan (see section 4.8). These patients presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Symptoms resolved after discontinuation of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. If intestinal angioedema is diagnosed, Co-Diovan should be discontinued, and appropriate monitoring should be initiated until complete resolution of symptoms has occurred.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
\*\*Interactions related to both valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide\*\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use not recommended\*\*\*
\*\*\*Lithium\*\*\*
Reversible increases in serum lithium concentrations and toxicity have been reported during concomitant administration of lithium with ACE inhibitors, angiontensin II receptor antagonist or thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide. Since renal clearance of lithium is reduced by thiazides, the risk of lithium toxicity may presumably be increased further with Co-Diovan. If the combination proves necessary, a careful monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended.
\*\*\*Concomitant use requiring caution\*\*\*
\*\*\*Other antihypertensive agents\*\*\*
Co-Diovan may increase the effects of other agents with antihypertensive properties (e.g. guanethidine, methyldopa, vasodilators, ACEI, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and DRIs).
\*\*\*Pressor amines\*\*\* \*\*\*(e.g. noradrenaline, adrenaline)\*\*\*
Possible decreased response to pressor amines. The clinical significance of this effect is uncertain and not sufficient to preclude their use.
\*\*\*Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), including selective\*\*\* COX\*\*\*-2 inhibitors, acetylsalicylic acid (>3 g/day), and non-selective NSAIDs\*\*.\*
NSAIDS can attenuate the antihypertensive effect of both angiotensin II antagonists and hydrochlorothiazide when administered simultaneously. Furthermore, concomitant use of Co-Diovan and NSAIDs may lead to worsening of renal function and an increase in serum potassium. Therefore, monitoring of renal function at the beginning of the treatment is recommended, as well as adequate hydration of the patient.
\*\*Interactions related to valsartan\*\*
\*\*\*Dual blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) with ARBs, ACEIs, or aliskiren\*\*\*
Clinical trial data has shown that dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) through the combined use of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is associated with a higher frequency of adverse events such as hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to the use of s single RAAS-acting agent (see section 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1).
\*\*\*Concomitant use not recommended\*\*\*
\*Potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, salt substitutes containing potassium and other substances that may increase potassium levels.\*
If a medicinal product that affects potassium levels is considered necessary in combination with valsartan, monitoring of potassium plasma levels is advised.
\*\*\*Transporters\*\*\*
In vitro data indicates that valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1/OATP1B3 and the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2. The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown. Co-administration of inhibitors of the uptake transporter (eg. rifampin, ciclosporin) or efflux transporter (eg. ritonavir) may increase the systemic exposure to valsartan. Exercise appropriate care when initiating or ending concomitant treatment with such drugs.
\*\*\*No interaction\*\*\*
In drug interaction studies with valsartan, no interactions of clinical significance have been found with valsartan or any of the following substances: cimetidine, warfarin, furosemide, digoxin, atenolol, indomethacin, hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, glibenclamide. Digoxin and indomethacin could interact with the hydrochlorothiazide component of Co-Diovan (see interactions related to hydrochlorothiazide).
\*\*Interactions related to hydrochlorothiazide\*\*
\*\*\*Concomitant use requiring caution\*\*\*
\*Medicinal products affecting serum potassium level\*
The hypokalaemic effect of hydrochlorothiazide may be increased by concomitant administration of kaliuretic diuretics, corticosteroids, laxatives, ACTH, amphotericin, carbenoxolone, penicillin G, salicylic acid and derivatives.
If these medicinal products are to be prescribed with the hydrochlorothiazide-valsartan combination, monitoring of potassium plasma levels is advised (see section 4.4).
\*\*\*Medicinal products that could induce torsades de pointes\*\*\*
Due to the risk of hypokalaemia, hydrochlorothiazide should be administered with caution when associated with medicinal products that could induce torsades de pointes, in particular Class Ia and Class III antiarrhythmics and some antipsychotics.
\*\*\*Medicinal products affecting serum sodium level\*\*\*
The hyponatraemic effect of diuretics may be intensified by concomitant administration of drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiepileptics, etc. Caution is advised in long-term administration of these drugs.
\*\*\*Digitalis glycosides\*\*\*
Thiazide-induced hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia may occur as undesirable effects favouring the onset of digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias (see section 4.4).
\*\*\*Calcium salts and vitamin D\*\*\*
Administration of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, with vitamin D or with calcium salts may potentiate the rise in serum calcium. Concomitant use of thiazide type diuretics with calcium salts may cause hypercalcaemia in patients pre-disposed for hypercalcaemia (e.g. hyperparathyroidism, malignancy or vitamin-D-mediated conditions) by increasing tubular calcium reabsorption.
\*\*\*Antidiabetic agents\*\*\* \*\*(oral agents and insulin)\*\*
Thiazides may alter glucose tolerance. Dose adjustment of the antidiabetic medicinal product may be necessary.
Metformin should be used with caution because of the risk of lactic acidosis induced by possible functional renal failure linked to hydrochlorothiazide.
\*\*\*Beta blockers and diazoxide\*\*\*
Concomitant use of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, with beta blockers may increase the risk of hyperglycaemia. Thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, may enhance the hyperglycaemic effect of diazoxide.
\*\*\*Medicinal products used in the treatment of gout\*\*\* \*\*(probenecid, sulfinpyrazone and allopurinol)\*\*
Dose adjustment of uricosuric medications may be necessary as hydrochlorothiazide may raise the level of serum uric acid. Increase of dosage of probenecid or sulfinpyrazone may be necessary. Co-administration of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, may increase the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol.
\*\*\*Anticholinergic agents\*\*\* \*\*\*and other medicinal products affecting gastric motility\*\*\*
The bioavailability of thiazide-type diuretics may be increased by anticholinergic agents (e.g. atropine, biperiden), apparently due to a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and the stomach emptying rate. Conversely, it is anticipated that prokinetic drugs such as cisapride may decrease the bioavailability of thiazide-type diuretics.
\*\*\*Amantadine\*\*\*
Thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide, may increase the risk of adverse effects caused by amantadine.
\*\*\*Ion exchange resins\*\*\*
Absorption of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide, is decreased by cholestyramine or colestipol. This could result in sub-therapeutic effects of thiazide diuretics. However, staggering the dosage of hydrochlorothiazide and resin such that hydrochlorothiazide is administered at least 4 h before or 4-6 h after the administration of resins would potentially minimise the interaction.
\*\*\*Cytotoxic agents\*\*\*
Thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide, may reduce renal excretion of cytotoxic agents (e.g. cyclophosamide, methotrexate) and potentiate their myelosuppressive effects.
\*\*\*Non-depolarising skeletal muscle relaxants\*\*\* \*\*(e.g. tubocurarine)\*\*
Thiazides, including hydrochlorothiazide, potentiate the action of skeletal muscle relaxants such as curare derivatives.
\*\*\*Ciclosporin\*\*\*
Concomitant treatment with ciclosporin may increase the risk of hyperuricaemia and gout-type complications.
\*\*\*Alcohol, barbiturates or narcotics\*\*\*
Concomitant administration of thiazide diuretics with substances that also have a blood pressure lowering effect (e.g. by reducing sympathetic central nervous system activity or direct vasodilatation activity) may potentiate orthostatic hypotension.
\*\*\*Methyldopa\*\*\*
There have been isolated reports of haemolytic anaemia in patients receiving concomitant treatment with methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide.
\*\*\*Iodine contrast media\*\*\*
In case of diuretic-induced dehydration, there is an increased risk of acute renal failure, especially with high doses of the iodine product. Patients should be rehydrated before the administration.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
\*\*\*Pregnancy\*\*\*
\*\*Valsartan\*\*
| |
| --- |
| The use of Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (AIIRAs) is not recommended during first trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.4). The use of AIIRAs is contra-indicated during the second and third trimester of pregnancy (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). |
Epidemiological evidence regarding the risk of teratogenicity following exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been conclusive; however a small increase in risk cannot be excluded. Whilst there is no controlled epidemiological data on the risk with Angiotensin II Receptor Inhibitors (AIIRAs), similar risks may exist for this class of drugs. Unless continued AIIRAs therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with AIIRAs should be stopped immediately and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started.
AIIRAs therapy exposure during the second and third trimesters is known to induce human fetotoxicity (decreased renal function, oligohydramnios, skull ossification retardation) and neonatal toxicity (renal failure, hypotension, hyperkalaemia) (see also section 5.3).
Should exposure to AIIRAs have occurred from the second trimester of pregnancy, ultrasound check of renal function and skull is recommended.
Infants whose mothers have taken AIIRAs should be closely observed for hypotension (see also section 4.3 and 4.4).
\*\*Hydrochlorothiazide\*\*
There is limited experience with hydrochlorothiazide during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. Animal studies are insufficient. Hydrochlorothiazide crosses the placenta. Based on the pharmacological mechanism of action of hydrochlorothiazide its use during the second and third trimester may compromise foeto-placental perfusion and may cause foetal and neonatal effects like icterus, disturbance of electrolyte balance and thrombocytopenia.
\*\*\*Breast-feeding\*\*\*
No information is available regarding the use of valsartan during breastfeeding. Hydrochlorothiazide is excreted in human milk.. Therefore the use of Co-Diovan during breast feeding is not recommended. Alternative treatments with better established safety profiles during breast-feeding are preferable, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effect of Co-Diovan, on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. When driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account that occasionally dizziness or weariness may occur.4.8 Undesirable effects
Adverse drug reactions reported in clinical trials and laboratory findings occurring more frequently with valsartan plus hydrochlorothiazide versus placebo and individual postmarketing reports are presented below according to system organ class. Adverse drug reactions known to occur with each component given individually but which have not been seen in clinical trials may occur during treatment with valsartan/ hydrochlorothiazide.
\*\*\*\*Adverse Drug Reactions\*\*\*\*
Adverse drug reactions are ranked by frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000 to \*<\* 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000); not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data).
Within each frequency grouping, adverse drug reactions are ranked in order of decreasing seriousness.
\*\*Table 1. Frequency of adverse reactions with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Dehydration |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare | Dizziness |
| Uncommon | Paraesthesia |
| Not known | Syncope |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Vision blurred |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Tinnitus |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Hypotension |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Cough |
| Not known | Non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare | Diarrhoea |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Myalgia |
| Very rare | Arthralgia |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Impaired renal function |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Fatigue |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* | |
| Not known | Serum uric acid increased, Serum bilirubin and Serum creatinine increased, Hypokalaemia, Hyponatraemia, Elevation of Blood Urea Nitrogen, Neutropenia |
\*\*Additional information on the individual components\*\*
Adverse reactions previously reported with one of the individual components may be potential undesirable effects with Co-Diovan as well, even if not observed in clinical trials or during postmarketing period.
\*\*Table 2. Frequency of adverse reactions with valsartan\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Decrease in haemoglobin, decrease in haematocrit, thrombocytopenia |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Other hypersensitivity/allergic reactions including serum sickness |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Increase of serum potassium, hyponatraemia |
| \*\*Ear and labyrinth disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Vertigo |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Vasculitis |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Abdominal pain |
| Very Rare | Intestinal angioedema |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Elevation of liver function values |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Angioedema, dermatitis bullous, rash, pruritus |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Renal failure |
\*\*Table 3. Frequency of adverse reactions with hydrochorothiazide\*\*
Hydrochlorothiazide has been extensively prescribed for many years, frequently in higher doses than those administered with Co-Diovan. The following adverse reactions have been reported in patients treated with monotherapy of thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide:
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps)\*\* | |
| Not known | Non-melanoma skin cancer (Basal cell carcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma) |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Thrombocytopenia sometimes with purpura |
| Very rare | Agranulocytosis, leucopenia, haemolytic anaemia, bone marrow failure |
| Not known | Aplastic anemia |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare | Hypersensitivity reactions |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Hypokalaemia, blood lipids increased (mainly at higher doses) |
| Common | Hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperuricaemia |
| Rare | Hypercalcaemia, hyperglycaemia, glycosuria and worsening of diabetic metabolic state |
| Very rare | Hypochloraemic alkalosis |
| \*\*Psychiatric disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Depression, sleep disturbances |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Headache, dizziness, paraesthesia |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Visual impairment |
| Not known | Choroidal effusion, acute angle-closure glaucoma |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Cardiac arrhythmias |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Postural hypotension |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very rare | Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (see section 4.4), respiratory distress including pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Loss of appetite, mild nausea and vomiting |
| Rare | Constipation, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhoea |
| Very rare | Pancreatitis |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Intrahepatic cholestasis or jaundice |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Renal dysfunction, acute renal failure |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Urticaria and other forms of rash |
| Rare | Photosensitisation |
| Very rare | Necrotising vasculitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus-like reactions, reactivation of cutaneous lupus erythematosus |
| Not known | Erythema multiforme |
| \*\*General disorders and administration site conditions\*\* | |
| Not known | Pyrexia, asthenia |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Not known | Muscle spasm |
| \*\*Reproductive system and breast disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Impotence |
\*\*Description of selected adverse reactions\*\*
Non-melanoma skin cancer: based on available data from epidemiological studies, cumulative dose dependent association between hydrochlorothiazide and NMSC has been observed (see also sections 4.4 and 5.1).
\*\*Reporting of suspected adverse reactions\*\*
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.4.9 Overdose
\*\*\*Symptoms\*\*\*
Overdose with valsartan may result in marked hypotension, which could lead to depressed level of consciousness, circulatory collapse and/or shock. In addition, the following signs and symptoms may occur due to an overdose of the hydrochlorothiazide component: nausea, somnolence, hypovolaemia, and electrolyte disturbances associated with cardiac arrhythmias and muscle spasms.
\*\*\*Treatment\*\*\*
The therapeutic measures depend on the time of ingestion and the type and severity of the symptoms, stabilisation of the circulatory condition being of prime importance.
If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and salt and volume supplementation should be given rapidly.
Valsartan cannot be eliminated by means of haemodialysis because of its strong plasma binding behaviour whereas clearance of hydrochlorothiazide will be achieved by dialysis.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Angiotensin II antagonists and diuretics, valsartan and diuretics; ATC code: C09D A03
\*\*\*Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
\*\*Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets only:\*\*
In a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled trial in patients not adequately controlled on hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (14.9/11.3 mmHg) compared to hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (5.2/2.9 mmHg) and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (6.8/5.7 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (60%) compared to hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (25%) and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (27%).
In a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled trial in patients not adequately controlled on valsartan 80 mg, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (9.8/8.2 mmHg) compared to valsartan 80 mg (3.9/5.1 mmHg) and valsartan 160 mg (6.5/6.2 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (51%) compared to valsartan 80 mg (36%) and valsartan 160 mg (37%).
In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, factorial design trial comparing various dose combinations of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide to their respective components, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (16.5/11.8 mmHg) compared to placebo (1.9/4.1 mmHg) and both hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (7.3/7.2 mmHg) and valsartan 80 mg (8.8/8.6 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 80/12.5 mg (64%) compared to placebo (29%) and hydrochlorothiazide (41%).
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg and 160/25mg Tablets only:\*\*
In a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled trial in patients not adequately controlled on hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/ hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (12.4/7.5 mmHg) compared to hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (5.6/2.1 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (BP <140/90 mmHg or SBP reduction ≥20 mmHg or DBP reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (50%) compared to hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (25%).
In a double-blind, randomised, active-controlled trial in patients not adequately controlled on valsartan 160 mg, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with both the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/25 mg (14.6/11.9 mmHg) and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (12.4/10.4 mmHg) compared to valsartan 160 mg (8.7/8.8 mmHg). The difference in BP reductions between the 160/25 mg and 160/12.5 mg doses also reached statistical significance. In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/25 mg (68%) and 160/12.5 mg (62%) compared to valsartan 160 mg (49%).
In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, factorial design trial comparing various dose combinations of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide to their respective components, significantly greater mean systolic/diastolic BP reductions were observed with the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (17.8/13.5 mmHg) and 160/25 mg (22.5/15.3 mmHg) compared to placebo (1.9/4.1 mmHg) and the respective monotherapies, i.e., hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (7.3/7.2 mmHg), hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (12.7/9.3 mmHg) and valsartan 160 mg (12.1/9.4 mmHg). In addition, a significantly greater percentage of patients responded (diastolic BP <90 mmHg or reduction ≥10 mmHg) with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/25 mg (81%) and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide 160/12.5 mg (76%) compared to placebo (29%) and the respective monotherapies, i.e., hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg (41%), hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (54%), and valsartan 160 mg (59%).
\*\*Co-Diovan 80/12.5mg, 160/12.5 mg and 160/25mg Tablets:\*\*
Dose-dependent decreases in serum potassium occurred in controlled clinical studies with valsartan + hydrochlorothiazide. Reduction in serum potassium occurred more frequently in patients given 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide than in those given 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide. In controlled clinical trials with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide the potassium lowering effect of hydrochlorothiazide was attenuated by the potassium-sparing effect of valsartan.
Beneficial effects of valsartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity are currently unknown.
Epidemiological studies have shown that long-term treatment with hydrochlorothiazide reduces the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.
\*\*\*Valsartan\*\*\*
Valsartan is an orally active and specific angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor antagonist. It acts selectively on the AT1 receptor subtype, which is responsible for the known actions of angiotensin II. The increased plasma levels of Ang II following AT1 receptor blockade with valsartan may stimulate the unblocked AT2 receptor, which appears to counterbalance the effect of the AT1 receptor. Valsartan does not exhibit any partial agonist activity at the AT1 receptor and has much (about 20,000 fold) greater affinity for the AT1 receptor than for the AT2 receptor. Valsartan is not known to bind to or block other hormone receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation.
Valsartan does not inhibit ACE, also known as kininase II, which converts Ang I to Ang II and degrades bradykinin. Since there is no effect on ACE and no potentiation of bradykinin or substance P, angiotensin II antagonists are unlikely to be associated with coughing. In clinical trials where valsartan was compared with an ACE inhibitor, the incidence of dry cough was significantly (P <0.05) lower in patients treated with valsartan than in those treated with an ACE inhibitor (2.6% versus 7.9% respectively). In a clinical trial of patients with a history of dry cough during ACE inhibitor therapy, 19.5% of trial subjects receiving valsartan and 19.0% of those receiving a thiazide diuretic experienced cough compared to 68.5% of those treated with an ACE inhibitor (P <0.05).
Administration of valsartan to patients with hypertension results in reduction of blood pressure without affecting pulse rate. In most patients, after administration of a single oral dose, onset of antihypertensive activity occurs within 2 hours, and the peak reduction of blood pressure is achieved within 4-6 hours. The antihypertensive effect persists over 24 hours after dosing. During repeated dosing, the maximum reduction in blood pressure with any dose is generally attained within 2-4 weeks and is sustained during long-term therapy. Combined with hydrochlorothiazide, a significant additional reduction in blood pressure is achieved.
Abrupt withdrawal of valsartan has not been associated with rebound hypertension or other adverse clinical events.
In hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, valsartan has been shown to reduce the urinary excretion of albumin. The MARVAL (Micro Albuminuria Reduction with Valsartan) study assessed the reduction in urinary albumin excretion (UAE) with valsartan (80-160 mg/od) versus amlodipine (5-10 mg/od), in 332 type 2 diabetic patients (mean age: 58 years; 265 men) with microalbuminuria (valsartan: 58 µg/min; amlodipine: 55.4 µg/min), normal or high blood pressure and with preserved renal function (blood creatinine <120 µmol/l). At 24 weeks, UAE was reduced (p <0.001) by 42% (–24.2 µg/min; 95% CI: –40.4 to –19.1) with valsartan and approximately 3% (–1.7 µg/min; 95% CI: –5.6 to 14.9) with amlodipine despite similar rates of blood pressure reduction in both groups. The Diovan Reduction of Proteinuria (DROP) study further examined the efficacy of valsartan in reducing UAE in 391 hypertensive patients (BP=150/88 mmHg) with type 2 diabetes, albuminuria (mean=102 µg/min; 20–700 µg/min) and preserved renal function (mean serum creatinine = 80 µmol/l). Patients were randomised to one of 3 doses of valsartan (160, 320 and 640 mg/od) and treated for 30 weeks. The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal dose of valsartan for reducing UAE in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. At 30 weeks, the percentage change in UAE was significantly reduced by 36% from baseline with valsartan 160 mg (95%CI: 22 to 47%), and by 44% with valsartan 320 mg (95%CI: 31 to 54%). It was concluded that 160-320 mg of valsartan produced clinically relevant reductions in UAE in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
\*\*Other: dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)\*\*
Two large randomised, controlled trials (ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial) and VA NEPHRON-D (The Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes)) have examined the use of the combination of an ACE-inhibitor with an angiotensin II receptor blocker.
ONTARGET was a study conducted in patients with a history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, or type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by evidence of end-organ damage. VA NEPHRON-D was a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.
These studies have shown no significant beneficial effect on renal and/or cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, while an increased risk of hyperkalaemia, acute kidney injury and/or hypotension as compared to monotherapy was observed. Given their similar pharmacodynamic properties, these results are also relevant for other ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers.
ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should therefore not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
ALTITUDE (Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardiovascular and Renal Disease Endpoints) was a study designed to test the benefit of adding aliskiren to a standard therapy of an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or both. The study was terminated early because of an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Cardiovascular death and stroke were both numerically more frequent in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group and adverse events and serious adverse events of interest (hyperkalaemia, hypotension and renal dysfunction) were more frequently reported in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group.
\*\*\*Hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
The site of action of thiazide diuretics is primarily in the renal distal convoluted tubule. It has been shown that there is a high-affinity receptor in the renal cortex as the primary binding site for the thiazide diuretic action and inhibition of NaCl transport in the distal convoluted tubule. The mode of action of thiazides is through inhibition of the Na+Cl- symporter perhaps by competing for the Cl- site, thereby affecting electrolyte reabsorption mechanisms:directly increasing sodium and chloride excretion to an approximately equal extent, and indirectly by this diuretic action reducing plasma volume, with consequent increases in plasma renin activity, aldosterone secretion and urinary potassium loss, and a decrease in serum potassium. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin II, so with co-administration of valsartan the reduction in serum potassium is less pronounced as observed under monotherapy with hydrochlorothiazide.
\*\*Non-melanoma skin cancer:\*\*
Based on available data from epidemiological studies, cumulative dose-dependent association between hydrochlorothiazide and NMSC has been observed. One study included a population comprised of 71,533 cases of BCC and of 8,629 cases of SCC matched to 1,430,833 and 172,462 population controls, respectively. High hydrochlorothiazide use (≥50,000 mg cumulative) was associated with an adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.29 (95% CI: 1.23-1.35) for BCC and 3.98 (95% CI: 3.68-4.31) for SCC. A clear cumulative dose response relationship was observed for both BCC and SCC. Another study showed a possible association between lip cancer (SCC) and exposure to hydrochlorothiazide: 633 cases of lip-cancer were matched with 63,067 population controls, using a risk-set sampling strategy. A cumulative dose- response relationship was demonstrated with an adjusted OR 2.1 (95% CI: 1.7-2.6) increasing to OR 3.9 (3.0-4.9) for high use (~25,000 mg) and OR 7.7 (5.7-10.5) for the highest cumulative dose (~100,000 mg) (see also section 4.4).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
\*\*\*Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
The systemic availability of hydrochlorothiazide is reduced by about 30% when co-administered with valsartan. The kinetics of valsartan are not markedly affected by the co-administration of hydrochlorothiazide. This observed interaction has no impact on the combined use of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, since controlled clinical trials have shown a clear anti-hypertensive effect, greater than that obtained with either active substance given alone, or placebo.
\*\*\*Valsartan\*\*\*
\*Absorption\*
Following oral administration of valsartan alone, peak plasma concentrations of valsartan are reached in 2–4 hours. Mean absolute bioavailability is 23%. Food decreases exposure (as measured by AUC) to valsartan by about 40% and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) by about 50%, although from about 8 h post dosing plasma valsartan concentrations are similar for the fed and fasted groups. This reduction in AUC is not, however, accompanied by a clinically significant reduction in the therapeutic effect, and valsartan can therefore be given either with or without food.
\*\*\*Distribution\*\*\*
The steady-state volume of distribution of valsartan after intravenous administration is about 17 litres, indicating that valsartan does not distribute into tissues extensively. Valsartan is highly bound to serum proteins (94 – 97%), mainly serum albumin.
\*Biotransformation\*
Valsartan is not biotransformed to a high extent as only about 20% of dose is recovered as metabolites. A hydroxy metabolite has been identified in plasma at low concentrations (less than 10% of the valsartan AUC). This metabolite is pharmacologically inactive.
\*\*\*Elimination\*\*\*
Valsartan shows multiexponential decay kinetics (t½α <1 h and t½ß about 9 h). Valsartan is primarily eliminated in faeces (about 83% of dose) and urine (about 13% of dose), mainly as unchanged drug. Following intravenous administration, plasma clearance of valsartan is about 2 l/h and its renal clearance is 0.62 l/h (about 30% of total clearance). The half-life of valsartan is 6 hours.
\*\*\*Hydrochlorothiazide\*\*\*
\*Absorption\*
The absorption of hydrochlorothiazide, after an oral dose, is rapid (tmax about 2 h). The increase in mean AUC is linear and dose proportional in the therapeutic range.
The effect of food on hydrochlorothiazide absorption, if any, has little clinical significance. Absolute bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide is 70% after oral administration.
\*\*\*Distribution\*\*\*
The apparent volume of distribution is 4–8 l/kg.
Circulating hydrochlorothiazide is bound to serum proteins (40–70%), mainly serum albumin. Hydrochlorothiazide also accumulates in erythrocytes at approximately 3 times the level in plasma.
\*\*\*Elimination\*\*\*
Hydrochlorothiazide is eliminated predominantly as unchanged drug. Hydrochlorothiazide is eliminated from plasma with a half-life averaging 6 to 15 hours in the terminal elimination phase. There is no change in the kinetics of hydrochlorothiazide on repeated dosing, and accumulation is minimal when dosed once daily. There is more than 95% of the absorbed dose being excreted as unchanged compound in the urine. The renal clearance is composed of passive filtration and active secretion into the renal tubule.
\*\*\*Special populations\*\*\*
\*\*\*Older people\*\*\*
A somewhat higher systemic exposure to valsartan was observed in some elderly subjects than in young subjects; however, this has not been shown to have any clinical significance.
Limited data suggest that the systemic clearance of hydrochlorothiazide is reduced in both healthy and hypertensive elderly subjects compared to young healthy volunteers.
\*\*\*Renal impairment\*\*\*
At the recommended dose of Co-Diovan, no dose adjustment is required for patients with a Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of 30–70 ml/min.
In patients with severe renal impairment (GFR <30 ml/min) and patients undergoing dialysis no data are available for Co-Diovan. Valsartan is highly bound to plasma protein and is not to be removed by dialysis, whereas clearance of hydrochlorothiazide will be achieved by dialysis.
In the presence of renal impairment, mean peak plasma levels and AUC values of hydrochlorothiazide are increased and the urinary excretion rate is reduced. In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, a 3-fold increase in hydrochlorothiazide AUC has been observed. In patients with severe renal impairment an 8-fold increase in AUC has been observed. Hydrochlorothiazide is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (see section 4.3).
\*\*\*Hepatic impairment\*\*\*
In a pharmacokinetics trial in patients with mild (n=6) to moderate (n=5) hepatic dysfunction, exposure to valsartan was increased approximately 2-fold compared with healthy volunteers (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
There is no data available on the use of valsartan in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction (see section 4.3). Hepatic disease does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide.5.3 Preclinical safety data
The potential toxicity of the valsartan - hydrochlorothiazide combination after oral administration was investigated in rats and marmosets in studies lasting up to six months. No findings emerged that would exclude the use of therapeutic doses in man.
The changes produced by the combination in the chronic toxicity studies are most likely to have been caused by the valsartan component. The toxicological target organ was the kidney, the reaction being more marked in the marmoset than the rat. The combination led to kidney damage (nephropathy with tubular basophilia, rises in plasma urea, plasma creatinine and serum potassium, increases in urine volume and urinary electrolytes from 30 mg/kg/day valsartan + 9 mg/kg/day hydrochlorothiazide in rats and 10 + 3 mg/kg/d in marmosets), probably by way of altered renal haemodynamics. These doses in rat, respectively, represent 0.9 and 3.5–times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. These doses in marmoset, respectively, represent 0.3 and 1.2–times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. (Calculations assume an oral dose of 320 mg/day valsartan in combination with 25 mg/day hydrochlorothiazide and a 60-kg patient.)
High doses of the valsartan - hydrochlorothiazide combination caused falls in red blood cell indices (red cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, from 100 + 31 mg/kg/d in rats and 30 + 9 mg/kg/d in marmosets). These doses in rat, respectively, represent 3.0 and 12 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. These doses in marmoset, respectively, represent 0.9 and 3.5 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. (Calculations assume an oral dose of 320 mg/day valsartan in combination with 25 mg/day hydrochlorothiazide and a 60-kg patient).
In marmosets, damage was observed in the gastric mucosa (from 30 + 9 mg/kg/d). The combination also led in the kidney to hyperplasia of the afferent aterioles (at 600 + 188 mg/kg/d in rats and from 30 + 9 mg/kg/d in marmosets). These doses in marmoset, respectively, represent 0.9 and 3.5 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. These doses in rat, respectively, represent 18 and 73 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide on a mg/m2 basis. (Calculations assume an oral dose of 320 mg/day valsartan in combination with 25 mg/day hydrochlorothiazide and a 60-kg patient).
The above mentioned effects appear to be due to the pharmacological effects of high valsartan doses (blockade of angiotensin II-induced inhibition of renin release, with stimulation of the renin-producing cells) and also occur with ACE inhibitors. These findings appear to have no relevance to the use of therapeutic doses of valsartan in humans.
The valsartan - hydrochlorothiazide combination was not tested for mutagenicity, chromosomal breakage or carcinogenicity, since there is no evidence of interaction between the two substances. However, these tests were performed separately with valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, and produced no evidence of mutagenicity, chromosomal breakage or carcinogenicity.
In rats, maternally toxic doses of valsartan (600 mg/kg/day) during the last days of gestation and lactation led to lower survival, lower weight gain and delayed development (pinna detachment and ear-canal opening) in the offspring (see section 4.6). These doses in rats (600 mg/kg/day) are approximately 18 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis (calculations assume an oral dose of 320 mg/day and a 60-kg patient). Similar findings were seen with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide in rats and rabbits. In embryo-fetal development (Segment II) studies with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide in rat and rabbit, there was no evidence of teratogenicity; however, fetotoxicity associated with maternal toxicity was observed.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
\*\*Co-Diovan 80/12.5 mg Tablets:\*\*
\*\*\*\*Core:\*\*\*\*
Microcrystalline cellulose
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Crospovidone
Magnesium stearate
\*\*\*\*Coating:\*\*\*\*
Hypromellose
Macrogol 8000
Talc
Red iron oxide (E172)
Yellow iron oxide (E172)
Titanium dioxide (E171).
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/12.5 mg Tablets:\*\*
\*\*\*\*Core:\*\*\*\*
Microcrystalline cellulose
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Crospovidone
Magnesium stearate
\*\*\*\*Coating:\*\*\*\*
Hypromellose,
Macrogol 8000
Talc
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Red iron oxide (E172)
\*\*Co-Diovan 160/25 mg Tablets:\*\*
\*\*\*\*Core:\*\*\*\*
Microcrystalline cellulose
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Crospovidone
Magnesium stearate
\*\*\*\*Coating:\*\*\*\*
Hypromellose
Macrogol 8000
Talc
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Red iron oxide (E172)
Yellow iron oxide (E172)
Black iron oxide (E172)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 30°C.
Store in the original package in order to protect from moisture.6.5 Nature and contents of container
PVC/PE/PVDC, PVC/PVDC aluminium blister packs containing 28, 56 and 98 tablets per pack.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
No specific instructions for use/handling.
