- Approval Id
- a63e03de27fd1375
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- NUBEQA 300 mg film-coated tablets
- Drug Name
- NUBEQA 300 mg film-coated tablets
- Company Name
- Bayer plc
- Company Address
- 400 South Oak Way, Reading, Berkshire, RG2 6AD
- Company Website
- http://www.bayer.co.uk
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0)118 206 3000
- Company Medical Info Email
- medical.information@bayer.co.uk
- Atc Code
- L02BB06
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Bayer plc
400 South Oak Way
Reading
RG2 6AD
- Authorisation Number
- PLGB 00010/0677
- Authorisation Date
- 01/01/2021
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Bayer plc
400 South Oak Way
Reading
RG2 6AD
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PLGB 00010/0677
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 01/01/2021
- Instruction Composition
- Each film‑coated tablet contains 300 mg of darolutamide.
Excipient with known effect
Each film‑coated tablet contains 186 mg of lactose monohydrate (see section 4.4).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Film‑coated tablet (tablet).
White to off‑white, oval tablets with a length of 16 mm and a width of 8 mm, marked with “300” on one side, and “BAYER” on the other side.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
NUBEQA is indicated for the treatment of adult men with
- non‑metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) who are at high risk of developing metastatic disease (see section 5.1).
- metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) in combination with androgen deprivation therapy (see section 5.1).
- metastatic hormone‑sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) in combination with docetaxel (see section 5.1).4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a specialist physician experienced in treatment of prostate cancer.
Posology
The recommended dose is 600 mg darolutamide (two tablets of 300 mg) taken twice daily, equivalent to a total daily dose of 1200 mg (see section 5.2).
Darolutamide should be continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Medical castration with a luteinising hormone‑releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue should be continued during treatment of patients not surgically castrated.
\*metastatic hormone‑sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC)\*
When used in combination with docetaxel in mHSPC patients (see section 5.1). The first of 6 cycles of docetaxel should be administered within 6 weeks after the start of darolutamide treatment. The recommendation in the product information of docetaxel should be followed. Treatment with darolutamide should be continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity even if a cycle of docetaxel is delayed, interrupted, or discontinued.
\*Missed dose\*
If a dose is missed, the dose should be taken as soon as the patient remembers prior to the next scheduled dose. The patient should not take two doses together to make up for a missed dose.
\*Dose modification\*
If a patient experiences a ≥ Grade 3 toxicity or an intolerable adverse reaction related to darolutamide (see sections 4.4 and 4.8), dosing should be withheld or reduced to 300 mg twice daily until symptoms improve. Treatment may then be resumed at a dose of 600 mg twice daily.
Dose reduction below 300 mg twice daily is not recommended, because efficacy has not been established.
Special populations
\*Elderly\*
No dose adjustment is necessary in elderly patients (see section 5.2).
\*Renal impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment.
For patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR 15‑29 mL/min/1.73 m2) not receiving haemodialysis, the recommended starting dose is 300 mg twice daily (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild hepatic impairment.
The available data on darolutamide pharmacokinetics in moderate hepatic impairment is limited. Darolutamide has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
For patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (Child‑Pugh Classes B and C), the recommended starting dose is 300 mg twice daily (see sections 4.4 and 5.2.).
\*Paediatric population\*
There is no relevant use of darolutamide in the paediatric population.
Method of administration
NUBEQA is for oral use.
The tablets should be taken whole with food (see section 5.2).4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Women who are or may become pregnant (see section 4.6).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Ischaemic heart disease
Ischaemic heart disease, including fatal cases, occurred in patients receiving NUBEQA in the clinical studies ARAMIS and ARASENS (see section 4.8). Monitor for signs and symptoms of ischaemic heart disease. Optimise management of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidaemia. Discontinue NUBEQA for Grade 3-4 ischaemic heart disease.
Seizure
Seizure occurred in patients receiving NUBEQA in the clinical studies ARAMIS and ARASENS (see section 4.8). It is unknown whether anti-epileptic medications will prevent seizures with NUBEQA. Advise patients of the risk of developing a seizure while receiving NUBEQA and of engaging in any activity where sudden loss of consciousness could cause harm to themselves or others. Consider discontinuation of NUBEQA in patients who develop a seizure during treatment.
Hepatotoxicity
Cases of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) with increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to ≥5 and ≥20 x upper limit of normal (ULN) have been reported in darolutamide. Time to onset ranged from 1 month to 12 months after initiation of darolutamide. Cases with concomitant bilirubin elevation ≥2x ULN were uncommonly reported. Idiosyncratic DILI has been reported in clinical trials and post-marketing setting. Positive dechallenge and rechallenge for darolutamide have been reported in patients. Liver function test abnormalities were reversible upon NUBEQA discontinuation. In case of liver function test abnormalities suggestive of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, permanently discontinue darolutamide.
Renal impairment
The available data in patients with severe renal impairment are limited.
As exposure might be increased those patients should be closely monitored for adverse reactions (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
The available data in patients with moderate hepatic impairment are limited, and darolutamide has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
As exposure might be increased those patients should be closely monitored for adverse reactions (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
Recent cardiovascular disease
Patients with clinically significant cardiovascular disease in the past 6 months including stroke, myocardial infarction, severe/unstable angina pectoris, coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, and symptomatic congestive heart failure were excluded from the clinical studies. Therefore, the safety of darolutamide in these patients has not been established.
If NUBEQA is prescribed, patients with clinically significant cardiovascular disease should be treated for these conditions according to established guidelines.
Concomitant use with other medicinal products
Use of strong CYP3A4 and P‑gp inducers during treatment with darolutamide may decrease the plasma concentration of darolutamide and is not recommended, unless there is no therapeutic alternative. Selection of an alternate concomitant medicinal product with less potential to induce CYP3A4 or P‑gp should be considered (see section 4.5).
Patients should be monitored for adverse reactions of BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 substrates as co‑administration with darolutamide may increase the plasma concentrations of these substrates.
Co‑administration with rosuvastatin should be avoided unless there is no therapeutic alternative (see section 4.5).
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may prolong the QT interval
In patients with a history of risk factors for QT prolongation and in patients receiving concomitant medicinal products that might prolong the QT interval (see section 4.5), physicians should assess the benefit‑risk ratio including the potential for Torsade de pointes prior to initiating NUBEQA.
Information about excipients
NUBEQA contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose‑galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Effects of other medicinal products on darolutamide
\*CYP3A4 and P‑gp inducers\*
Darolutamide is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P‑glycoprotein (P‑gp).
Use of strong and moderate CYP3A4 inducers and P‑gp inducers (e.g. carbamazepine, phenobarbital, St. John's Wort, phenytoin, and rifampicin) during treatment with darolutamide is not recommended, unless there is no therapeutic alternative. Selection of an alternate concomitant medicinal product, with no or weak potential to induce CYP3A4 or P‑gp should be considered.
Repeated administration of rifampicin (600 mg), a strong CYP3A4 and a P‑gp inducer, with a single dose of darolutamide (600 mg) together with food, resulted in a decrease of 72% in mean exposure (AUC0‑72) and a decrease of 52% in Cmax of darolutamide.
\*CYP3A4, P‑gp and BCRP inhibitors\*
Darolutamide is a substrate of CYP3A4, P‑gp and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP).
No clinically relevant drug‑drug interaction is expected in case of CYP3A4, P‑gp or BCRP inhibitor administration. Darolutamide may be given concomitantly with CYP3A4, P‑gp or BCRP inhibitors. Concomitant use of darolutamide with a combined P‑gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increases darolutamide exposure which may increase the risk of darolutamide adverse reactions. It is recommended to monitor patients more frequently for darolutamide adverse reactions and modify darolutamide dose as needed.
Administration of itraconazole (200 mg twice daily on day 1 and once daily on the following 7 days), a strong CYP3A4, P‑gp and BCRP inhibitor, with a single dose of darolutamide (600 mg on day 5 together with food) resulted in a 1.7‑fold increase in mean exposure (AUC0‑72) and a 1.4‑fold increase of Cmax of darolutamide.
\*UGT1A9 inhibitors\*
Darolutamide is a substrate of UGT1A9.
No clinically relevant drug‑drug interaction is expected in case of UGT1A9 inhibitor administration.
Darolutamide may be given concomitantly with UGT1A9 inhibitors.
A population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that co-administration of UGT1A9 inhibitors with darolutamide resulted in a 1.2‑fold increase in exposure (AUC0-72) of darolutamide.
\*Docetaxel\*
Administration of darolutamide in combination with docetaxel resulted in no clinically relevant changes in the pharmacokinetics of darolutamide in mHSPC patients (see section 5.1).
Effects of darolutamide on other medicinal products
\*BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 substrates\*
Darolutamide is an inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP) 1B1 and 1B3.
Co‑administration of rosuvastatin should be avoided unless there is no therapeutic alternative. Selection of an alternative concomitant medicinal product with less potential to inhibit BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 should be considered.
Administration of darolutamide (600 mg twice daily for 5 days) prior to co‑administration of a single dose of rosuvastatin (5 mg) together with food resulted in approximately 5‑fold increase in mean exposure (AUC) and Cmax of rosuvastatin.
Co‑administration of darolutamide with other BCRP substrates should be avoided where possible.
Co‑administration of darolutamide may increase the plasma concentrations of other concomitant BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 substrates (e.g. methotrexate, sulfasalazine, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin). Therefore, it is recommended to monitor patients for adverse reactions of BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 substrates. In addition, the related recommendation in the product information of these substrates should be followed when co‑administered with darolutamide.
\*P‑gp substrates\*
No clinically relevant drug‑drug interaction is expected in case of P‑gp substrate administration. Darolutamide may be given concomitantly with P‑gp substrates (e.g. digoxin, verapamil or nifedipine). Co‑administration of darolutamide together with the sensitive P‑gp substrate dabigatran etexilate did not reveal any increase in exposure (AUC and Cmax) of dabigatran.
\*CYP3A4 substrates\*
Darolutamide is a mild inducer of CYP3A4.
No clinically relevant drug‑drug interaction is expected in case of CYP substrate administration. Darolutamide may be given concomitantly with CYP substrates (e.g. warfarin, L‑thyroxine, omeprazole).
Administration of darolutamide (600 mg twice daily for 9 days) prior to co‑administration of a single dose of the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate midazolam (1 mg) together with food, decreased the mean exposure (AUC) and Cmax of midazolam by 29% and 32%, respectively.
Darolutamide did not inhibit the metabolism of selected CYP substrates \*in vitro\* at clinically relevant concentrations.
\*Docetaxel\*
Administration of darolutamide in combination with docetaxel resulted in no clinically relevant changes in the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in mHSPC patients (see section 5.1).
Medicinal products that prolong the QT interval
Since androgen deprivation treatment may prolong the QT interval, the co‑administration with medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval or medicinal products able to induce Torsade de pointes should be carefully evaluated. These include medicinal products such as class IA (e.g., quinidine, disopyramide) or class III (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol, dofetilide, ibutilide) antiarrhythmic medicinal products, methadone, moxifloxacin, and antipsychotics (e.g. haloperidol).4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
This medicinal product is not indicated in women of childbearing potential. It is not to be used in women who are, or may be, pregnant or breast‑feeding (see sections 4.1 and 4.3).
Women of childbearing potential / contraception in males and females
It is not known whether darolutamide or its metabolites are present in semen. If the patient is engaged in sexual activity with a woman of childbearing potential, a highly effective contraceptive method (<1% failure rate per year) should be used during and for 1 week after completion of treatment with NUBEQA to prevent pregnancy.
Pregnancy
Based on its mechanism of action, darolutamide may cause foetal harm. No non‑clinical reproductive toxicity studies have been conducted (see section 5.3).
It is not known whether darolutamide or its metabolites are present in semen. If the patient is engaged in sexual activity with a pregnant woman, a condom should be used during and for 1 week after completion of treatment with NUBEQA. Exposure of the foetus to an androgen receptor inhibitor through seminal transfer to the pregnant woman has to be avoided, as this could affect development of the foetus.
Breast‑feeding
It is unknown whether darolutamide or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. No studies in animals have been conducted to evaluate the excretion of darolutamide or its metabolites into milk (see section 5.3). A risk to the breast‑fed child cannot be excluded.
Fertility
There are no human data on the effect of darolutamide on fertility.
Based on animal studies, NUBEQA may impair fertility in males of reproductive potential (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
NUBEQA has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
In a pooled analysis of ARAMIS and ARANOTE, the most common adverse reactions in patients receiving darolutamide was fatigue/asthenic conditions (13.7%). The most common serious adverse reactions were ischaemic heart disease (1.9%), cardiac arrhythmias (1.8%), pneumonia (1.5%), urinary retention (1.3%), urinary tract infection (1.1%) and fractures (1.0%). Discontinuation of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 8.0% of patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation were heart failure (0.4%) and ischemic heart disease (0.4%). Dose interruptions of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 12.9% of patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to dose interruption were hypertension (0.7%), ischaemic heart disease (0.6%), cardiac arrhythmias (0.6%), rash (0.6%), AST increased (0.6%), and pneumonia (0.6%). Dose reductions of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 3.4% of the patients. The most common adverse reaction leading to dose reduction was fatigue (0.6%).
\*mHSPC in combination with docetaxel\*
The most common adverse reactions in patients receiving darolutamide in combination with docetaxel were rash (17.3%) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased (15.8%), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased (14.0%) and hypertension (13.8%). The most common serious adverse reactions in patients receiving darolutamide in combination with docetaxel were febrile neutropenia (6.1%), neutrophil count decreased (2.8%) and pneumonia (2.5%). Discontinuation of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 13.7% of patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation were rash (1.1%), AST increased (0.9%) and ALT increased (0.8%). Dose interruptions of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 22.9% of patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to dose interruption were ALT increased (3.2%), AST increased (3.1%) and febrile neutropenia (2.1%). Dose reductions of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 8.7% of the patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to dose reduction were ALT increased (2.8%) and AST increased (2.5%).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The adverse reactions observed in patients with nmCRPC and mHSPC treated with darolutamide are listed in Table 1. The adverse reactions observed in patients with mHSPC treated with darolutamide in combination with docetaxel are listed in Table 2. They are classified according to System Organ Class.
Adverse reactions are grouped according to their frequencies. Frequency groups are defined by the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Within each frequency group, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
\*\*Table 1: Adverse reactions reported in nmCRPC and mHSPC patients treated with darolutamide in ARAMIS and ARANOTE studies\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* (MedDRA) | \*\*Very common\*\* | \*\*Common\*\* |
| Cardiac disorders | | Ischaemic heart diseasea Heart failureb |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | | Rashc |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | | Pain in extremity Fractures |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Fatigue/asthenic conditionsd | |
| Investigationse | Neutrophil count decreased Blood bilirubin increased ALT increased AST increased Anaemia | |
a Includes arteriosclerosis coronary artery, coronary artery disease, coronary artery occlusion, coronary artery stenosis, acute coronary syndrome, acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, angina unstable, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischaemia.
b Includes cardiac failure, cardiac failure acute, cardiac failure chronic, cardiac failure congestive, cardiogenic shock, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
c Includes rash, rash macular, rash maculo‑papular, rash papular, rash pustular, erythema, dermatitis.
d Includes fatigue and asthenia, lethargy and malaise..
e Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. The incidence is based on values reported as laboratory abnormalities.
\*\*Table 2: Adverse reactions reported in mHSPC patients treated with darolutamide in combination with docetaxel in the ARASENS study (with a ≥2% increase compared to placebo with docetaxel)\*\*a
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* (MedDRA) | \*\*Very common\*\* |
| Vascular disorders | Hypertensionb |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Rashc, d |
| Investigationse | Blood bilirubin increased ALT increased AST increased |
a Adverse reactions incidences may not be attributable to darolutamide alone but may contain contributions from other medicinal products used in combination.
b Includes hypertension, blood pressure increased, hypertensive emergency.
c Includes rash, rash maculopapular, drug eruption, rash pruritic, rash erythematous, rash macular, rash papular, rash follicular, rash pustular, rash vesicular, erythema, dermatitis.
d The incidence was highest during the first 6 months of treatment.
e Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.03. The incidence is based on values reported as laboratory abnormalities.
Description of selected adverse reactions
\*Fatigue\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Fatigue/asthenic conditions were reported in 13.7% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 11.7% of patients treated with placebo. Events with worst Grade of 3 were reported in 0.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.9% of patients treated with placebo. Fatigue (not including asthenia, lethargy or malaise) occurred in the majority of patients (10.0% of patients treated with darolutamide and 8.5% of patients treated with placebo). The median time to onset of first fatigue event was 2.2 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Serious events of fatigue were reported in <0.1% of patients treated with darolutamide. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to fatigue was reported in 0.6% of patients. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to fatigue was reported in 0.2% of patients.
\*Rash\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Rash occurred in 3.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 1.7% of patients treated with placebo. The events were predominantly of Grade 1 or 2. Grade 3 rash was reported in 0.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to onset of the first rash event was 3.7 months in patients treated with darolutamide. No serious events of rash were reported in either treatment arm. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 0.3% of patients. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 0.1% of patients.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Rash occurred in 17.3% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 13.7% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The events were predominantly Grade 1 or 2. Grade 3 and 4 rash was reported in 1.4% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 0.2% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The median time to onset of the first rash event was 1.4 months in patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel. Serious events of rash were reported in 0.2% of patients in both treatment arms. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 0.5% of patients. Dose interruption of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 1.4% of patients. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 1.1% of patients. The incidence of rash was highest during the first 6 months of study treatment in both treatment arms and decreased thereafter.
\*Hypertension\*
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Hypertension was reported in 13.8% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 9.7% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Grade 3 and 4 hypertension was reported in 6.6% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 3.6% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. In patients receiving darolutamide+docetaxel, the median time to onset of the first hypertension event was 9.6 months. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to hypertension was reported in 0.2% of patients. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to hypertension. Intracranial haemorrhage events were reported in 3 patients with a history of hypertension.
\*Fractures\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Non-pathological fractures occurred in 4.1% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 3.2% of patients treated with placebo. Non-pathological fractures with worst Grade of 3 were reported in 1.1% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.8% of patients treated with placebo. Serious events of non-pathological fractures were reported in 0.1% of patients treated with darolutamide and 0.8% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to onset of non-pathological fractures was 10.6 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to non-pathological fractures was reported in 0.1% of patients. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to non-pathological fractures. Pathological fractures were reported in 0.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.5% of patients treated with placebo. Bone health agents were used in 13.2% and 13.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and placebo, respectively.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Non-pathological fractures occurred in 7.7% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 5.1% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Non-pathological fractures with worst Grade of 3 were reported in 1.5% and 2.3% of patients, respectively. Serious events of non-pathological fractures were reported in 1.4% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 1.5% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The median time to onset of non-pathological fractures was 18.2 months in patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel. There were no dose reductions or discontinuations of darolutamide due to non-pathological fractures. Pathological fractures were reported in 1.1% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 0.5% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Bone health agents were used in 23.3% and 21.5% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and placebo+docetaxel, respectively.
\*Ischaemic heart disease and heart failure\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Ischaemic heart disease occurred in 3.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 2.2% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 and 4 ischaemic heart disease occurred in 1.4% and 0.3% of patients, respectively. Grade 5 (fatal) events occurred in 0.4% of patients in both treatment arms. Serious events of ischaemic heart disease were reported in 1.9% of patients treated with darolutamide and 1.2% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to onset of the first ischaemic heart disease event was 10.2 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to ischaemic heart disease was reported in 0.4% of patients. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to ischaemic heart disease.
Heart failure occurred in 1.6% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.9% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 and 4 heart failure occurred in 0.5% and 0.1% of patients, respectively. Grade 5 (fatal) events occurred 0.3% of patients treated with darolutamide and 0.4% of patients treated with placebo. Serious events of heart failure were reported in 0.8% of patients in both treatment arms. The median time to onset of the first heart failure event was 13.9 months in patients treated with darolutamide. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to heart failure. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to heart failure was reported in 0.4% of patients.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Ischaemic heart disease occurred in 3.2% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 2.0% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Grade 3 and 4 ischaemic heart disease occurred in 1.6% and 1.1% of patients, respectively. Grade 5 (fatal) events occurred in 0.3% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 0% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Serious events of ischaemic heart disease were reported in 1.7% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 1.1% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The median time to onset of the first ischaemic heart disease event was 11.6 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to ischaemic heart disease was reported in 0.6% of patients. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to ischaemic heart disease.
\*Neutrophil count decreased\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Neutrophil count decreased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 17.3% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 7.4% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to nadir was 225 days. The laboratory tests abnormalities manifested predominantly as Grade 1 or 2 intensity. Grade 3 and 4 neutrophil count decreased was reported in 2.6% of patients treated with darolutamide and 0.3% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to first onset of Grade 3 and 4 neutrophil count decreased was 11.3 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to an adverse event of neutrophil count decreased reported in 0.1% of patients. Only one patient (<0.1%) discontinued darolutamide due to neutropenia. Neutropenia was either transient or reversible (83% of patients) and were not associated with any clinically relevant signs or symptoms.
\*Blood bilirubin increased\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Bilirubin increased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 16.1% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 6.1% of patients treated with placebo. The episodes were predominantly of Grade 1 or 2, not associated with any clinically relevant signs or symptoms, and reversible after darolutamide was discontinued. Grade 3 and 4 bilirubin increased was reported in 0.2% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0% of patients treated with placebo. In patients treated with darolutamide, the mean time to first onset of increased bilirubin was 187 days, and the mean duration of the first episode was 172 days. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to the adverse event of increased bilirubin. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to increased bilirubin was reported in <0.1% of patients. Bilirubin levels were either transient or normalized after discontinuation of darolutamide treatment
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Increased bilirubin was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 19.6% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 10.0% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The episodes were predominantly of Grade 1 or 2. Grade 3 and 4 bilirubin increased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 0.5% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 0.3% patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. In patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel, the median time to first onset of any-grade increased bilirubin was 2.9 months and the median time to first onset of Grade 3 and 4 increased bilirubin was 16.5 months. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to an adverse event of bilirubin increased, was reported in 0.3% of patients. No patients discontinued darolutamide due to increase in bilirubin.
\*ALT and AST increased\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
ALT increased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 13.3% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 9.7% of patients treated with placebo. AST increased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 22.0% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 13.4% of patients treated with placebo. The episodes were predominantly Grade 1 or 2, not associated with any clinically relevant signs or symptoms, and reversible after darolutamide was discontinued. Grade 3 or 4 ALT increased was reported in 0.9% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.3% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 or 4 AST increased was reported in 1.2% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.3% of patients treated with placebo. In the patients treated with darolutamide, the mean time to first onset of increased ALT was 253 days, and the mean duration of the first episode was 122 days. In the patients treated with darolutamide, the mean time to first onset of increased AST was 257 days, and the mean duration of the first episode was 121 days. The median time to first onset of Grade 3 or 4 ALT increased was 11.2 months. The median time to first onset of Grade 3 or 4 AST increased was 11.1 months. ALT increased was reported as an adverse event in 3.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 2.5% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 ALT increased was reported as an adverse event in 0.7% and 0.1% of patients, respectively. AST increased was reported as an adverse event in 4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 2.3% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 AST increased was reported as an adverse event in 0.9% and 0.1% of patients, respectively. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to an adverse event of ALT increased was reported in 0.1% of patients. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to an adverse event of AST increased was reported in 0.3% of patients. One patient (<0.1%) discontinued darolutamide due to Grade 4 ALT increased. Two patients (0.1%) discontinued darolutamide due to Grade 3 AST increased.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
ALT and AST increased were reported as laboratory abnormalities in 42.3% and 43.9% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 38.0% and 39.3% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel, respectively. The episodes were predominantly of Grade 1 intensity. Grade 3 and 4 ALT and AST increased were reported as laboratory abnormalities in 3.7% and 3.6% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 3.0% and 2.3% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel, respectively. In the patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel, the median time to first onset of Grade 3 and 4 ALT and AST increased was 2.3 months and 8.0 months, respectively. ALT and AST increased were reported as adverse events in 15.8% and 14.0% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 12.9% and 10.5% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel, respectively. Grade 3 and 4 ALT and AST increased were both reported as adverse events in 2.8% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 1.7% and 1.1% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel, respectively. Dose reductions of darolutamide due to adverse events of ALT and AST increased were reported in 2.8% and 2.5% of patients, respectively. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to adverse events of ALT and AST increased were reported in 0.8% and 0.9% of patients, respectively.
\*Seizure\*
\*\*\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*\*\*
Seizure occurred in 0.2% of patients treated with darolutamide and 0.2% treated with placebo. All events were of Grade 1 and 2 intensity. Seizure occurred 261 and 456 days after initiation of darolutamide. Serious events of seizure were reported only in patients treated with darolutamide, in 0.2% of patients. There were no dose reductions or discontinuations of darolutamide due to seizure.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Seizure occurred in 0.6% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel, including 1 Grade 3 event, and 0.2% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Seizure occurred 38 to 340 days after initiation of darolutamide. Serious events of seizure were reported only in patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel, in 0.2% of patients. There were no dose reductions or discontinuations of darolutamide due to seizure.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
The highest dose of darolutamide studied clinically was 900 mg twice daily, equivalent to a total daily dose of 1800 mg. No dose limiting toxicities were observed with this dose.
Considering the saturable absorption (see section 5.2) and the absence of evidence for acute toxicity, an intake of a higher than recommended dose of darolutamide is not expected to lead to toxicity.
In the event of intake of a higher than recommended dose, treatment with darolutamide can be continued with the next dose as scheduled.
There is no specific antidote for darolutamide and symptoms of overdose are not established.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Endocrine therapy, anti‑androgens; ATC code: L02BB06
Mechanism of action
Darolutamide is an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor with a flexible polar‑substituted pyrazole structure that binds with high affinity directly to the receptor ligand binding domain.
Darolutamide competitively inhibits androgen binding, AR nuclear translocation, and AR mediated transcription. A major metabolite, keto‑darolutamide, exhibited similar \*in vitro\* activity to darolutamide. Darolutamide treatment decreases prostate tumour cell proliferation leading to potent antitumour activity.
Pharmacodynamic effects
No prolongation of the mean QTcF interval (i.e., greater than 10 ms) was observed after oral administration of 600 mg darolutamide twice daily compared to placebo.
Clinical efficacy and safety
Efficacy and safety were established in three randomised placebo‑controlled multicentre phase III studies in patients with nmCRPC (ARAMIS) and mHSPC (ARANOTE and ARASENS). All patients received a luteinising hormone‑releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue concurrently or had a bilateral orchiectomy.
\*non‑metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC)\*
The efficacy and safety of darolutamide was assessed in a randomised, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled multicentre phase III study (ARAMIS) in patients with non‑metastatic (as assessed by conventional imaging CT, bone scan, MRI) castration resistant prostate cancer with a prostate‑specific antigen doubling time (PSADT) of ≤ 10 months.
Patients were included in the trial if they had 3 rising prostate‑specific antigen (PSA) levels after the nadir taken at least 1 week apart during androgen deprivation therapy, PSA ≥ 2 ng/mL at screening and castrate level of serum testosterone < 1.7 nmol/L.
Patients with a medical history of seizure were allowed to enter the study. There were 12 patients (0.21%) enrolled on the darolutamide arm with a history of seizure.
Patients with uncontrolled hypertension or recent (in the past 6 months) stroke, myocardial infarction, severe/unstable angina pectoris, coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, congestive heart failure New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV were excluded from the study.
Patients with prior treatment with second generation AR inhibitors such as enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide, or CYP17 enzyme inhibitors such as abiraterone acetate as well as patients receiving systemic corticosteroid with dose greater than the equivalent 10 mg of prednisone/day within 28 days before randomisation were excluded from the study.
In total, 1509 patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either 600 mg darolutamide orally twice daily (n=955) or matching placebo (n=554).
Patients with presence of pelvic lymph nodes < 2 cm in short axis below the aortic bifurcation were allowed to enter the study. Absence or presence of metastasis was assessed by independent central radiological review. Included in these analyses were 89 patients that were retrospectively identified with metastasis at baseline. Randomization was stratified by PSADT (≤ 6 months or > 6 months) and use of osteoclast‑targeted therapy at study entry (yes or no).
The following patient demographics and disease characteristics were balanced between treatment arms. The median age was 74 years (range 48‑95) and 9% of patients were 85 years of age or older. The racial distribution was 79% White, 13% Asian, and 3% Black. A majority of patients had a Gleason score of 7 or higher at diagnosis (73%). The median PSADT was 4.5 months. Nine percent (9%) of patients had prior orchiectomy, 25% of patients had prior prostatectomy and 50% of patients had at least one prior radiotherapy. Seventy‑six percent (76%) of patients received more than one prior anti‑hormonal treatment. Patients had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) score of 0 (69%) or 1 (31%) at study entry.
Treatment with darolutamide continued until radiographic disease progression as assessed by conventional imaging (CT, bone scan, MRI) by blinded central review, unacceptable toxicity or withdrawal.
The primary efficacy endpoint was metastasis free survival (MFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), time to pain progression, time to initiation of first cytotoxic chemotherapy for prostate cancer, and time to first symptomatic skeletal events (defined as occurrence of any of the following: external beam radiotherapy to relieve skeletal symptoms, new symptomatic pathologic bone fracture, spinal cord compression, or tumour‑related orthopaedic surgical intervention).
Treatment with darolutamide resulted in an improvement in MFS compared to placebo (see Table 3 and Figure 1).
MFS results were consistent across patient subgroups regardless of PSADT, prior use of bone‑targeting agents or loco‑regional disease. Additional subgroups with consistent MFS results included PSA at baseline, Gleason score at diagnosis, age, geographical region, ECOG PS at baseline, race, and number of prior hormonal therapies.
After the primary analysis of MFS, once the study was unblinded, patients receiving placebo were offered treatment with open‑label darolutamide (cross‑over option). Among the 554 patients randomised to placebo, 170 (31%) crossed over to receive darolutamide treatment. The OS analysis was not adjusted for confounding effects of cross‑over.
At the time of the final analysis, treatment with darolutamide resulted in a statistically significant improvement in overall survival compared to placebo (median was not reached in either arm, see Table 3 and Figure 2).
Treatment with darolutamide also resulted in statistically significant delays in time to pain progression, time to initiation of first cytotoxic chemotherapy and time to first symptomatic skeletal event compared to placebo (see Table 3).
All analyses were performed in the full analysis set.
\*\*Table 3: Efficacy results from the ARAMIS study\*\*
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy parameter\*\* | \*\*Number (%) of patients with events\*\* | | \*\*Median (months) (95% CI)\*\* | | \*\*Hazard Ratio\*\*b \*\*(95% Confidence Interval [CI])\*\* \*\*p‑value\*\* \*\*(two‑sided)\*\* |
| \*\*Darolutamide\*\* \*\*(N=955)\*\* | \*\*Placebo\*\*a \*\*(N=554)\*\* | \*\*Darolutamide\*\* \*\*(N=955)\*\* | \*\*Placebo\*\*a \*\*(N=554)\*\* |
| Metastasis free survivalc | 221 (23.1%) | 216 (39.0%) | 40.4 (34.3, NR) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.3) | 0.41 (0.34, 0.50) <0.000001 |
| Overall survival | 148 (15.5%) | 106 (19.1%) | NR (56.1, NR) | NR (46.9, NR) | 0.69 (0.53, 0.88) 0.003048 |
| Time to pain progressionc, d | 251 (26.3%) | 178 (32.1%) | 40.3 (33.2, 41.2) | 25.4 (19.1, 29.6) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.79) 0.000008 |
| Time to initiation of first cytotoxic chemotherapy | 127 (13.3%) | 98 (17.7%) | NR (NR, NR) | NR (NR, NR) | 0.58 (0.44, 0.76) 0.000044 |
| Time to first symptomatic skeletal event | 29 (3.0%) | 28 (5.1%) | NR (NR, NR) | NR (NR, NR) | 0.48 (0.29, 0.82) 0.005294 |
a including 170 patients who crossed over to open‑label darolutamide
b Hazard ratio < 1 favours darolutamide
c for MFS and time to pain progression, the analysis performed at the time of primary completion is considered as the final analysis
d Patient reported outcome as evaluated by Brief Pain Inventory‑Short Form questionnaire
NR: Not reached.
Treatment with darolutamide resulted in a longer progression free survival (PFS, median 36.8 vs 14.8 months, HR=0.38) and time to PSA progression (median 29.5 vs 7.2 months, HR=0.16). Consistency of effect was observed across all measures of survival (MFS, OS and PFS).
\*\*Figure 1: Kaplan‑Meier curves of metastasis free survival (ARAMIS)\*\*
\*\*Figure 2: Kaplan‑Meier curves of overall survival (ARAMIS)\*\*
Patients receiving darolutamide in the ARAMIS study (double‑blind period) demonstrated a significantly higher confirmed PSA response rate (defined as a ≥ 50% reduction from baseline), compared with patients receiving placebo, 84.0% vs 7.9% (difference = 76.1%).
\*metastatic hormone‑sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) – treatment with darolutamide and ADT\*
The efficacy and safety of darolutamide was assessed in a multicentre, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled phase III study (ARANOTE) in patients with mHSPC. In total, 669 patients were randomised (2:1) to receive 600 mg darolutamide orally twice daily (n=446) or matching placebo (n=223). Treatment with darolutamide or placebo continued until progressive disease, change of antineoplastic therapy, unacceptable toxicity, death, or withdrawal.
Presence of metastasis was assessed by independent central radiological review. Patients with regional lymph node involvement only (M0) were excluded from the study. Randomisation was stratified by presence of visceral metastasis and use of prior local therapy.
The following patient demographics and disease characteristics were balanced between treatment arms. The median age was 70 years (range 43-93) and 4.2% of patients were 85 years of age or older. The racial distribution was 56.2% White, 31.2% Asian, 9.7% Black or African American and 2.8% Other. A majority of patients had a Gleason score of 8 or higher at diagnosis (68.3%). At study entry, ECOG PS of 0, 1 and 2 were 49.8%, 47.2% and 3.0%, respectively. There were 72.5% of patients with \*de novo\* and 21.7% with recurrent disease. 12.0% of patients had visceral metastasis at study entry; median PSA level at baseline was 21.3 µg/L. 70.6% of patients had high-volume disease and 29.4% had low-volume disease. High-volume disease was defined as presence of visceral metastases or 4 or more bone lesions, with at least 1 metastasis beyond the vertebral column and pelvic bones. Patients with a medical history of seizure were allowed to enter the study, and 1 patient (0.2%) was enrolled on the darolutamide arm.
The primary efficacy endpoint was radiological Progression Free Survival (rPFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), time to initiation of subsequent anticancer therapy, time to castration-resistant prostate cancer, time to PSA progression, PSA undetectable rates and time to pain progression. Pain progression was assessed using the patient reported outcome (PRO) Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF), defined as at least a 2 point worsening from nadir, or inititation of short or long acting opioid use for malignant disease for ≥7 consecutive days.
Treatment with darolutamide resulted in a statistically significant improvement in rPFS compared to placebo with a p‑value of <0.0001 (see Table 4 and Figure 3). The HR was 0.541, representing a 45.9% reduction in the risk of radiological progression or death. The rPFS results were consistent across subgroups, including in high and low volume disease.
Treatment with darolutamide also resulted in a positive trend in overall survival (median was not reached in either arm at the time of the interim OS analysis, (HR=0.813, p=0.2014, see Table 4 and Figure 4). All other secondary endpoints trend in favour of darolutamide.
\*\*Table 4: Efficacy results from the ARANOTE study\*\*
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy parameter\*\* | \*\*Number (%) of patients with events\*\* | | \*\*Median (months) (95% CI)\*\* | | \*\*Hazard Ratioa\*\* \*\*(95% Confidence Interval [CI])\*\* \*\*p‑value\*\* \*\*(two‑sided)b\*\* |
| \*\*Darolutamide\*\* \*\*(N=446)\*\* | \*\*Placebo\*\* \*\*(N=223)\*\* | \*\*Darolutamide\*\* \*\*(N=446)\*\* | \*\*Placebo\*\* \*\*(N=223)a\*\* |
| Radiological progression free survival | 128 (28.7%) | 94 (42.2%) | A (A, A) | 25.0 (19.0, A) | 0.541 (0.413, 0.707) <0.0001 |
| Overall survivalc | 103 (23.1%) | 60 (26.9%) | A (A, A) | A (33.8, A) | 0.813 (0.591, 1.118) 0.2014 |
a. Hazard ratio < 1 favours darolutamide
b. based on stratified log-rank test except for PSA undetectable rates
c. the p-value for OS did not reach the pre-defined threshold for statistical significance at the time of the interim OS analysis. Therefore (as per hierarchical methodology) a formal testing for significance of the remaining secondary endpoints was not conducted; nominal p-values (two-sided) are provided for descriptive purposes only.
A: value cannot be estimated due to censored data
\*\*Figure 3: Kaplan‑Meier curves for radiological progression free survival; mHSPC population (ARANOTE)a\*\*
a rPFS rate at 12 months was 83.1% (95% CI, 79.5% to 86.7%) in the darolutamide arm vs 74.1% (95% CI, 68.0% to 80.2%) in the placebo arm. rPFS rate at 24 months was 70.3% (95% CI, 65.7% to 74.9%) in the darolutamide arm vs 52.1% (95% CI, 44.7% to 59.5%) in the placebo arm.
\*\*Figure 4: Kaplan‑Meier curves for overall survival; mHSPC population (ARANOTE)a\*\*
a OS rate at 24 months was 79.8% (95% CI, 75.9% to 83.7%) in the darolutamide arm vs 75.5% (95% CI, 69.6% to 81.3%) in the placebo arm.
At the time of primary analysis, OS did not reach statistical significance and, as per the hierarchical testing of the SAP, none of the other secondary endpoints were tested for statistical significance All p values are nominal. In the ARANOTE study, time to initiation of subsequent anticancer therapy was longer for patients on darolutamide, with 15.2% starting subsequent treatment compared to 33.2% in the placebo group, HR 0.401 (95% CI: [0.288; 0.558]; p<0.0001). The time to castration-resistant prostate cancer was extended for those on darolutamide, with 34.5% progressing to mCRPC versus 64.1% on placebo HR 0.404 (95% CI: [0.321; 0.508]; p<0.0001). 20.9% of patients on darolutamide experienced PSA progression compared to 48.4% in the placebo group HR 0.306 (95% CI: [0.231; 0.405]; p<0.0001). 62.6% patients receiving darolutamide reached undetectable PSA levels (<0.2 ng/mL) compared to 18.5% patients in the placebo arm. The rate difference (darolutamide minus placebo) was 44.3% (95% CI: [37.4%; 51.2%]; p<0.0001). 27.8% experienced pain progression in the darolutamide arm compared to 35.4% in the placebo arm. Time to pain progression was delayed in the darolutamide arm compared with the placebo arm, with an HR of 0.721 (95% CI: [0.544; 0.957]; p=0.0115).
\*metastatic hormone‑sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) – treatment with darolutamide in combination with docetaxel\*
The efficacy and safety of darolutamide in combination with docetaxel was assessed in a multicentre, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled phase III study (ARASENS) in patients with mHSPC. In total, 1305 patients were randomised 1:1 to receive 600 mg darolutamide orally twice daily (n=651) or matching placebo (n=654), concomitantly with 75 mg/m2 of docetaxel for 6 cycles. Patients must have started ADT no longer than 12 weeks prior to randomization and had to be candidates for docetaxel per investigator judgement. Treatment with darolutamide or placebo continued until symptomatic progressive disease, change of antineoplastic therapy, unacceptable toxicity, death, or withdrawal.
Presence of metastasis was assessed by independent central radiological review. Patients with regional lymph node involvement only (M0) were excluded from the study. Randomisation was stratified by extent of disease (non‑regional lymph nodes metastases only (M1a), bone metastases with or without lymph node metastases (M1b) or visceral metastases with or without lymph node metastases or with or without bone metastases (M1c)) and by alkaline phosphatase level (< or ≥ upper limit of normal) at study entry.
The following patient demographics and disease characteristics were balanced between treatment arms. The median age was 67 years (range 41‑89) and 0.5% of patients were 85 years of age or older. The racial distribution was 52% White, 36% Asian, and 4% Black. A majority of patients had a Gleason score of 8 or higher at diagnosis (78%). Seventy‑one percent (71%) of patients had an ECOG PS score of 0 and 29% of patients had an ECOG PS score of 1. There were 86.1% of patients with \*de novo\* and 12.9% of patients with recurrent disease. At study entry 3% of patients had M1a, 79.5% had M1b and 17.5% had M1c; alkaline phosphatase was ≥ ULN in 55.5% of patients; median PSA level at baseline was 30.3 µg/L (range 0.0 to 9219.0) and 24.2 µg/L (range 0.0 to 11947.0) for darolutamide vs the placebo group, respectively. Patients with a medical history of seizure were allowed to enter the study, and 4 patients (0.6%) were enrolled in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm.
The primary efficacy endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints were time to castration‑resistant prostate cancer, time to pain progression, symptomatic skeletal event free survival (SSE‑FS), time to first symptomatic skeletal event (SSE), time to initiation of subsequent antineoplastic therapy, time to worsening of disease‑related physical symptoms, and time to initiation of opioid use for ≥ 7 consecutive days. Pain progression was assessed using the patient‑reported outcome (PROs) Brief Pain Inventory‑Short Form (BPI-SF), defined as at least a 2‑point worsening from nadir observed at 2 consecutive evaluations at least 4 weeks apart, and initiation of short- or long-acting opioid use for pain for ≥7 consecutive days.
87.6% and 85.5% of patients received full 6 cycles of docetaxel and 1.5% and 2.0% of patients did not receive docetaxel in the darolutamide+docetaxel and placebo+docetaxel arm, respectively.
A statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in OS with a 32.5% reduction in risk of death (HR=0.68, HR 95% CI [0.57; 0.80; p<0.0001) was observed in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm compared to the placebo+docetaxel arm (see Table 5 and Figure 5). OS results were consistent across all patient subgroups, including stratification subgroups (extent of disease and alkaline phosphatase level).
Secondary efficacy endpoints that showed a statistically significant advantage in favour of darolutamide included time to pain progression and time to first symptomatic skeletal event.
\*\*Table 5: Efficacy results from the ARASENS study\*\*
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy parameter\*\* | \*\*Number (%) of patients with events\*\* | | \*\*Median (months) (95% CI)\*\* | | \*\*Hazard Ratio\*\*a \*\*(95% Confidence Interval [CI])\*\* \*\*p‑value\*\* \*\*(two‑sided)\*\*b |
| \*\*Darolutamide + docetaxel\*\* \*\*(N=651)\*\* | \*\*Placebo + docetaxel\*\* \*\*(N=654)\*\* | \*\*Darolutamide + docetaxel\*\* \*\*(N=651)\*\* | \*\*Placebo + docetaxel\*\* \*\*(N=654)\*\* |
| Overall survival | 229 (35.2%) | 304 (46.5%) | NR (NR, NR) | 48.9 (44.4, NR) | 0.68 (0.57, 0.80) <0.0001 |
| Time to pain progressionc | 222 (34.1%) | 248 (37.9%) | NR (30.5, NR) | 27.5 (22.0, 36.1) | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) 0.00116 |
| Time to first symptomatic skeletal event (SSE)d | 95 (14.6%) | 108 (16.5%) | NR (NR, NR) | NR (NR, NR) | 0.71 (0.54, 0.94) 0.0162 |
a Hazard ratio <1 favours darolutamide
b based on stratified log‑rank test
c evaluated by BPI-SF and initiation of short‑ or long‑acting opioid use for pain for ≥7 consecutive days. Patients with opioid use within 4 weeks of randomisation were censored at randomisation (125 patients (19.2%) in the darolutamide with docetaxel and 118 patients (18%) in the placebo with docetaxel arm)
d result was driven by the number patients with external beam radiotherapy to relieve skeletal symptoms, without additional benefit of darolutamide and docetaxel compared to placebo and docetaxel on symptomatic pathological bone fractures, spinal cord compression or orthopaedic surgical interventions
CRPC: castration‑resistant prostate cancer
NR: not reached
\*\*Figure 5: Kaplan‑Meier curves of overall survival (ARASENS)\*\*a
a OS rate at 36 months was 72.3% (95% CI, 68.8% to 75.8%) in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm vs 63.8% (95% CI, 60.1% to 67.6%) in the placebo+docetaxel arm.
OS rate at 48 months was 62.7% (95% CI, 58.7% to 66.7%) in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm vs 50.4% (95% CI, 46.3% to 54.6%) in the placebo+docetaxel arm.
The Health‑related Quality of life (HRQoL) was maintained while on treatment for patients in both arms, as assessed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network/Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate Symptom Index 17 (NCCN‑FACT FPSI‑17) questionnaire. Time to worsening of disease related physical symptoms based on a subscale of the NCCN‑FACT FPSI‑17 questionnaire was similar in both treatment arms.
Treatment with darolutamide+docetaxel delayed the time to initiation of opioids for cancer-related pain for ≥7 consecutive days (HR=0.69, 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.91).
Patients receiving darolutamide+docetaxel had a higher relative PSA response rate (defined as a ≥50% reduction from baseline) at 12 months after randomisation compared with patients receiving placebo+docetaxel, (89.6% vs 80.4%). Darolutamide+docetaxel resulted in a median maximum percentage decline in PSA from baseline at any time of 99.7% compared to 96.3% for placebo-docetaxel.
Time to PSA progression was longer for patients was observed in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm as compared to the placebo+docetaxel arm (median not reached vs 22.4 months, HR=0.26, 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.31).
Paediatric population
The licensing authority has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with darolutamide in all subsets of the paediatric population in prostate malignant neoplasms (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
General introduction
Darolutamide consists of two diastereomers [(\*S\*,\*R\*)‑darolutamide and (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide] which interconvert via the main circulating metabolite called keto‑darolutamide. \*In vitro\*, all three substances show similar pharmacological activity. Darolutamide is poorly soluble in aqueous solvents over a large pH range and generally more soluble in organic solvents.
Absorption
Following oral administration of 600 mg (2 tablets of 300 mg), peak plasma concentrations of darolutamide of 4.79 mg/L (coefficient of variation: 30.9%) are usually reached around 4 hours after administration. The ratio of the two diastereomers, (\*S\*,\*R\*)‑darolutamide to (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide, changed from a 1:1 ratio in the tablet to an approximately 1:9 ratio in plasma based on AUC0‑12 data at steady‑state. Following oral administration together with food, steady‑state is reached after 2‑5 days of repeated twice‑daily dosing.
The absolute bioavailability compared to an intravenous injection is approximately 30% following oral administration of a NUBEQA tablet containing 300 mg darolutamide under fasted conditions. Bioavailability of darolutamide was enhanced by 2.0‑ to 2.5‑fold when administered with food. A similar increase of exposure was observed for the major metabolite keto‑darolutamide.
Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution of darolutamide after intravenous administration is 119 L indicating that darolutamide is widely distributed throughout the body to both intracellular and extracellular fluid spaces.
Darolutamide is moderately (92%) bound to human plasma proteins without any difference between the two diastereomers. The major metabolite of darolutamide, keto‑darolutamide, is highly (99.8%) bound to plasma proteins.
Passage of darolutamide across the blood‑brain barrier has not been studied clinically. However, brain exposures to darolutamide in terms of AUC0‑24 are very low with 4.5% of plasma exposure after single dose in rats and 1.9‑3.9% after repeated dose in mice. This indicates low passage of darolutamide across the intact blood‑brain barrier in rats and mice and a low likelihood that darolutamide crosses the intact blood‑brain barrier in humans to a clinically relevant extent.
Biotransformation
The diastereomers (\*S\*,\*R\*)‑darolutamide and (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide are able to interconvert via the metabolite keto‑darolutamide with a preference for (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide.
Following single oral administration of 300 mg14 C‑darolutamide given as an oral solution, keto‑darolutamide is the only major metabolite with about 2‑fold higher total exposure in plasma compared to darolutamide. Darolutamide and keto‑darolutamide accounted together for 87.4% of the 14 C‑radioactivity in plasma indicating that all other metabolites are of minor importance.
Darolutamide is metabolised primarily by oxidative metabolism mediated mainly by CYP3A4, as well as by direct glucuronidation mediated preferentially by UGT1A9 and UGT1A1. In addition, mainly the AKR1C isoforms were shown to catalyse the reduction of keto‑darolutamide to the substance diastereomers.
Elimination
The effective half‑life of darolutamide and keto‑darolutamide in plasma of patients is approximately 20 hours. Of the two diastereomers comprising darolutamide, (\*S\*,\*R\*)‑darolutamide has a shorter effective half‑life of 9 hours compared to (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide with an effective half‑life of 22 hours. The clearance of darolutamide following intravenous administration was 116 mL/min (CV: 39.7%). A total of 63.4% of substance‑related material is excreted in the urine (approximately 7% unchanged), 32.4% is excreted in the faeces. More than 95% of the dose was recovered within 7 days after administration.
Linearity / Non‑linearity
In the dose range of 100 to 700 mg (after single dose and at steady state), the exposure to the two diastereomers and the major metabolite keto‑darolutamide increases linearly in a nearly dose‑related manner. Based on a saturated absorption, no further increase in exposure to darolutamide was observed at 900 mg twice daily.
Special populations
\*Elderly\*
No clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of darolutamide were observed (65‑95 years).
\*Renal impairment\*
In a clinical pharmacokinetic study, AUC and Cmax for darolutamide were 2.5 and 1.6‑fold higher in patients with severe renal impairment (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate [eGFR] 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m2) compared to healthy volunteers.
A population pharmacokinetic analysis indicates a 1.1‑, 1.3‑ and an approximately 1.5‑fold higher exposure (AUC) of darolutamide in patients with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment (eGFR 15 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m2) compared to patients with normal renal function.
The pharmacokinetics of darolutamide has not been studied in patients with end‑stage renal disease receiving dialysis (eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
In a clinical pharmacokinetic study, Cmax and AUC for darolutamide were 1.5 and 1.9‑fold higher in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child‑Pugh B) compared to healthy volunteers. There are no data for patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child‑Pugh C).
\*Ethnic differences\*
No clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of darolutamide were observed based on ethnicity (White, Asian, Black or African American). A population pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a 1.4‑fold increase in exposure (AUC) in Japanese patients compared to patients from all other regions.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Systemic toxicity
In repeated dose toxicity studies in rats and dogs, the main findings were changes in the male reproductive organs (decreases in organ weight with atrophy of the prostate and epididymides). These effects occurred at systemic exposures in the range of or below the anticipated human exposure (based on AUC comparison). Additional changes to reproductive tissues included minimal increase in vacuolation of the pituitary gland, atrophy and secretory reduction in seminal vesicles and mammary glands in rats as well as testicular hypospermia, seminiferous tubule dilatation and degeneration in dogs. Changes in the male reproductive organs in both species were consistent with the pharmacological activity of darolutamide and reversed or partially resolved after 4‑ to 8‑week recovery periods.
Embryotoxicity / teratogenicity
Studies on developmental toxicity have not been performed.
Reproduction toxicity
Studies on reproductive toxicity have not been performed. However, male fertility is likely to be impaired based on the findings in repeat‑dose toxicity studies in rats and dogs, which are consistent with the pharmacological activity of darolutamide.
Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity
Darolutamide did not induce mutations in the microbial mutagenesis (Ames) assay. At high concentrations, darolutamide did induce structural chromosome aberrations \*in vitro\* in cultured human lymphocytes. However, in the \*in vivo\* combined bone marrow micronucleus test and the Comet assay in the liver and duodenum of the rat, no genotoxicity was observed at exposures in excess of the maximum human exposure. Oral administration of darolutamide to male rasH2 transgenic mice for 6 months did not show carcinogenic potential at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day, which is 0.9‑1.3 times for darolutamide and 2.1‑2.3 times for keto‑darolutamide the clinical exposure (AUC) at the recommended clinical daily dose of 1200 mg/day. Based on this study carcinogenic risk of darolutamide cannot be completely excluded.
Safety pharmacology
\*In vitro\*, darolutamide weakly inhibited the hERG potassium current and the L‑type calcium channel. \*In vivo\*, in anaesthetised dogs, darolutamide slightly decreased the QT interval duration, but this effect was not found in conscious dogs.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Tablet core
Calcium hydrogen phosphate (E 341)
Croscarmellose sodium
Lactose monohydrate
Magnesium stearate (E 470b)
Povidone (E 1201)
Film‑coating
Hypromellose
Lactose monohydrate
Macrogol (E 1521)
Titanium dioxide (E 171)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
PVC/Aluminium foil blisters containing 16 film‑coated tablets.
Each pack contains 112 film‑coated tablets.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Each film‑coated tablet contains 300 mg of darolutamide.
Excipient with known effect
Each film‑coated tablet contains 186 mg of lactose monohydrate (see section 4.4).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Film‑coated tablet (tablet).
White to off‑white, oval tablets with a length of 16 mm and a width of 8 mm, marked with “300” on one side, and “BAYER” on the other side.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
NUBEQA is indicated for the treatment of adult men with
- non‑metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) who are at high risk of developing metastatic disease (see section 5.1).
- metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) in combination with androgen deprivation therapy (see section 5.1).
- metastatic hormone‑sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) in combination with docetaxel (see section 5.1).4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a specialist physician experienced in treatment of prostate cancer.
Posology
The recommended dose is 600 mg darolutamide (two tablets of 300 mg) taken twice daily, equivalent to a total daily dose of 1200 mg (see section 5.2).
Darolutamide should be continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Medical castration with a luteinising hormone‑releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue should be continued during treatment of patients not surgically castrated.
\*metastatic hormone‑sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC)\*
When used in combination with docetaxel in mHSPC patients (see section 5.1). The first of 6 cycles of docetaxel should be administered within 6 weeks after the start of darolutamide treatment. The recommendation in the product information of docetaxel should be followed. Treatment with darolutamide should be continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity even if a cycle of docetaxel is delayed, interrupted, or discontinued.
\*Missed dose\*
If a dose is missed, the dose should be taken as soon as the patient remembers prior to the next scheduled dose. The patient should not take two doses together to make up for a missed dose.
\*Dose modification\*
If a patient experiences a ≥ Grade 3 toxicity or an intolerable adverse reaction related to darolutamide (see sections 4.4 and 4.8), dosing should be withheld or reduced to 300 mg twice daily until symptoms improve. Treatment may then be resumed at a dose of 600 mg twice daily.
Dose reduction below 300 mg twice daily is not recommended, because efficacy has not been established.
Special populations
\*Elderly\*
No dose adjustment is necessary in elderly patients (see section 5.2).
\*Renal impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment.
For patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR 15‑29 mL/min/1.73 m2) not receiving haemodialysis, the recommended starting dose is 300 mg twice daily (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild hepatic impairment.
The available data on darolutamide pharmacokinetics in moderate hepatic impairment is limited. Darolutamide has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
For patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (Child‑Pugh Classes B and C), the recommended starting dose is 300 mg twice daily (see sections 4.4 and 5.2.).
\*Paediatric population\*
There is no relevant use of darolutamide in the paediatric population.
Method of administration
NUBEQA is for oral use.
The tablets should be taken whole with food (see section 5.2).4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Women who are or may become pregnant (see section 4.6).4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Ischaemic heart disease
Ischaemic heart disease, including fatal cases, occurred in patients receiving NUBEQA in the clinical studies ARAMIS and ARASENS (see section 4.8). Monitor for signs and symptoms of ischaemic heart disease. Optimise management of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidaemia. Discontinue NUBEQA for Grade 3-4 ischaemic heart disease.
Seizure
Seizure occurred in patients receiving NUBEQA in the clinical studies ARAMIS and ARASENS (see section 4.8). It is unknown whether anti-epileptic medications will prevent seizures with NUBEQA. Advise patients of the risk of developing a seizure while receiving NUBEQA and of engaging in any activity where sudden loss of consciousness could cause harm to themselves or others. Consider discontinuation of NUBEQA in patients who develop a seizure during treatment.
Hepatotoxicity
Cases of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) with increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to ≥5 and ≥20 x upper limit of normal (ULN) have been reported in darolutamide. Time to onset ranged from 1 month to 12 months after initiation of darolutamide. Cases with concomitant bilirubin elevation ≥2x ULN were uncommonly reported. Idiosyncratic DILI has been reported in clinical trials and post-marketing setting. Positive dechallenge and rechallenge for darolutamide have been reported in patients. Liver function test abnormalities were reversible upon NUBEQA discontinuation. In case of liver function test abnormalities suggestive of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, permanently discontinue darolutamide.
Renal impairment
The available data in patients with severe renal impairment are limited.
As exposure might be increased those patients should be closely monitored for adverse reactions (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
The available data in patients with moderate hepatic impairment are limited, and darolutamide has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
As exposure might be increased those patients should be closely monitored for adverse reactions (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
Recent cardiovascular disease
Patients with clinically significant cardiovascular disease in the past 6 months including stroke, myocardial infarction, severe/unstable angina pectoris, coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, and symptomatic congestive heart failure were excluded from the clinical studies. Therefore, the safety of darolutamide in these patients has not been established.
If NUBEQA is prescribed, patients with clinically significant cardiovascular disease should be treated for these conditions according to established guidelines.
Concomitant use with other medicinal products
Use of strong CYP3A4 and P‑gp inducers during treatment with darolutamide may decrease the plasma concentration of darolutamide and is not recommended, unless there is no therapeutic alternative. Selection of an alternate concomitant medicinal product with less potential to induce CYP3A4 or P‑gp should be considered (see section 4.5).
Patients should be monitored for adverse reactions of BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 substrates as co‑administration with darolutamide may increase the plasma concentrations of these substrates.
Co‑administration with rosuvastatin should be avoided unless there is no therapeutic alternative (see section 4.5).
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may prolong the QT interval
In patients with a history of risk factors for QT prolongation and in patients receiving concomitant medicinal products that might prolong the QT interval (see section 4.5), physicians should assess the benefit‑risk ratio including the potential for Torsade de pointes prior to initiating NUBEQA.
Information about excipients
NUBEQA contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose‑galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Effects of other medicinal products on darolutamide
\*CYP3A4 and P‑gp inducers\*
Darolutamide is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P‑glycoprotein (P‑gp).
Use of strong and moderate CYP3A4 inducers and P‑gp inducers (e.g. carbamazepine, phenobarbital, St. John's Wort, phenytoin, and rifampicin) during treatment with darolutamide is not recommended, unless there is no therapeutic alternative. Selection of an alternate concomitant medicinal product, with no or weak potential to induce CYP3A4 or P‑gp should be considered.
Repeated administration of rifampicin (600 mg), a strong CYP3A4 and a P‑gp inducer, with a single dose of darolutamide (600 mg) together with food, resulted in a decrease of 72% in mean exposure (AUC0‑72) and a decrease of 52% in Cmax of darolutamide.
\*CYP3A4, P‑gp and BCRP inhibitors\*
Darolutamide is a substrate of CYP3A4, P‑gp and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP).
No clinically relevant drug‑drug interaction is expected in case of CYP3A4, P‑gp or BCRP inhibitor administration. Darolutamide may be given concomitantly with CYP3A4, P‑gp or BCRP inhibitors. Concomitant use of darolutamide with a combined P‑gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increases darolutamide exposure which may increase the risk of darolutamide adverse reactions. It is recommended to monitor patients more frequently for darolutamide adverse reactions and modify darolutamide dose as needed.
Administration of itraconazole (200 mg twice daily on day 1 and once daily on the following 7 days), a strong CYP3A4, P‑gp and BCRP inhibitor, with a single dose of darolutamide (600 mg on day 5 together with food) resulted in a 1.7‑fold increase in mean exposure (AUC0‑72) and a 1.4‑fold increase of Cmax of darolutamide.
\*UGT1A9 inhibitors\*
Darolutamide is a substrate of UGT1A9.
No clinically relevant drug‑drug interaction is expected in case of UGT1A9 inhibitor administration.
Darolutamide may be given concomitantly with UGT1A9 inhibitors.
A population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that co-administration of UGT1A9 inhibitors with darolutamide resulted in a 1.2‑fold increase in exposure (AUC0-72) of darolutamide.
\*Docetaxel\*
Administration of darolutamide in combination with docetaxel resulted in no clinically relevant changes in the pharmacokinetics of darolutamide in mHSPC patients (see section 5.1).
Effects of darolutamide on other medicinal products
\*BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 substrates\*
Darolutamide is an inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP) 1B1 and 1B3.
Co‑administration of rosuvastatin should be avoided unless there is no therapeutic alternative. Selection of an alternative concomitant medicinal product with less potential to inhibit BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 should be considered.
Administration of darolutamide (600 mg twice daily for 5 days) prior to co‑administration of a single dose of rosuvastatin (5 mg) together with food resulted in approximately 5‑fold increase in mean exposure (AUC) and Cmax of rosuvastatin.
Co‑administration of darolutamide with other BCRP substrates should be avoided where possible.
Co‑administration of darolutamide may increase the plasma concentrations of other concomitant BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 substrates (e.g. methotrexate, sulfasalazine, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin). Therefore, it is recommended to monitor patients for adverse reactions of BCRP, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 substrates. In addition, the related recommendation in the product information of these substrates should be followed when co‑administered with darolutamide.
\*P‑gp substrates\*
No clinically relevant drug‑drug interaction is expected in case of P‑gp substrate administration. Darolutamide may be given concomitantly with P‑gp substrates (e.g. digoxin, verapamil or nifedipine). Co‑administration of darolutamide together with the sensitive P‑gp substrate dabigatran etexilate did not reveal any increase in exposure (AUC and Cmax) of dabigatran.
\*CYP3A4 substrates\*
Darolutamide is a mild inducer of CYP3A4.
No clinically relevant drug‑drug interaction is expected in case of CYP substrate administration. Darolutamide may be given concomitantly with CYP substrates (e.g. warfarin, L‑thyroxine, omeprazole).
Administration of darolutamide (600 mg twice daily for 9 days) prior to co‑administration of a single dose of the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate midazolam (1 mg) together with food, decreased the mean exposure (AUC) and Cmax of midazolam by 29% and 32%, respectively.
Darolutamide did not inhibit the metabolism of selected CYP substrates \*in vitro\* at clinically relevant concentrations.
\*Docetaxel\*
Administration of darolutamide in combination with docetaxel resulted in no clinically relevant changes in the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in mHSPC patients (see section 5.1).
Medicinal products that prolong the QT interval
Since androgen deprivation treatment may prolong the QT interval, the co‑administration with medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval or medicinal products able to induce Torsade de pointes should be carefully evaluated. These include medicinal products such as class IA (e.g., quinidine, disopyramide) or class III (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol, dofetilide, ibutilide) antiarrhythmic medicinal products, methadone, moxifloxacin, and antipsychotics (e.g. haloperidol).4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
This medicinal product is not indicated in women of childbearing potential. It is not to be used in women who are, or may be, pregnant or breast‑feeding (see sections 4.1 and 4.3).
Women of childbearing potential / contraception in males and females
It is not known whether darolutamide or its metabolites are present in semen. If the patient is engaged in sexual activity with a woman of childbearing potential, a highly effective contraceptive method (<1% failure rate per year) should be used during and for 1 week after completion of treatment with NUBEQA to prevent pregnancy.
Pregnancy
Based on its mechanism of action, darolutamide may cause foetal harm. No non‑clinical reproductive toxicity studies have been conducted (see section 5.3).
It is not known whether darolutamide or its metabolites are present in semen. If the patient is engaged in sexual activity with a pregnant woman, a condom should be used during and for 1 week after completion of treatment with NUBEQA. Exposure of the foetus to an androgen receptor inhibitor through seminal transfer to the pregnant woman has to be avoided, as this could affect development of the foetus.
Breast‑feeding
It is unknown whether darolutamide or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. No studies in animals have been conducted to evaluate the excretion of darolutamide or its metabolites into milk (see section 5.3). A risk to the breast‑fed child cannot be excluded.
Fertility
There are no human data on the effect of darolutamide on fertility.
Based on animal studies, NUBEQA may impair fertility in males of reproductive potential (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
NUBEQA has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
In a pooled analysis of ARAMIS and ARANOTE, the most common adverse reactions in patients receiving darolutamide was fatigue/asthenic conditions (13.7%). The most common serious adverse reactions were ischaemic heart disease (1.9%), cardiac arrhythmias (1.8%), pneumonia (1.5%), urinary retention (1.3%), urinary tract infection (1.1%) and fractures (1.0%). Discontinuation of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 8.0% of patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation were heart failure (0.4%) and ischemic heart disease (0.4%). Dose interruptions of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 12.9% of patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to dose interruption were hypertension (0.7%), ischaemic heart disease (0.6%), cardiac arrhythmias (0.6%), rash (0.6%), AST increased (0.6%), and pneumonia (0.6%). Dose reductions of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 3.4% of the patients. The most common adverse reaction leading to dose reduction was fatigue (0.6%).
\*mHSPC in combination with docetaxel\*
The most common adverse reactions in patients receiving darolutamide in combination with docetaxel were rash (17.3%) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased (15.8%), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased (14.0%) and hypertension (13.8%). The most common serious adverse reactions in patients receiving darolutamide in combination with docetaxel were febrile neutropenia (6.1%), neutrophil count decreased (2.8%) and pneumonia (2.5%). Discontinuation of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 13.7% of patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation were rash (1.1%), AST increased (0.9%) and ALT increased (0.8%). Dose interruptions of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 22.9% of patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to dose interruption were ALT increased (3.2%), AST increased (3.1%) and febrile neutropenia (2.1%). Dose reductions of darolutamide due to adverse reactions occurred in 8.7% of the patients. The most common adverse reactions leading to dose reduction were ALT increased (2.8%) and AST increased (2.5%).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The adverse reactions observed in patients with nmCRPC and mHSPC treated with darolutamide are listed in Table 1. The adverse reactions observed in patients with mHSPC treated with darolutamide in combination with docetaxel are listed in Table 2. They are classified according to System Organ Class.
Adverse reactions are grouped according to their frequencies. Frequency groups are defined by the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Within each frequency group, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
\*\*Table 1: Adverse reactions reported in nmCRPC and mHSPC patients treated with darolutamide in ARAMIS and ARANOTE studies\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* (MedDRA) | \*\*Very common\*\* | \*\*Common\*\* |
| Cardiac disorders | | Ischaemic heart diseasea Heart failureb |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | | Rashc |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | | Pain in extremity Fractures |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Fatigue/asthenic conditionsd | |
| Investigationse | Neutrophil count decreased Blood bilirubin increased ALT increased AST increased Anaemia | |
a Includes arteriosclerosis coronary artery, coronary artery disease, coronary artery occlusion, coronary artery stenosis, acute coronary syndrome, acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, angina unstable, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischaemia.
b Includes cardiac failure, cardiac failure acute, cardiac failure chronic, cardiac failure congestive, cardiogenic shock, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
c Includes rash, rash macular, rash maculo‑papular, rash papular, rash pustular, erythema, dermatitis.
d Includes fatigue and asthenia, lethargy and malaise..
e Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. The incidence is based on values reported as laboratory abnormalities.
\*\*Table 2: Adverse reactions reported in mHSPC patients treated with darolutamide in combination with docetaxel in the ARASENS study (with a ≥2% increase compared to placebo with docetaxel)\*\*a
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*System organ class\*\* (MedDRA) | \*\*Very common\*\* |
| Vascular disorders | Hypertensionb |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Rashc, d |
| Investigationse | Blood bilirubin increased ALT increased AST increased |
a Adverse reactions incidences may not be attributable to darolutamide alone but may contain contributions from other medicinal products used in combination.
b Includes hypertension, blood pressure increased, hypertensive emergency.
c Includes rash, rash maculopapular, drug eruption, rash pruritic, rash erythematous, rash macular, rash papular, rash follicular, rash pustular, rash vesicular, erythema, dermatitis.
d The incidence was highest during the first 6 months of treatment.
e Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.03. The incidence is based on values reported as laboratory abnormalities.
Description of selected adverse reactions
\*Fatigue\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Fatigue/asthenic conditions were reported in 13.7% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 11.7% of patients treated with placebo. Events with worst Grade of 3 were reported in 0.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.9% of patients treated with placebo. Fatigue (not including asthenia, lethargy or malaise) occurred in the majority of patients (10.0% of patients treated with darolutamide and 8.5% of patients treated with placebo). The median time to onset of first fatigue event was 2.2 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Serious events of fatigue were reported in <0.1% of patients treated with darolutamide. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to fatigue was reported in 0.6% of patients. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to fatigue was reported in 0.2% of patients.
\*Rash\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Rash occurred in 3.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 1.7% of patients treated with placebo. The events were predominantly of Grade 1 or 2. Grade 3 rash was reported in 0.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to onset of the first rash event was 3.7 months in patients treated with darolutamide. No serious events of rash were reported in either treatment arm. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 0.3% of patients. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 0.1% of patients.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Rash occurred in 17.3% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 13.7% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The events were predominantly Grade 1 or 2. Grade 3 and 4 rash was reported in 1.4% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 0.2% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The median time to onset of the first rash event was 1.4 months in patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel. Serious events of rash were reported in 0.2% of patients in both treatment arms. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 0.5% of patients. Dose interruption of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 1.4% of patients. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to rash was reported in 1.1% of patients. The incidence of rash was highest during the first 6 months of study treatment in both treatment arms and decreased thereafter.
\*Hypertension\*
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Hypertension was reported in 13.8% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 9.7% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Grade 3 and 4 hypertension was reported in 6.6% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 3.6% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. In patients receiving darolutamide+docetaxel, the median time to onset of the first hypertension event was 9.6 months. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to hypertension was reported in 0.2% of patients. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to hypertension. Intracranial haemorrhage events were reported in 3 patients with a history of hypertension.
\*Fractures\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Non-pathological fractures occurred in 4.1% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 3.2% of patients treated with placebo. Non-pathological fractures with worst Grade of 3 were reported in 1.1% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.8% of patients treated with placebo. Serious events of non-pathological fractures were reported in 0.1% of patients treated with darolutamide and 0.8% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to onset of non-pathological fractures was 10.6 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to non-pathological fractures was reported in 0.1% of patients. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to non-pathological fractures. Pathological fractures were reported in 0.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.5% of patients treated with placebo. Bone health agents were used in 13.2% and 13.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and placebo, respectively.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Non-pathological fractures occurred in 7.7% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 5.1% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Non-pathological fractures with worst Grade of 3 were reported in 1.5% and 2.3% of patients, respectively. Serious events of non-pathological fractures were reported in 1.4% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 1.5% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The median time to onset of non-pathological fractures was 18.2 months in patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel. There were no dose reductions or discontinuations of darolutamide due to non-pathological fractures. Pathological fractures were reported in 1.1% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 0.5% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Bone health agents were used in 23.3% and 21.5% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and placebo+docetaxel, respectively.
\*Ischaemic heart disease and heart failure\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Ischaemic heart disease occurred in 3.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 2.2% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 and 4 ischaemic heart disease occurred in 1.4% and 0.3% of patients, respectively. Grade 5 (fatal) events occurred in 0.4% of patients in both treatment arms. Serious events of ischaemic heart disease were reported in 1.9% of patients treated with darolutamide and 1.2% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to onset of the first ischaemic heart disease event was 10.2 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to ischaemic heart disease was reported in 0.4% of patients. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to ischaemic heart disease.
Heart failure occurred in 1.6% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.9% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 and 4 heart failure occurred in 0.5% and 0.1% of patients, respectively. Grade 5 (fatal) events occurred 0.3% of patients treated with darolutamide and 0.4% of patients treated with placebo. Serious events of heart failure were reported in 0.8% of patients in both treatment arms. The median time to onset of the first heart failure event was 13.9 months in patients treated with darolutamide. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to heart failure. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to heart failure was reported in 0.4% of patients.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Ischaemic heart disease occurred in 3.2% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 2.0% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Grade 3 and 4 ischaemic heart disease occurred in 1.6% and 1.1% of patients, respectively. Grade 5 (fatal) events occurred in 0.3% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 0% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Serious events of ischaemic heart disease were reported in 1.7% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and 1.1% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The median time to onset of the first ischaemic heart disease event was 11.6 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to ischaemic heart disease was reported in 0.6% of patients. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to ischaemic heart disease.
\*Neutrophil count decreased\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Neutrophil count decreased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 17.3% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 7.4% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to nadir was 225 days. The laboratory tests abnormalities manifested predominantly as Grade 1 or 2 intensity. Grade 3 and 4 neutrophil count decreased was reported in 2.6% of patients treated with darolutamide and 0.3% of patients treated with placebo. The median time to first onset of Grade 3 and 4 neutrophil count decreased was 11.3 months in patients treated with darolutamide. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to an adverse event of neutrophil count decreased reported in 0.1% of patients. Only one patient (<0.1%) discontinued darolutamide due to neutropenia. Neutropenia was either transient or reversible (83% of patients) and were not associated with any clinically relevant signs or symptoms.
\*Blood bilirubin increased\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
Bilirubin increased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 16.1% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 6.1% of patients treated with placebo. The episodes were predominantly of Grade 1 or 2, not associated with any clinically relevant signs or symptoms, and reversible after darolutamide was discontinued. Grade 3 and 4 bilirubin increased was reported in 0.2% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0% of patients treated with placebo. In patients treated with darolutamide, the mean time to first onset of increased bilirubin was 187 days, and the mean duration of the first episode was 172 days. There were no dose reductions of darolutamide due to the adverse event of increased bilirubin. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to increased bilirubin was reported in <0.1% of patients. Bilirubin levels were either transient or normalized after discontinuation of darolutamide treatment
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Increased bilirubin was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 19.6% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 10.0% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. The episodes were predominantly of Grade 1 or 2. Grade 3 and 4 bilirubin increased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 0.5% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 0.3% patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. In patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel, the median time to first onset of any-grade increased bilirubin was 2.9 months and the median time to first onset of Grade 3 and 4 increased bilirubin was 16.5 months. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to an adverse event of bilirubin increased, was reported in 0.3% of patients. No patients discontinued darolutamide due to increase in bilirubin.
\*ALT and AST increased\*
\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*
ALT increased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 13.3% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 9.7% of patients treated with placebo. AST increased was reported as a laboratory abnormality in 22.0% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 13.4% of patients treated with placebo. The episodes were predominantly Grade 1 or 2, not associated with any clinically relevant signs or symptoms, and reversible after darolutamide was discontinued. Grade 3 or 4 ALT increased was reported in 0.9% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.3% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 or 4 AST increased was reported in 1.2% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 0.3% of patients treated with placebo. In the patients treated with darolutamide, the mean time to first onset of increased ALT was 253 days, and the mean duration of the first episode was 122 days. In the patients treated with darolutamide, the mean time to first onset of increased AST was 257 days, and the mean duration of the first episode was 121 days. The median time to first onset of Grade 3 or 4 ALT increased was 11.2 months. The median time to first onset of Grade 3 or 4 AST increased was 11.1 months. ALT increased was reported as an adverse event in 3.4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 2.5% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 ALT increased was reported as an adverse event in 0.7% and 0.1% of patients, respectively. AST increased was reported as an adverse event in 4% of patients treated with darolutamide and in 2.3% of patients treated with placebo. Grade 3 AST increased was reported as an adverse event in 0.9% and 0.1% of patients, respectively. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to an adverse event of ALT increased was reported in 0.1% of patients. Dose reduction of darolutamide due to an adverse event of AST increased was reported in 0.3% of patients. One patient (<0.1%) discontinued darolutamide due to Grade 4 ALT increased. Two patients (0.1%) discontinued darolutamide due to Grade 3 AST increased.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
ALT and AST increased were reported as laboratory abnormalities in 42.3% and 43.9% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 38.0% and 39.3% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel, respectively. The episodes were predominantly of Grade 1 intensity. Grade 3 and 4 ALT and AST increased were reported as laboratory abnormalities in 3.7% and 3.6% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 3.0% and 2.3% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel, respectively. In the patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel, the median time to first onset of Grade 3 and 4 ALT and AST increased was 2.3 months and 8.0 months, respectively. ALT and AST increased were reported as adverse events in 15.8% and 14.0% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 12.9% and 10.5% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel, respectively. Grade 3 and 4 ALT and AST increased were both reported as adverse events in 2.8% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel and in 1.7% and 1.1% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel, respectively. Dose reductions of darolutamide due to adverse events of ALT and AST increased were reported in 2.8% and 2.5% of patients, respectively. Discontinuation of darolutamide due to adverse events of ALT and AST increased were reported in 0.8% and 0.9% of patients, respectively.
\*Seizure\*
\*\*\*nmCRPC and mHSPC\*\*\*
Seizure occurred in 0.2% of patients treated with darolutamide and 0.2% treated with placebo. All events were of Grade 1 and 2 intensity. Seizure occurred 261 and 456 days after initiation of darolutamide. Serious events of seizure were reported only in patients treated with darolutamide, in 0.2% of patients. There were no dose reductions or discontinuations of darolutamide due to seizure.
\*mHSPC treated in combination with docetaxel\*
Seizure occurred in 0.6% of patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel, including 1 Grade 3 event, and 0.2% of patients treated with placebo+docetaxel. Seizure occurred 38 to 340 days after initiation of darolutamide. Serious events of seizure were reported only in patients treated with darolutamide+docetaxel, in 0.2% of patients. There were no dose reductions or discontinuations of darolutamide due to seizure.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.4.9 Overdose
The highest dose of darolutamide studied clinically was 900 mg twice daily, equivalent to a total daily dose of 1800 mg. No dose limiting toxicities were observed with this dose.
Considering the saturable absorption (see section 5.2) and the absence of evidence for acute toxicity, an intake of a higher than recommended dose of darolutamide is not expected to lead to toxicity.
In the event of intake of a higher than recommended dose, treatment with darolutamide can be continued with the next dose as scheduled.
There is no specific antidote for darolutamide and symptoms of overdose are not established.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Endocrine therapy, anti‑androgens; ATC code: L02BB06
Mechanism of action
Darolutamide is an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor with a flexible polar‑substituted pyrazole structure that binds with high affinity directly to the receptor ligand binding domain.
Darolutamide competitively inhibits androgen binding, AR nuclear translocation, and AR mediated transcription. A major metabolite, keto‑darolutamide, exhibited similar \*in vitro\* activity to darolutamide. Darolutamide treatment decreases prostate tumour cell proliferation leading to potent antitumour activity.
Pharmacodynamic effects
No prolongation of the mean QTcF interval (i.e., greater than 10 ms) was observed after oral administration of 600 mg darolutamide twice daily compared to placebo.
Clinical efficacy and safety
Efficacy and safety were established in three randomised placebo‑controlled multicentre phase III studies in patients with nmCRPC (ARAMIS) and mHSPC (ARANOTE and ARASENS). All patients received a luteinising hormone‑releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue concurrently or had a bilateral orchiectomy.
\*non‑metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC)\*
The efficacy and safety of darolutamide was assessed in a randomised, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled multicentre phase III study (ARAMIS) in patients with non‑metastatic (as assessed by conventional imaging CT, bone scan, MRI) castration resistant prostate cancer with a prostate‑specific antigen doubling time (PSADT) of ≤ 10 months.
Patients were included in the trial if they had 3 rising prostate‑specific antigen (PSA) levels after the nadir taken at least 1 week apart during androgen deprivation therapy, PSA ≥ 2 ng/mL at screening and castrate level of serum testosterone < 1.7 nmol/L.
Patients with a medical history of seizure were allowed to enter the study. There were 12 patients (0.21%) enrolled on the darolutamide arm with a history of seizure.
Patients with uncontrolled hypertension or recent (in the past 6 months) stroke, myocardial infarction, severe/unstable angina pectoris, coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft, congestive heart failure New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV were excluded from the study.
Patients with prior treatment with second generation AR inhibitors such as enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide, or CYP17 enzyme inhibitors such as abiraterone acetate as well as patients receiving systemic corticosteroid with dose greater than the equivalent 10 mg of prednisone/day within 28 days before randomisation were excluded from the study.
In total, 1509 patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either 600 mg darolutamide orally twice daily (n=955) or matching placebo (n=554).
Patients with presence of pelvic lymph nodes < 2 cm in short axis below the aortic bifurcation were allowed to enter the study. Absence or presence of metastasis was assessed by independent central radiological review. Included in these analyses were 89 patients that were retrospectively identified with metastasis at baseline. Randomization was stratified by PSADT (≤ 6 months or > 6 months) and use of osteoclast‑targeted therapy at study entry (yes or no).
The following patient demographics and disease characteristics were balanced between treatment arms. The median age was 74 years (range 48‑95) and 9% of patients were 85 years of age or older. The racial distribution was 79% White, 13% Asian, and 3% Black. A majority of patients had a Gleason score of 7 or higher at diagnosis (73%). The median PSADT was 4.5 months. Nine percent (9%) of patients had prior orchiectomy, 25% of patients had prior prostatectomy and 50% of patients had at least one prior radiotherapy. Seventy‑six percent (76%) of patients received more than one prior anti‑hormonal treatment. Patients had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) score of 0 (69%) or 1 (31%) at study entry.
Treatment with darolutamide continued until radiographic disease progression as assessed by conventional imaging (CT, bone scan, MRI) by blinded central review, unacceptable toxicity or withdrawal.
The primary efficacy endpoint was metastasis free survival (MFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), time to pain progression, time to initiation of first cytotoxic chemotherapy for prostate cancer, and time to first symptomatic skeletal events (defined as occurrence of any of the following: external beam radiotherapy to relieve skeletal symptoms, new symptomatic pathologic bone fracture, spinal cord compression, or tumour‑related orthopaedic surgical intervention).
Treatment with darolutamide resulted in an improvement in MFS compared to placebo (see Table 3 and Figure 1).
MFS results were consistent across patient subgroups regardless of PSADT, prior use of bone‑targeting agents or loco‑regional disease. Additional subgroups with consistent MFS results included PSA at baseline, Gleason score at diagnosis, age, geographical region, ECOG PS at baseline, race, and number of prior hormonal therapies.
After the primary analysis of MFS, once the study was unblinded, patients receiving placebo were offered treatment with open‑label darolutamide (cross‑over option). Among the 554 patients randomised to placebo, 170 (31%) crossed over to receive darolutamide treatment. The OS analysis was not adjusted for confounding effects of cross‑over.
At the time of the final analysis, treatment with darolutamide resulted in a statistically significant improvement in overall survival compared to placebo (median was not reached in either arm, see Table 3 and Figure 2).
Treatment with darolutamide also resulted in statistically significant delays in time to pain progression, time to initiation of first cytotoxic chemotherapy and time to first symptomatic skeletal event compared to placebo (see Table 3).
All analyses were performed in the full analysis set.
\*\*Table 3: Efficacy results from the ARAMIS study\*\*
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy parameter\*\* | \*\*Number (%) of patients with events\*\* | | \*\*Median (months) (95% CI)\*\* | | \*\*Hazard Ratio\*\*b \*\*(95% Confidence Interval [CI])\*\* \*\*p‑value\*\* \*\*(two‑sided)\*\* |
| \*\*Darolutamide\*\* \*\*(N=955)\*\* | \*\*Placebo\*\*a \*\*(N=554)\*\* | \*\*Darolutamide\*\* \*\*(N=955)\*\* | \*\*Placebo\*\*a \*\*(N=554)\*\* |
| Metastasis free survivalc | 221 (23.1%) | 216 (39.0%) | 40.4 (34.3, NR) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.3) | 0.41 (0.34, 0.50) <0.000001 |
| Overall survival | 148 (15.5%) | 106 (19.1%) | NR (56.1, NR) | NR (46.9, NR) | 0.69 (0.53, 0.88) 0.003048 |
| Time to pain progressionc, d | 251 (26.3%) | 178 (32.1%) | 40.3 (33.2, 41.2) | 25.4 (19.1, 29.6) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.79) 0.000008 |
| Time to initiation of first cytotoxic chemotherapy | 127 (13.3%) | 98 (17.7%) | NR (NR, NR) | NR (NR, NR) | 0.58 (0.44, 0.76) 0.000044 |
| Time to first symptomatic skeletal event | 29 (3.0%) | 28 (5.1%) | NR (NR, NR) | NR (NR, NR) | 0.48 (0.29, 0.82) 0.005294 |
a including 170 patients who crossed over to open‑label darolutamide
b Hazard ratio < 1 favours darolutamide
c for MFS and time to pain progression, the analysis performed at the time of primary completion is considered as the final analysis
d Patient reported outcome as evaluated by Brief Pain Inventory‑Short Form questionnaire
NR: Not reached.
Treatment with darolutamide resulted in a longer progression free survival (PFS, median 36.8 vs 14.8 months, HR=0.38) and time to PSA progression (median 29.5 vs 7.2 months, HR=0.16). Consistency of effect was observed across all measures of survival (MFS, OS and PFS).
\*\*Figure 1: Kaplan‑Meier curves of metastasis free survival (ARAMIS)\*\*
\*\*Figure 2: Kaplan‑Meier curves of overall survival (ARAMIS)\*\*
Patients receiving darolutamide in the ARAMIS study (double‑blind period) demonstrated a significantly higher confirmed PSA response rate (defined as a ≥ 50% reduction from baseline), compared with patients receiving placebo, 84.0% vs 7.9% (difference = 76.1%).
\*metastatic hormone‑sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) – treatment with darolutamide and ADT\*
The efficacy and safety of darolutamide was assessed in a multicentre, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled phase III study (ARANOTE) in patients with mHSPC. In total, 669 patients were randomised (2:1) to receive 600 mg darolutamide orally twice daily (n=446) or matching placebo (n=223). Treatment with darolutamide or placebo continued until progressive disease, change of antineoplastic therapy, unacceptable toxicity, death, or withdrawal.
Presence of metastasis was assessed by independent central radiological review. Patients with regional lymph node involvement only (M0) were excluded from the study. Randomisation was stratified by presence of visceral metastasis and use of prior local therapy.
The following patient demographics and disease characteristics were balanced between treatment arms. The median age was 70 years (range 43-93) and 4.2% of patients were 85 years of age or older. The racial distribution was 56.2% White, 31.2% Asian, 9.7% Black or African American and 2.8% Other. A majority of patients had a Gleason score of 8 or higher at diagnosis (68.3%). At study entry, ECOG PS of 0, 1 and 2 were 49.8%, 47.2% and 3.0%, respectively. There were 72.5% of patients with \*de novo\* and 21.7% with recurrent disease. 12.0% of patients had visceral metastasis at study entry; median PSA level at baseline was 21.3 µg/L. 70.6% of patients had high-volume disease and 29.4% had low-volume disease. High-volume disease was defined as presence of visceral metastases or 4 or more bone lesions, with at least 1 metastasis beyond the vertebral column and pelvic bones. Patients with a medical history of seizure were allowed to enter the study, and 1 patient (0.2%) was enrolled on the darolutamide arm.
The primary efficacy endpoint was radiological Progression Free Survival (rPFS). Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), time to initiation of subsequent anticancer therapy, time to castration-resistant prostate cancer, time to PSA progression, PSA undetectable rates and time to pain progression. Pain progression was assessed using the patient reported outcome (PRO) Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF), defined as at least a 2 point worsening from nadir, or inititation of short or long acting opioid use for malignant disease for ≥7 consecutive days.
Treatment with darolutamide resulted in a statistically significant improvement in rPFS compared to placebo with a p‑value of <0.0001 (see Table 4 and Figure 3). The HR was 0.541, representing a 45.9% reduction in the risk of radiological progression or death. The rPFS results were consistent across subgroups, including in high and low volume disease.
Treatment with darolutamide also resulted in a positive trend in overall survival (median was not reached in either arm at the time of the interim OS analysis, (HR=0.813, p=0.2014, see Table 4 and Figure 4). All other secondary endpoints trend in favour of darolutamide.
\*\*Table 4: Efficacy results from the ARANOTE study\*\*
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy parameter\*\* | \*\*Number (%) of patients with events\*\* | | \*\*Median (months) (95% CI)\*\* | | \*\*Hazard Ratioa\*\* \*\*(95% Confidence Interval [CI])\*\* \*\*p‑value\*\* \*\*(two‑sided)b\*\* |
| \*\*Darolutamide\*\* \*\*(N=446)\*\* | \*\*Placebo\*\* \*\*(N=223)\*\* | \*\*Darolutamide\*\* \*\*(N=446)\*\* | \*\*Placebo\*\* \*\*(N=223)a\*\* |
| Radiological progression free survival | 128 (28.7%) | 94 (42.2%) | A (A, A) | 25.0 (19.0, A) | 0.541 (0.413, 0.707) <0.0001 |
| Overall survivalc | 103 (23.1%) | 60 (26.9%) | A (A, A) | A (33.8, A) | 0.813 (0.591, 1.118) 0.2014 |
a. Hazard ratio < 1 favours darolutamide
b. based on stratified log-rank test except for PSA undetectable rates
c. the p-value for OS did not reach the pre-defined threshold for statistical significance at the time of the interim OS analysis. Therefore (as per hierarchical methodology) a formal testing for significance of the remaining secondary endpoints was not conducted; nominal p-values (two-sided) are provided for descriptive purposes only.
A: value cannot be estimated due to censored data
\*\*Figure 3: Kaplan‑Meier curves for radiological progression free survival; mHSPC population (ARANOTE)a\*\*
a rPFS rate at 12 months was 83.1% (95% CI, 79.5% to 86.7%) in the darolutamide arm vs 74.1% (95% CI, 68.0% to 80.2%) in the placebo arm. rPFS rate at 24 months was 70.3% (95% CI, 65.7% to 74.9%) in the darolutamide arm vs 52.1% (95% CI, 44.7% to 59.5%) in the placebo arm.
\*\*Figure 4: Kaplan‑Meier curves for overall survival; mHSPC population (ARANOTE)a\*\*
a OS rate at 24 months was 79.8% (95% CI, 75.9% to 83.7%) in the darolutamide arm vs 75.5% (95% CI, 69.6% to 81.3%) in the placebo arm.
At the time of primary analysis, OS did not reach statistical significance and, as per the hierarchical testing of the SAP, none of the other secondary endpoints were tested for statistical significance All p values are nominal. In the ARANOTE study, time to initiation of subsequent anticancer therapy was longer for patients on darolutamide, with 15.2% starting subsequent treatment compared to 33.2% in the placebo group, HR 0.401 (95% CI: [0.288; 0.558]; p<0.0001). The time to castration-resistant prostate cancer was extended for those on darolutamide, with 34.5% progressing to mCRPC versus 64.1% on placebo HR 0.404 (95% CI: [0.321; 0.508]; p<0.0001). 20.9% of patients on darolutamide experienced PSA progression compared to 48.4% in the placebo group HR 0.306 (95% CI: [0.231; 0.405]; p<0.0001). 62.6% patients receiving darolutamide reached undetectable PSA levels (<0.2 ng/mL) compared to 18.5% patients in the placebo arm. The rate difference (darolutamide minus placebo) was 44.3% (95% CI: [37.4%; 51.2%]; p<0.0001). 27.8% experienced pain progression in the darolutamide arm compared to 35.4% in the placebo arm. Time to pain progression was delayed in the darolutamide arm compared with the placebo arm, with an HR of 0.721 (95% CI: [0.544; 0.957]; p=0.0115).
\*metastatic hormone‑sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) – treatment with darolutamide in combination with docetaxel\*
The efficacy and safety of darolutamide in combination with docetaxel was assessed in a multicentre, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled phase III study (ARASENS) in patients with mHSPC. In total, 1305 patients were randomised 1:1 to receive 600 mg darolutamide orally twice daily (n=651) or matching placebo (n=654), concomitantly with 75 mg/m2 of docetaxel for 6 cycles. Patients must have started ADT no longer than 12 weeks prior to randomization and had to be candidates for docetaxel per investigator judgement. Treatment with darolutamide or placebo continued until symptomatic progressive disease, change of antineoplastic therapy, unacceptable toxicity, death, or withdrawal.
Presence of metastasis was assessed by independent central radiological review. Patients with regional lymph node involvement only (M0) were excluded from the study. Randomisation was stratified by extent of disease (non‑regional lymph nodes metastases only (M1a), bone metastases with or without lymph node metastases (M1b) or visceral metastases with or without lymph node metastases or with or without bone metastases (M1c)) and by alkaline phosphatase level (< or ≥ upper limit of normal) at study entry.
The following patient demographics and disease characteristics were balanced between treatment arms. The median age was 67 years (range 41‑89) and 0.5% of patients were 85 years of age or older. The racial distribution was 52% White, 36% Asian, and 4% Black. A majority of patients had a Gleason score of 8 or higher at diagnosis (78%). Seventy‑one percent (71%) of patients had an ECOG PS score of 0 and 29% of patients had an ECOG PS score of 1. There were 86.1% of patients with \*de novo\* and 12.9% of patients with recurrent disease. At study entry 3% of patients had M1a, 79.5% had M1b and 17.5% had M1c; alkaline phosphatase was ≥ ULN in 55.5% of patients; median PSA level at baseline was 30.3 µg/L (range 0.0 to 9219.0) and 24.2 µg/L (range 0.0 to 11947.0) for darolutamide vs the placebo group, respectively. Patients with a medical history of seizure were allowed to enter the study, and 4 patients (0.6%) were enrolled in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm.
The primary efficacy endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints were time to castration‑resistant prostate cancer, time to pain progression, symptomatic skeletal event free survival (SSE‑FS), time to first symptomatic skeletal event (SSE), time to initiation of subsequent antineoplastic therapy, time to worsening of disease‑related physical symptoms, and time to initiation of opioid use for ≥ 7 consecutive days. Pain progression was assessed using the patient‑reported outcome (PROs) Brief Pain Inventory‑Short Form (BPI-SF), defined as at least a 2‑point worsening from nadir observed at 2 consecutive evaluations at least 4 weeks apart, and initiation of short- or long-acting opioid use for pain for ≥7 consecutive days.
87.6% and 85.5% of patients received full 6 cycles of docetaxel and 1.5% and 2.0% of patients did not receive docetaxel in the darolutamide+docetaxel and placebo+docetaxel arm, respectively.
A statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in OS with a 32.5% reduction in risk of death (HR=0.68, HR 95% CI [0.57; 0.80; p<0.0001) was observed in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm compared to the placebo+docetaxel arm (see Table 5 and Figure 5). OS results were consistent across all patient subgroups, including stratification subgroups (extent of disease and alkaline phosphatase level).
Secondary efficacy endpoints that showed a statistically significant advantage in favour of darolutamide included time to pain progression and time to first symptomatic skeletal event.
\*\*Table 5: Efficacy results from the ARASENS study\*\*
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy parameter\*\* | \*\*Number (%) of patients with events\*\* | | \*\*Median (months) (95% CI)\*\* | | \*\*Hazard Ratio\*\*a \*\*(95% Confidence Interval [CI])\*\* \*\*p‑value\*\* \*\*(two‑sided)\*\*b |
| \*\*Darolutamide + docetaxel\*\* \*\*(N=651)\*\* | \*\*Placebo + docetaxel\*\* \*\*(N=654)\*\* | \*\*Darolutamide + docetaxel\*\* \*\*(N=651)\*\* | \*\*Placebo + docetaxel\*\* \*\*(N=654)\*\* |
| Overall survival | 229 (35.2%) | 304 (46.5%) | NR (NR, NR) | 48.9 (44.4, NR) | 0.68 (0.57, 0.80) <0.0001 |
| Time to pain progressionc | 222 (34.1%) | 248 (37.9%) | NR (30.5, NR) | 27.5 (22.0, 36.1) | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) 0.00116 |
| Time to first symptomatic skeletal event (SSE)d | 95 (14.6%) | 108 (16.5%) | NR (NR, NR) | NR (NR, NR) | 0.71 (0.54, 0.94) 0.0162 |
a Hazard ratio <1 favours darolutamide
b based on stratified log‑rank test
c evaluated by BPI-SF and initiation of short‑ or long‑acting opioid use for pain for ≥7 consecutive days. Patients with opioid use within 4 weeks of randomisation were censored at randomisation (125 patients (19.2%) in the darolutamide with docetaxel and 118 patients (18%) in the placebo with docetaxel arm)
d result was driven by the number patients with external beam radiotherapy to relieve skeletal symptoms, without additional benefit of darolutamide and docetaxel compared to placebo and docetaxel on symptomatic pathological bone fractures, spinal cord compression or orthopaedic surgical interventions
CRPC: castration‑resistant prostate cancer
NR: not reached
\*\*Figure 5: Kaplan‑Meier curves of overall survival (ARASENS)\*\*a
a OS rate at 36 months was 72.3% (95% CI, 68.8% to 75.8%) in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm vs 63.8% (95% CI, 60.1% to 67.6%) in the placebo+docetaxel arm.
OS rate at 48 months was 62.7% (95% CI, 58.7% to 66.7%) in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm vs 50.4% (95% CI, 46.3% to 54.6%) in the placebo+docetaxel arm.
The Health‑related Quality of life (HRQoL) was maintained while on treatment for patients in both arms, as assessed by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network/Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate Symptom Index 17 (NCCN‑FACT FPSI‑17) questionnaire. Time to worsening of disease related physical symptoms based on a subscale of the NCCN‑FACT FPSI‑17 questionnaire was similar in both treatment arms.
Treatment with darolutamide+docetaxel delayed the time to initiation of opioids for cancer-related pain for ≥7 consecutive days (HR=0.69, 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.91).
Patients receiving darolutamide+docetaxel had a higher relative PSA response rate (defined as a ≥50% reduction from baseline) at 12 months after randomisation compared with patients receiving placebo+docetaxel, (89.6% vs 80.4%). Darolutamide+docetaxel resulted in a median maximum percentage decline in PSA from baseline at any time of 99.7% compared to 96.3% for placebo-docetaxel.
Time to PSA progression was longer for patients was observed in the darolutamide+docetaxel arm as compared to the placebo+docetaxel arm (median not reached vs 22.4 months, HR=0.26, 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.31).
Paediatric population
The licensing authority has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with darolutamide in all subsets of the paediatric population in prostate malignant neoplasms (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
General introduction
Darolutamide consists of two diastereomers [(\*S\*,\*R\*)‑darolutamide and (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide] which interconvert via the main circulating metabolite called keto‑darolutamide. \*In vitro\*, all three substances show similar pharmacological activity. Darolutamide is poorly soluble in aqueous solvents over a large pH range and generally more soluble in organic solvents.
Absorption
Following oral administration of 600 mg (2 tablets of 300 mg), peak plasma concentrations of darolutamide of 4.79 mg/L (coefficient of variation: 30.9%) are usually reached around 4 hours after administration. The ratio of the two diastereomers, (\*S\*,\*R\*)‑darolutamide to (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide, changed from a 1:1 ratio in the tablet to an approximately 1:9 ratio in plasma based on AUC0‑12 data at steady‑state. Following oral administration together with food, steady‑state is reached after 2‑5 days of repeated twice‑daily dosing.
The absolute bioavailability compared to an intravenous injection is approximately 30% following oral administration of a NUBEQA tablet containing 300 mg darolutamide under fasted conditions. Bioavailability of darolutamide was enhanced by 2.0‑ to 2.5‑fold when administered with food. A similar increase of exposure was observed for the major metabolite keto‑darolutamide.
Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution of darolutamide after intravenous administration is 119 L indicating that darolutamide is widely distributed throughout the body to both intracellular and extracellular fluid spaces.
Darolutamide is moderately (92%) bound to human plasma proteins without any difference between the two diastereomers. The major metabolite of darolutamide, keto‑darolutamide, is highly (99.8%) bound to plasma proteins.
Passage of darolutamide across the blood‑brain barrier has not been studied clinically. However, brain exposures to darolutamide in terms of AUC0‑24 are very low with 4.5% of plasma exposure after single dose in rats and 1.9‑3.9% after repeated dose in mice. This indicates low passage of darolutamide across the intact blood‑brain barrier in rats and mice and a low likelihood that darolutamide crosses the intact blood‑brain barrier in humans to a clinically relevant extent.
Biotransformation
The diastereomers (\*S\*,\*R\*)‑darolutamide and (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide are able to interconvert via the metabolite keto‑darolutamide with a preference for (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide.
Following single oral administration of 300 mg14 C‑darolutamide given as an oral solution, keto‑darolutamide is the only major metabolite with about 2‑fold higher total exposure in plasma compared to darolutamide. Darolutamide and keto‑darolutamide accounted together for 87.4% of the 14 C‑radioactivity in plasma indicating that all other metabolites are of minor importance.
Darolutamide is metabolised primarily by oxidative metabolism mediated mainly by CYP3A4, as well as by direct glucuronidation mediated preferentially by UGT1A9 and UGT1A1. In addition, mainly the AKR1C isoforms were shown to catalyse the reduction of keto‑darolutamide to the substance diastereomers.
Elimination
The effective half‑life of darolutamide and keto‑darolutamide in plasma of patients is approximately 20 hours. Of the two diastereomers comprising darolutamide, (\*S\*,\*R\*)‑darolutamide has a shorter effective half‑life of 9 hours compared to (\*S\*,\*S\*)‑darolutamide with an effective half‑life of 22 hours. The clearance of darolutamide following intravenous administration was 116 mL/min (CV: 39.7%). A total of 63.4% of substance‑related material is excreted in the urine (approximately 7% unchanged), 32.4% is excreted in the faeces. More than 95% of the dose was recovered within 7 days after administration.
Linearity / Non‑linearity
In the dose range of 100 to 700 mg (after single dose and at steady state), the exposure to the two diastereomers and the major metabolite keto‑darolutamide increases linearly in a nearly dose‑related manner. Based on a saturated absorption, no further increase in exposure to darolutamide was observed at 900 mg twice daily.
Special populations
\*Elderly\*
No clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of darolutamide were observed (65‑95 years).
\*Renal impairment\*
In a clinical pharmacokinetic study, AUC and Cmax for darolutamide were 2.5 and 1.6‑fold higher in patients with severe renal impairment (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate [eGFR] 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m2) compared to healthy volunteers.
A population pharmacokinetic analysis indicates a 1.1‑, 1.3‑ and an approximately 1.5‑fold higher exposure (AUC) of darolutamide in patients with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment (eGFR 15 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m2) compared to patients with normal renal function.
The pharmacokinetics of darolutamide has not been studied in patients with end‑stage renal disease receiving dialysis (eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
In a clinical pharmacokinetic study, Cmax and AUC for darolutamide were 1.5 and 1.9‑fold higher in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child‑Pugh B) compared to healthy volunteers. There are no data for patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child‑Pugh C).
\*Ethnic differences\*
No clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of darolutamide were observed based on ethnicity (White, Asian, Black or African American). A population pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a 1.4‑fold increase in exposure (AUC) in Japanese patients compared to patients from all other regions.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Systemic toxicity
In repeated dose toxicity studies in rats and dogs, the main findings were changes in the male reproductive organs (decreases in organ weight with atrophy of the prostate and epididymides). These effects occurred at systemic exposures in the range of or below the anticipated human exposure (based on AUC comparison). Additional changes to reproductive tissues included minimal increase in vacuolation of the pituitary gland, atrophy and secretory reduction in seminal vesicles and mammary glands in rats as well as testicular hypospermia, seminiferous tubule dilatation and degeneration in dogs. Changes in the male reproductive organs in both species were consistent with the pharmacological activity of darolutamide and reversed or partially resolved after 4‑ to 8‑week recovery periods.
Embryotoxicity / teratogenicity
Studies on developmental toxicity have not been performed.
Reproduction toxicity
Studies on reproductive toxicity have not been performed. However, male fertility is likely to be impaired based on the findings in repeat‑dose toxicity studies in rats and dogs, which are consistent with the pharmacological activity of darolutamide.
Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity
Darolutamide did not induce mutations in the microbial mutagenesis (Ames) assay. At high concentrations, darolutamide did induce structural chromosome aberrations \*in vitro\* in cultured human lymphocytes. However, in the \*in vivo\* combined bone marrow micronucleus test and the Comet assay in the liver and duodenum of the rat, no genotoxicity was observed at exposures in excess of the maximum human exposure. Oral administration of darolutamide to male rasH2 transgenic mice for 6 months did not show carcinogenic potential at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day, which is 0.9‑1.3 times for darolutamide and 2.1‑2.3 times for keto‑darolutamide the clinical exposure (AUC) at the recommended clinical daily dose of 1200 mg/day. Based on this study carcinogenic risk of darolutamide cannot be completely excluded.
Safety pharmacology
\*In vitro\*, darolutamide weakly inhibited the hERG potassium current and the L‑type calcium channel. \*In vivo\*, in anaesthetised dogs, darolutamide slightly decreased the QT interval duration, but this effect was not found in conscious dogs.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Tablet core
Calcium hydrogen phosphate (E 341)
Croscarmellose sodium
Lactose monohydrate
Magnesium stearate (E 470b)
Povidone (E 1201)
Film‑coating
Hypromellose
Lactose monohydrate
Macrogol (E 1521)
Titanium dioxide (E 171)6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.6.3 Shelf life
3 years6.4 Special precautions for storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.6.5 Nature and contents of container
PVC/Aluminium foil blisters containing 16 film‑coated tablets.
Each pack contains 112 film‑coated tablets.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
