- Approval Id
- d02982c78c112ae9
- Drug Approval Emc Name
- Bavencio 20 mg/mL concentrate for solution for infusion
- Drug Name
- Bavencio 20 mg/mL concentrate for solution for infusion
- Company Address
- Merck Serono Ltd, 5 New Square, Bedfont Lakes Business Park, Feltham, Middlesex, TW14 8HA, UK
- Company Telephone
- +44 (0)208 818 7200
- Company Medical Info Direct Line
- +44 (0)208 818 7373
- Company Medical Info Email
- medinfo.uk@merckgroup.com
- Company Medical Info Fax
- +44 (0)208 818 7274
- Atc Code
- L01FF04
- Legal Category
- Prescription only medicine
- Authorisation Holder
- Merck Serono Ltd
5 New Square, Bedfont Lakes Business Park,
Feltham, Middlesex, TW14 8HA
- Authorisation Number
- PLGB 11648/0262
- Authorisation Date
- 06/06/2025
- Instruction Authorisation Holder
- Merck Serono Ltd
5 New Square, Bedfont Lakes Business Park,
Feltham, Middlesex, TW14 8HA
- Instruction Authorisation Number
- PLGB 11648/0262
- Instruction Authorisation Date
- 06/06/2025
- Instruction Composition
- Each mL of concentrate contains 20 mg of avelumab.
One vial of 10 mL contains 200 mg of avelumab.
Avelumab is a human monoclonal IgG1 antibody directed against the immunomodulatory cell surface ligand protein PD-L1 and produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells by recombinant DNA technology.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
- Instruction Dosage Form
- Concentrate for solution for infusion (sterile concentrate).
Clear, colourless to slightly yellow solution. The solution pH is in the range of 5.0 - 5.6 and the osmolality is between 285 and 350 mOsm/kg.
- Instruction Clinical Particulars
- 4.1 Therapeutic indications
Bavencio is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).
Bavencio is indicated as monotherapy for the first-line maintenance treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) who are progression-free following platinum-based chemotherapy.
Bavencio in combination with axitinib is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (see section 5.1).4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the treatment of cancer.
Posology
The recommended dose of Bavencio as monotherapy is 800 mg administered intravenously over 60 minutes every 2 weeks.
Administration of Bavencio should continue according to the recommended schedule until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
The recommended dose of Bavencio in combination with axitinib is 800 mg administered intravenously over 60 minutes every 2 weeks and axitinib 5 mg orally taken twice daily (12 hours apart) with or without food until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
For information on the posology of axitinib, please refer to the axitinib product information.
\*Premedication\*
Patients have to be premedicated with an antihistamine and with paracetamol prior to the first 4 infusions of Bavencio. If the fourth infusion is completed without an infusion-related reaction, premedication for subsequent doses should be administered at the discretion of the physician.
\*Treatment modifications\*
Dose escalation or reduction is not recommended. Dosing delay or discontinuation may be required based on individual safety and tolerability; see Table 1.
Detailed guidelines for the management of immune-mediated adverse reactions are described in section 4.4.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*1: Guidelines for withholding or discontinuation of Bavencio\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Treatment-related adverse reaction\*\* | \*\*Severity\\*\*\* | \*\*Treatment modification\*\* |
| Infusion-related reactions | Grade 1 infusion-related reaction | Reduce infusion rate by 50% |
| Grade 2 infusion-related reaction | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1; restart infusion with a 50% slower rate |
| Grade 3 or Grade 4 infusion-related reaction | Permanently discontinue |
| Pneumonitis | Grade 2 pneumonitis | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Grade 3 or Grade 4 pneumonitis or recurrent Grade 2 pneumonitis | Permanently discontinue |
| Hepatitis For Bavencio in combination with axitinib, see below | Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) greater than 3 and up to 5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) or total bilirubin greater than 1.5 and up to 3 times ULN | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| AST or ALT greater than 5 times ULN or total bilirubin greater than 3 times ULN | Permanently discontinue |
| Colitis | Grade 2 or Grade 3 colitis or diarrhoea | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Grade 4 colitis or diarrhoea or recurrent Grade 3 colitis | Permanently discontinue |
| Pancreatitis | Suspected pancreatitis | Withhold |
| Confirmed pancreatitis | Permanently discontinue |
| Myocarditis | Suspected myocarditis | Withhold |
| Confirmed myocarditis | Permanently discontinue |
| Endocrinopathies (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hyperglycaemia) | Grade 3 or Grade 4 endocrinopathies | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Nephritis and renal dysfunction | Serum creatinine more than 1.5 and up to 6 times ULN | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Serum creatinine more than 6 times ULN | Permanently discontinue |
| Skin reactions | Grade 3 rash | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Grade 4 or recurrent Grade 3 rash or confirmed Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) or Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) | Permanently discontinue |
| Other immune-mediated adverse reactions (including other clinically important immune-mediated adverse reactions listed under 'Other immune-mediated adverse reactions' (see section 4.4)) | For any of the following: • Grade 2 or Grade 3 clinical signs or symptoms of an immune-mediated adverse reaction not described above | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| For any of the following: • Life threatening or Grade 4 adverse reaction (excluding endocrinopathies controlled with hormone replacement therapy) • Recurrent Grade 3 immune-mediated adverse reaction • Requirement for 10 mg per day or greater prednisone or equivalent for more than 12 weeks • Persistent Grade 2 or Grade 3 immune-mediate adverse reactions lasting 12 weeks or longer | Permanently discontinue |
\\* Toxicity was graded per National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0 (NCI-CTCAE v4.03)
\*Treatment modifications when Bavencio is used in combination with axitinib\*
If ALT or AST ≥ 3 times ULN but < 5 times ULN or total bilirubin ≥ 1.5 times ULN but < 3 times ULN, both Bavencio and axitinib should be withheld until these adverse reactions recover to Grades 0-1. If persistent (greater than 5 days), corticosteroid therapy with prednisone or equivalent followed by a taper should be considered. Rechallenge with Bavencio or axitinib or sequential rechallenge with both Bavencio and axitinib after recovery should be considered. Dose reduction according to the axitinib product information should be considered if rechallenging with axitinib.
If ALT or AST ≥ 5 times ULN or > 3 times ULN with concurrent total bilirubin ≥ 2 times ULN or total bilirubin ≥ 3 times ULN, both Bavencio and axitinib should be permanently discontinued and corticosteroid therapy should be considered.
\*Dose modification advice for axitinib when used with Bavencio\*
When Bavencio is administered in combination with axitinib, please refer to the axitinib product information for recommended dose modifications for axitinib.
\*Special populations\*
\*Elderly\*
No dose adjustment is needed for elderly patients (≥ 65 years) (see sections 5.1 and 5.2).
\*Renal impairment\*
No dose adjustment is needed for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment (see section 5.2). There are insufficient data in patients with severe renal impairment for dosing recommendations.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No dose adjustment is needed for patients with mild hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). There are insufficient data in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment for dosing recommendations.
\*Paediatric population\*
The safety and efficacy of Bavencio in children and adolescents below 18 years of age have not been established. Currently available data of Bavencio are described in section 5.1 but no recommendation on a posology can be made.
Method of administration
Bavencio is for intravenous infusion only. It must not be administered as an intravenous push or bolus injection.
Bavencio has to be diluted with either sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or with sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion. It is administered over 60 minutes as an intravenous infusion using a sterile, non-pyrogenic, low-protein binding 0.2 micrometre in-line or add-on filter.
For instructions on the preparation and administration of the medicinal product, see section 6.6.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Traceability
In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.
Infusion-related reactions
Infusion-related reactions, which might be severe, have been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of infusion-related reactions including pyrexia, chills, flushing, hypotension, dyspnoea, wheezing, back pain, abdominal pain, and urticaria.
For Grade 3 or Grade 4 infusion-related reactions, the infusion should be stopped and avelumab should be permanently discontinued (see section 4.2).
For Grade 1 infusion-related reactions, the infusion rate should be slowed by 50% for the current infusion. For patients with Grade 2 infusion-related reactions, the infusion should be temporary discontinued until Grade 1 or resolved, then the infusion will restart with a 50% slower infusion rate (see section 4.2).
In case of recurrence of Grade 1 or Grade 2 infusion-related reaction, the patient may continue to receive avelumab under close monitoring, after appropriate infusion rate modification and premedication with paracetamol and antihistamine (see section 4.2).
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 24.6% (513/2 082) of patients experienced infusion-related reactions. Of these, 97.7% (501/513) had a first infusion-related reaction during the first 4 infusions of which 2.7% (14/513) were Grade ≥ 3. In the remaining 2.3% (12/513) of patients, infusion-related reactions occurred after the first 4 infusions and 91.7% (11/12) were of Grade 1 or Grade 2.
Immune-mediated adverse reactions
Most immune-mediated adverse reactions with avelumab were reversible and managed with temporary or permanent discontinuation of avelumab, administration of corticosteroids and/or supportive care.
For suspected immune-mediated adverse reactions, adequate evaluation should be performed to confirm aetiology or exclude other causes. Based on the severity of the adverse reaction, avelumab should be withheld and corticosteroids administered. If corticosteroids are used to treat an adverse reaction, a taper of at least 1 month duration should be initiated upon improvement.
In patients, whose immune-mediated adverse reactions could not be controlled with corticosteroid use, administration of other systemic immunosuppressants may be considered.
In patients with pre-existing autoimmune disease (AID), data from observational studies suggest that the risk of immune-mediated adverse reactions following immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy may be increased as compared with the risk in patients without pre-existing AID. In addition, flares of the underlying AID were frequent, but the majority were mild and manageable.
\*Immune-mediated pneumonitis\*
Immune-mediated pneumonitis occurred in patients treated with avelumab. One fatal case has been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of immune-mediated pneumonitis and causes other than immune-mediated pneumonitis should be ruled out. Suspected pneumonitis should be confirmed with radiographic imaging.
Corticosteroids should be administered for Grade ≥ 2 events (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent, followed by a corticosteroid taper).
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 immune-mediated pneumonitis until resolution, and permanently discontinued for Grade 3, Grade 4 or recurrent Grade 2 immune-mediated pneumonitis (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated hepatitis\*
Immune-mediated hepatitis occurred in patients treated with avelumab. Two fatal cases have been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for changes in liver function and symptoms of immune-mediated hepatitis and causes other than immune-mediated hepatitis should be ruled out.
Corticosteroids should be administered for Grade ≥ 2 events (initial dose 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent, followed by a corticosteroid taper).
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 immune-mediated hepatitis until resolution and permanently discontinued for Grade 3 or Grade 4 immune-mediated hepatitis (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated colitis\*
Immune-mediated colitis has been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of immune-mediated colitis and causes other than immune-mediated colitis should be ruled out. Corticosteroids should be administered for Grade ≥ 2 events (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent followed by a corticosteroid taper).
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 or Grade 3 immune-mediated colitis until resolution, and permanently discontinued for Grade 4 or recurrent Grade 3 immune-mediated colitis (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated pancreatitis\*
Immune-mediated pancreatitis has been reported in patients receiving avelumab. Two fatal cases have been reported in patients receiving avelumab in combination with axitinib (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of immune-mediated pancreatitis. In symptomatic patients, obtain gastroenterology consultation and laboratory investigations (including imaging) to ensure the initiation of appropriate measures at an early stage. Corticosteroids should be administered for immune-mediated pancreatitis (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent followed by a corticosteroid taper).
Avelumab should be withheld in the event of suspected immune-mediated pancreatitis. Avelumab should be permanently discontinued if immune-mediated pancreatitis is confirmed (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated myocarditis\*
Immune-mediated myocarditis has been reported in patients receiving avelumab. Two fatal cases have been reported in patients receiving avelumab in combination with axitinib (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of immune-mediated myocarditis. In symptomatic patients, obtain cardiologic consultation and laboratory investigations to ensure the initiation of appropriate measures at an early stage. Corticosteroids should be administered for immune-mediated myocarditis (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent followed by a corticosteroid taper). If no improvement within 24 hours on corticosteroids, additional immunosuppression (e.g., mycophenolate, infliximab, anti-thymocyte globulin) should be considered.
Avelumab should be withheld in the event of suspected immune-mediated myocarditis. Avelumab should be permanently discontinued if immune-mediated myocarditis is confirmed (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated endocrinopathies\*
Immune-mediated thyroid disorders, immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus have been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8). Patients should be monitored for clinical signs and symptoms of endocrinopathies. Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 3 or Grade 4 endocrinopathies until resolution (see section 4.2).
\*Thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism)\*
Thyroid disorders can occur at any time during treatment (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for changes in thyroid function (at the start of treatment, periodically during treatment, and as indicated based on clinical evaluation) and for clinical signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism should be managed with replacement therapy and hyperthyroidism with anti-thyroid medicinal product, as needed.
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 3 or Grade 4 thyroid disorders (see section 4.2).
\*Adrenal insufficiency\*
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency during and after treatment. Corticosteroids should be administered (1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone intravenously or oral equivalent) for Grade ≥ 3 adrenal insufficiency followed by a taper until a dose of less than or equal to 10 mg/day has been reached.
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 3 or Grade 4 symptomatic adrenal insufficiency (see section 4.2).
\*Type 1 diabetes mellitus\*
Avelumab can cause Type 1 diabetes mellitus, including diabetic ketoacidosis (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for hyperglycaemia or other signs and symptoms of diabetes. Initiate treatment with insulin for Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Avelumab should be withheld and anti-hyperglycaemics in patients with Grade ≥ 3 hyperglycaemia should be administered. Treatment with avelumab should be resumed when metabolic control is achieved on insulin replacement therapy.
\*Immune-mediated nephritis and renal dysfunction\*
Avelumab can cause immune-mediated nephritis (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for elevated serum creatinine prior to and periodically during treatment. Corticosteroids (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent followed by a corticosteroid taper) should be administered for Grade ≥ 2 nephritis. Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 or Grade 3 nephritis until resolution to ≤ Grade 1 and permanently discontinued for Grade 4 nephritis.
\*Other immune-mediated adverse reactions\*
Other clinically important immune-mediated adverse reactions were reported in clinical studies or from post-marketing use of avelumab: myositis, hypopituitarism, uveitis, myasthenia gravis, myasthenic syndrome, cystitis noninfective, sarcoidosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, sclerosing cholangitis, arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and Sjogren's syndrome (see section 4.8).
For suspected immune-mediated adverse reactions, ensure adequate evaluation to confirm aetiology or to rule out other causes. Based on the severity of the adverse reaction, avelumab should be withheld and corticosteroids to be administered. Avelumab should be resumed when the immune-mediated adverse reaction returns to Grade 1 or less following corticosteroid taper. Avelumab should be permanently discontinued for any Grade 3 immune-mediated adverse reaction that recurs and for Grade 4 immune-mediated adverse reaction (see section 4.2).
\*Hepatotoxicity (in combination with axitinib)\*
Hepatotoxicity occurred in patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib with higher than expected frequencies of Grade 3 and Grade 4 ALT and AST elevation compared to avelumab alone (see section 4.8).
Patients should be more frequently monitored for changes in liver function and symptoms as compared to when avelumab is used as monotherapy.
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 hepatotoxicity until resolution and permanently discontinued for Grade 3 or Grade 4 hepatotoxicity. Corticosteroids should be considered for Grade ≥ 2 events (see section 4.2).
Patients excluded from clinical studies
Patients with the following conditions were excluded from clinical studies: active central nervous system (CNS) metastasis; active or a history of autoimmune disease; a history of other malignancies within the last 5 years; organ transplant; conditions requiring therapeutic immune suppression or active infection with HIV, or hepatitis B or C.
Avelumab should be used with caution in these populations after careful consideration of the potential benefit/risk on an individual basis.
Sodium content
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per 200 mg dose, that is to say essentially “sodium-free”. Bavencio has to be diluted with either sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or with sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion. This should be taken into consideration for patients on a controlled sodium diet (see section 6.6).4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
No interaction studies have been conducted with avelumab.
Avelumab is primarily metabolised through catabolic pathways, therefore, it is not expected that avelumab will have pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with other medicinal products.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Women of childbearing potential/Contraception
Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant while receiving avelumab and should use effective contraception during treatment with avelumab and for at least 1 month after the last dose of avelumab.
Pregnancy
There are no or limited data from the use of avelumab in pregnant women.
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with avelumab. However, in murine models of pregnancy, blockade of PD-L1 signalling has been shown to disrupt tolerance to the foetus and to result in an increased foetal loss (see section 5.3). These results indicate a potential risk, based on its mechanism of action, that administration of avelumab during pregnancy could cause foetal harm, including increased rates of abortion or stillbirth.
Human IgG1 immunoglobulins are known to cross the placental barrier. Therefore, avelumab has the potential to be transmitted from the mother to the developing foetus. It is not recommended to use avelumab during pregnancy unless the clinical condition of the woman requires treatment with avelumab.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether avelumab is excreted in human milk. Since it is known that antibodies can be secreted in human milk, a risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded.
Breast-feeding women should be advised not to breast-feed during treatment and for at least 1 month after the last dose due to the potential for serious adverse reactions in breast-fed infants.
Fertility
The effect of avelumab on male and female fertility is unknown.
Although studies to evaluate the effect of avelumab on fertility have not been conducted, there were no notable effects in the female reproductive organs in monkeys based on 1-month and 3-month repeat-dose toxicity studies (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Avelumab has negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Fatigue has been reported following administration of avelumab (see section 4.8). Patients should be advised to use caution when driving or operating machines until they are certain that avelumab does not adversely affect them.4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
Avelumab is associated with immune-mediated adverse reactions. Most of these, including severe reactions, resolved following initiation of appropriate medical therapy or withdrawal of avelumab (see “Description of selected adverse reactions” below).
The most common adverse reactions with avelumab were fatigue (30.0%), nausea (23.6%), diarrhoea (18.5%), constipation (18.1%), decreased appetite (17.6%), infusion-related reactions (15.9%), vomiting (15.6%), and weight decreased (14.5%).
The most common Grade ≥ 3 adverse reactions were anaemia (5.6%), hypertension (3.9%), hyponatraemia (3.6%), dyspnoea (3.5%), and abdominal pain (2.6%). Serious adverse reactions were immune-mediated adverse reactions and infusion-related reaction (see section 4.4).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The safety of avelumab as monotherapy has been evaluated in 2 082 patients with solid tumours including metastatic MCC or locally advanced or metastatic UC receiving 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks of avelumab in clinical studies or reported from post-marketing use of avelumab (see Table 2).
These reactions are presented by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1 000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10 000 to < 1/1 000); very rare (< 1/10 000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in the order of decreasing seriousness.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*2: Adverse reactions in patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Frequency\*\* | \*\*Adverse reactions\*\* |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Anaemia |
| Common | Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia |
| Uncommon | Eosinophilia§ |
| Not known | Neutropenia\\* |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Hypersensitivity, drug hypersensitivity, sarcoidosis\\*\\* |
| Rare | Anaphylactic reaction, Type I hypersensitivity |
| \*\*Endocrine disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Hypothyroidism\\*, hyperthyroidism\\* |
| Uncommon | Adrenal insufficiency\\*, autoimmune thyroiditis\\*, thyroiditis\\*, autoimmune hypothyroidism\\* |
| Rare | Adrenocortical insufficiency acute\\*, hypopituitarism\\* |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Decreased appetite |
| Common | Hyponatraemia |
| Uncommon | Hyperglycaemia\\* |
| Rare | Diabetes mellitus\\*, Type 1 diabetes mellitus\\* |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Headache, dizziness, neuropathy peripheral |
| Uncommon | Myasthenia gravis\\*†, myasthenic syndrome\\*† |
| Rare | Guillain-Barré Syndrome\\*, Miller Fisher syndrome\\* |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Uveitis\\* |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Myocarditis\\* |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Hypertension |
| Uncommon | Hypotension, flushing |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Cough, dyspnoea |
| Common | Pneumonitis\\* |
| Rare | Interstitial lung disease\\* |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Nausea, diarrhoea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal pain |
| Common | Dry mouth |
| Uncommon | Ileus, colitis\\* |
| Rare | Pancreatitis\\*, autoimmune colitis\\*, enterocolitis\\*, autoimmune pancreatitis\\*, enteritis\\*, proctitis\\* |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Autoimmune hepatitis\\* |
| Rare | Acute hepatic failure\\*, hepatic failure\\*, hepatitis\\*, hepatotoxicity\\* |
| Not known | Sclerosing cholangitis\\* |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Pruritus\\*, rash\\*, dry skin, rash maculo-papular\\* |
| Uncommon | Eczema, dermatitis, rash pruritic\\*, psoriasis\\*, erythema\\*, rash erythematous\\*, rash generalised\\*, rash macular\\*, rash papular\\* |
| Rare | Erythema multiforme\\*, purpura\\*, vitiligo\\*, pruritus generalised\\*, dermatitis exfoliative\\*, pemphigoid\\*, dermatitis psoriasiform\\*, drug eruption\\*, lichen planus\\* |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Back pain, arthralgia |
| Common | Myalgia |
| Uncommon | Myositis\\*, rheumatoid arthritis\\* |
| Rare | Arthritis\\*, polyarthritis\\*, oligoarthritis\\*, Sjogren's syndrome\\* |
| Not known | Polymyalgia rheumatica\\* |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Renal failure\\*, nephritis\\* |
| Rare | Tubulo-interstitial nephritis\\*, cystitis noninfective\\* |
| \*\*General disorders and administrative site conditions\*\* | |
| Very common | Fatigue, pyrexia, oedema peripheral |
| Common | Asthenia, chills, influenza like illness |
| Rare | Systemic inflammatory response syndrome\\* |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* | |
| Very common | Weight decreased |
| Common | Blood creatinine increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, lipase increased, gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, amylase increased |
| Uncommon | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased\\*, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased\\*, blood creatine phosphokinase increased\\* |
| Rare | Transaminases increased\\*, thyroxine free decreased\\*, blood thyroid stimulating hormone increased\\* |
| \*\*Injury, poisoning and procedural complications\*\* | |
| Very common | Infusion-related reaction |
\\* Immune-mediated adverse reaction based on medical review
\\*\\* Sarcoidosis was observed in clinical studies in patients receiving avelumab in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy
† Adverse reactions occurred in estimated 4 000 patients exposed to avelumab monotherapy beyond the pooled analysis
§ Reaction only observed from study EMR 100070-003 (Part B) after the data cut-off of the pooled analysis, hence frequency estimated
\*Renal cell carcinoma\*
Summary of the safety profile
The safety of avelumab in combination with axitinib has been evaluated in 489 patients with advanced RCC receiving 10 mg/kg avelumab every 2 weeks and axitinib 5 mg orally twice daily in two clinical studies.
In this patient population, the most common adverse reactions were diarrhoea (62.8%), hypertension (49.3%), fatigue (42.9%), nausea (33.5%), dysphonia (32.7%), decreased appetite (26.0%), hypothyroidism (25.2%), cough (23.7%), headache (21.3%), dyspnoea (20.9%), and arthralgia (20.9%).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
Adverse reactions reported for 489 patients with advanced RCC treated in two clinical studies or reported from post-marketing use of avelumab in combination with axitinib are presented in Table 3.
These reactions are presented by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1 000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10 000 to < 1/1 000); very rare (< 1/10 000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in the order of decreasing seriousness.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*3: Adverse reactions in patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Frequency\*\* | \*\*Adverse reactions\*\* |
| \*\*Infections and infestations\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Rash pustular\\* |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Anaemia, thrombocytopenia |
| Uncommon | Lymphopenia, eosinophilia |
| Not known | Neutropenia\\* |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Hypersensitivity |
| \*\*Endocrine disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Hypothyroidism\\* |
| Common | Hyperthyroidism\\*, adrenal insufficiency\\*, thyroiditis\\* |
| Uncommon | Autoimmune thyroiditis\\*, hypophysitis\\* |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Decreased appetite |
| Common | Hyperglycaemia\\* |
| Uncommon | Diabetes mellitus\\*, Type 1 diabetes mellitus\\* |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Headache, dizziness |
| Common | Neuropathy peripheral |
| Uncommon | Myasthenia gravis\\*, myasthenic syndrome\\* |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Myocarditis\\* |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Hypertension |
| Common | Hypotension, flushing |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Dysphonia, cough, dyspnoea |
| Common | Pneumonitis\\* |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Diarrhoea, nausea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal pain |
| Common | Dry mouth, colitis\\* |
| Uncommon | Autoimmune colitis\\*, autoimmune pancreatitis\\*, enterocolitis\\*, ileus, pancreatitis necrotizing\\* |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Hepatic function abnormal\\* |
| Uncommon | Hepatitis\\*, hepatotoxicity\\*, immune-mediated hepatitis\\*, liver disorder\\* |
| Not known | Sclerosing cholangitis\\* |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Rash\\*, pruritus\\* |
| Common | Rash pruritic\\*, rash maculo-papular\\*, pruritus generalized\\*, dermatitis acneiform, erythema\\*, rash macular\\*, rash papular\\*, rash erythematous\\*, dermatitis\\*, eczema, rash generalized\\* |
| Uncommon | Drug eruption\\*, erythema multiforme\\*, psoriasis\\* |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Arthralgia, back pain, myalgia |
| Uncommon | Arthritis\\* |
| Not known | Polymyalgia rheumatica\\*, Sjogren's syndrome\\* |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Acute kidney injury\\* |
| \*\*General disorders and administrative site conditions\*\* | |
| Very common | Fatigue, chills, asthenia, pyrexia |
| Common | Oedema peripheral, influenza like illness |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* | |
| Very common | Weight decreased, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased\\*, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased\\* |
| Common | Blood creatinine increased, amylase increased, lipase increased, gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, blood creatine phosphokinase increased\\*, blood thyroid stimulating hormone decreased\\*, transaminases increased\\* |
| Uncommon | Liver function test increased\\* |
| \*\*Injury, poisoning and procedural complications\*\* | |
| Very common | Infusion related reaction |
\\*Immune-mediated adverse reaction based on medical review
Description of selected adverse reactions
Data for immune-mediated adverse reactions for avelumab as a monotherapy are based on 2 082 patients including 1 650 patients in the phase I study EMR100070-001 in solid tumours, 88 patients in study EMR100070-003 in MCC, and 344 patients in study B9991001 in UC, and for avelumab in combination with axitinib are based on 489 patients in studies B9991002 and B9991003 in RCC (see section 5.1).
The management guidelines for these adverse reactions are described in section 4.4.
\*Immune-mediated pneumonitis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 1.3% (28/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated pneumonitis. Of these patients, there was 1 (less than 0.1%) patient with a fatal outcome, 1 (less than 0.1%) patient with Grade 4, and 6 (0.3%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated pneumonitis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated pneumonitis was 2.5 months (range: 3 days to 13.8 months). The median duration was 8.1 weeks (range: 4 days to more than 4.9 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.4% (9/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated pneumonitis. All 28 patients with immune-mediated pneumonitis were treated with corticosteroids and 21 (75%) of the 28 patients were treated with high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 9 days (range: 1 day to 2.3 months). Immune-mediated pneumonitis resolved in 18 (64.3%) of the 28 patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 0.6% (3/489) of patients developed immune-mediated pneumonitis. Of these patients, none experienced immune-mediated pneumonitis Grade ≥ 3.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated pneumonitis was 3.7 months (range: 2.7 months to 8.6 months). The median duration was 2.6 months (range: 3.3 weeks to more than 7.9 months).
Immune-mediated pneumonitis did not lead to discontinuation of avelumab in any patient. All 3 patients with immune-mediated pneumonitis were treated with high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 3.3 months (range: 3 weeks to 22.3 months). Immune-mediated pneumonitis resolved in 2 (66.7%) of the 3 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Immune-mediated hepatitis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 1.0% (21/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated hepatitis. Of these patients, there were 2 (0.1%) patients with a fatal outcome, and 16 (0.8%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated hepatitis\*.\*
The median time to onset of immune-mediated hepatitis was 3.3 months (range: 9 days to 14.8 months). The median duration was 2.5 months (range: 1 day to more than 7.4 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.6% (13/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated hepatitis. All 21 patients with immune-mediated hepatitis were treated with corticosteroids and 20 (95.2%) of the 21 patients received high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 17 days (range: 1 day to 4.1 months). Immune-mediated hepatitis resolved in 12 (57.1%) of the 21 patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 6.3% (31/489) of patients developed immune-mediated hepatitis. Of these patients, there were 18 (3.7%) patients with Grade 3 and 3 (0.6%) patients with Grade 4 immune-mediated hepatitis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated hepatitis was 2.3 months (range: 2.1 weeks to 14.5 months). The median duration was 2.1 weeks (range: 2 days to 8.9 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 4.7% (23/489) of patients due to immune-mediated hepatitis. All 31 patients with immune-mediated hepatitis were treated for hepatitis including 30 (96.8%) patients treated with corticosteroids and 1 patient with a non-steroidal immunosuppressant. Twenty-eight (90.3%) of the 31 patients received high dose corticosteroids for a median of 2.4 weeks (range: 1 day to 10.2 months). Immune-mediated hepatitis resolved in 27 (87.1%) of the 31 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Immune-mediated colitis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 1.5% (31/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated colitis. Of these patients, there were 10 (0.5%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated colitis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated colitis was 2.0 months (range: 2 days to 11.5 months). The median duration was 5.9 weeks (range: 1 day to more than 14 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.5% (11/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated colitis. All 31 patients with immune-mediated colitis were treated with corticosteroids and 19 (61.3%) of the 31 patients received high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 19 days (range: 1 day to 2.3 months). Immune-mediated colitis resolved in 22 (71%) of 31 patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 2.7% (13/489) of patients developed immune-mediated colitis. Of these patients, there were 9 (1.8%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated colitis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated colitis was 5.1 months (range: 2.3 weeks to 14 months). The median duration was 1.6 weeks (range: 1 day to more than 9 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.4% (2/489) of patients due to immune-mediated colitis. All 13 patients with immune-mediated colitis were treated with corticosteroids and 12 (92.3%) of the 13 patients received high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 2.3 weeks (range: 5 days to 4.6 months). Immune-mediated colitis resolved in 10 (76.9%) of 13 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Immune-mediated pancreatitis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, immune-mediated pancreatitis occurred in less than 1% (1/4 000) of patients across clinical studies in multiple tumour types and in 0.6% (3/489) of patients receiving avelumab in combination with axitinib including 2 (0.4%) patients with fatal outcome.
\*Immune-mediated myocarditis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, immune-mediated myocarditis occurred in less than 1% (5/4 000) of patients across clinical studies in multiple tumour types and in 0.6% (3/489) of patients receiving avelumab in combination with axitinib including 2 (0.4%) patients with fatal outcome.
\*Immune-mediated endocrinopathies\*
\*Thyroid disorders\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 6.7% (140/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated thyroid disorders, including 127 (6.1%) patients with hypothyroidism, 23 (1.1%) with hyperthyroidism, and 7 (0.3%) with thyroiditis. Of these patients, there were 4 (0.2%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated thyroid disorders.
The median time to onset of thyroid disorders was 2.8 months (range: 2 weeks to 12.8 months). The median duration was not estimable (range: 3 days to more than 27.6 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.2% (4/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated thyroid disorders. Thyroid disorders resolved in 14 (10%) of the 140 patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 24.7% (121/489) of patients developed immune-mediated thyroid disorders, including 111 (22.7%) patients with hypothyroidism, 17 (3.5%) with hyperthyroidism, and 7 (1.4%) with thyroiditis. Of these patients, there were 2 (0.4%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated thyroid disorders.
The median time to onset of thyroid disorders was 2.8 months (range: 3.6 weeks to 19.3 months). The median duration was not estimable (range: 8 days to more than 23.9 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.2% (1/489) of patients due to immune-mediated thyroid disorders. Thyroid disorders resolved in 15 (12.4%) of the 121 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Adrenal insufficiency\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 0.5% (11/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency. Of these patients, there was 1 (less than 0.1%) patient with Grade 3 immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency was 3.3 months (range: 1 day to 7.6 months). The median duration was not estimable (range: 2 days to more than 10.4 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.1% (2/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency. All 11 patients with immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency were treated with corticosteroids, and 5 (45.5%) of the 11 patients received high-dose systemic corticosteroids (≥ 40 mg prednisone or equivalent) for a median of 2 days (range: 1 day to 24 days). Adrenal insufficiency resolved in 3 (27.3%) of patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 1.8% (9/489) of patients developed immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency. Of these patients, there were 2 (0.4%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency was 5.5 months (range: 3.6 weeks to 8.7 months). The median duration was 2.8 months (range: 3 days to more than 15.5 months).
Immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency did not lead to discontinuation of avelumab in any patient. Eight (88.9%) patients with immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency were treated with corticosteroids and 2 (25%) of the 8 patients received high-dose corticosteroids (≥ 40 mg prednisone or equivalent) for a median of 8 days (range: 5 days to 11 days). Adrenal insufficiency resolved in 4 (44.4%) of the 9 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Type 1 diabetes mellitus\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, Type 1 diabetes mellitus without an alternative aetiology occurred in 0.2% (5/2 082) of patients. All 5 patients experienced Grade 3 Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
The median time to onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus was 3.3 months (range: 1 day to 18.7 months). The median duration was not estimable (range: 14 days to more than 4.8 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.1% (2/2 082) of patients due to Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus resolved in 2 (40%) patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, Type 1 diabetes mellitus without an alternative aetiology occurred in 1.0% (5/489) of patients. Of these patients, there was 1 (0.2%) patient with Grade 3 Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
The median time to onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus was 1.9 months (range: 1.1 months to 7.3 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.2% (1/489) of patients due to Type 1 diabetes mellitus. All 5 patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus were treated with insulin. Type 1 diabetes mellitus did not resolve in any of the patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Immune-mediated nephritis and renal dysfunction\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, immune-mediated nephritis occurred in 0.3% (7/2 082) of patients. There was 1 (less than 0.1%) patient with Grade 3 immune-mediated nephritis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated nephritis was 2.4 months (range: 7.1 weeks to 21.9 months). The median duration was 6.1 months (range: 9 days to 6.1 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.2% (4/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated nephritis. All 7 patients with immune-mediated nephritis were treated with corticosteroids. 6 (85.7%) of those 7 patients with immune-mediated nephritis were treated with high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 2.5 weeks (range: 6 days to 2.8 months). Immune-mediated nephritis resolved in 4 (57.1%) patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, immune-mediated nephritis occurred in 0.4% (2/489) of patients. Of these patients, there were 2 (0.4%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated nephritis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated nephritis was 1.2 months (range: 2.9 weeks to 1.8 months). The median duration was 1.3 weeks (range: more than 4 days to 1.3 weeks).
Immune-mediated nephritis did not lead to discontinuation of avelumab in any patient. All 2 patients with immune-mediated nephritis were treated with high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 1.1 weeks (range: 3 days to 1.9 weeks). Immune-mediated nephritis resolved in 1 (50%) of the 2 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Hepatotoxicity (in combination with axitinib)\*
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, Grades 3 and Grade 4 increased ALT and increased AST were reported in 9% and 7% of patients, respectively.
In patients with ALT ≥ 3 times ULN (Grades 2-4, n=82), ALT resolved to Grades 0-1 in 92%.
Among the 73 patients who were rechallenged with either avelumab (59%) or axitinib (85%) monotherapy or with both (55%), 66% had no recurrence of ALT ≥ 3 times ULN.
\*Immune checkpoint inhibitor class effects\*
There have been cases of the following adverse reactions reported during treatment with other immune checkpoint inhibitors which might also occur during treatment with avelumab: pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, coeliac disease.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via
\*\*United Kingdom\*\*
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store4.9 Overdose
Three patients were reported to be overdosed with 5% to 10% above the recommended dose of avelumab. The patients had no symptoms, did not require any treatment for the overdose, and continued on avelumab therapy.
In case of overdose, patients should be closely monitored for signs or symptoms of adverse reactions. The treatment is directed to the management of symptoms.
- Instruction Pharmacology
- 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies, PD-1/PDL-1 (Programmed cell death protein 1/death ligand 1) inhibitors, ATC code: L01FF04.
Mechanism of action
Avelumab is a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Avelumab binds PD-L1 and blocks the interaction between PD-L1 and the programmed death 1 (PD-1) and B7.1 receptors. This removes the suppressive effects of PD-L1 on cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells, resulting in the restoration of anti-tumour T-cell responses. Avelumab has also shown to induce natural killer (NK) cell-mediated direct tumour cell lysis via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Clinical efficacy and safety
\*Merkel cell carcinoma (study EMR100070-003)\*
The efficacy and safety of avelumab was investigated in the single arm, multi-centre study EMR100070-003 with two parts. Part A was conducted in patients with histologically confirmed metastatic MCC, whose disease had progressed on or after chemotherapy administered for distant metastatic disease, with a life expectancy of more than 3 months. Part B included patients with histologically confirmed metastatic MCC who were treatment-naïve to systemic therapy in the metastatic setting.
Patients with active or a history of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis; active or a history of autoimmune disease; a history of other malignancies within the last 5 years; organ transplant; conditions requiring therapeutic immune suppression or active infection with HIV, or hepatitis B or C were excluded.
Patients received avelumab at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients with radiological disease progression not associated with significant clinical deterioration, defined as no new or worsening symptoms, no change in performance status for greater than two weeks, and no need for salvage therapy could continue treatment.
Tumour response assessments were performed every 6 weeks, as assessed by an Independent Endpoint Review Committee (IERC) using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) v1.1.
\*Study 003 Part A – previously-treated patients\*
The major efficacy outcome measure was confirmed best overall response (BOR); secondary efficacy outcome measures included duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).
An efficacy analysis was conducted in all 88 patients after a minimum follow-up of 36 months. Patients received a median of 7 doses of avelumab (range: 1 dose to 95 doses), and the median duration of treatment was 17 weeks (range: 2 weeks to 208 weeks).
Of the 88 patients, 65 (74%) were male, the median age was 73 years (range 33 years to 88 years), 81 (92%) patients were Caucasian, and 49 (56%) patients and 39 (44%) patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 and 1, respectively.
Overall, 52 (59%) patients were reported to have had 1 prior anti-cancer therapy for MCC, 26 (30%) with 2 prior therapies, and 10 (11%) with 3 or more prior therapies. Forty-seven (53%) of the patients had visceral metastases.
Table 4 summarises efficacy endpoints in patients receiving avelumab at the recommended dose for study EMR100070-003, Part A with a minimum follow-up of 36 months. Overall survival was evaluated in an analysis with a minimum follow-up of 44 months. The median OS was 12.6 months (95% CI 7.5, 17.1).
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*4: Response to avelumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks in patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part A)\\*\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy endpoints (Part A)\*\* \*\*(per RECIST v1.1, IERC)\*\* | \*\*Results\*\* \*\*(N=88)\*\* |
| \*\*Objective response rate (ORR)\*\* Response rate, CR+PR\\*\\* n (%) (95% CI) | 29 (33.0%) (23.3, 43.8) |
| \*\*Confirmed best overall response (BOR)\*\* Complete response (CR)\\*\\* n (%) Partial response (PR)\\*\\* n (%) | 10 (11.4%) 19 (21.6%) |
| \*\*Duration of response (DOR)\*\*a Median, months (95% CI) Minimum, maximum (months) ≥ 6 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 12 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 24 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 36 months by K-M, (95% CI) | 40.5 (18, not estimable) 2.8, 41.5+ 93% (75, 98) 71% (51, 85) 67% (47, 82) 52% (26, 73) |
| \*\*Progression-free survival (PFS)\*\* Median PFS, months (95% CI) 6-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 12-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 24-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 36-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) | 2.7 (1.4, 6.9) 40% (29, 50) 29% (19, 39) 26% (17, 36) 21% (12, 32) |
CI: Confidence interval; RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours; IERC: Independent Endpoint Review Committee; K-M: Kaplan-Meier; +denotes a censored value
\\* Efficacy data with a minimum follow-up of 36 months (cut-off date 14 September 2018)
\\*\\* CR or PR was confirmed at a subsequent tumour assessment
a Based on number of patients with confirmed response (CR or PR)
The median time to response was 6 weeks (range: 6 weeks to 36 weeks) after the first dose of avelumab. Twenty-two out of 29 (76%) patients with response were reported to have responded within 7 weeks after the first dose of avelumab.
The Kaplan-Meier estimates of PFS of the 88 patients (Part A) with metastatic MCC is presented in Figure 1.
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*1: Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival (PFS) per RECIST v1.1, IERC (Part A, minimum follow-up of 36 months)\*\*
Tumour samples were evaluated for PD-L1 tumour cell expression, and for Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) using an investigational immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. Table 5 summarises the objective response rates by the PD-L1 expression and MCV status of patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part A).
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*5:\*\* \*\*Objective response rates by PD-L1 expression and MCV tumour status in patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part A)\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | \*\*Avelumab\*\* \*\*ORR (95% CI)\\*\*\* |
| \*\*PD-L1 expression at cut-off of ≥ 1%\*\* | N=74a |
| Positive (n=58) | 36.2% (24.0, 49.9) |
| Negative (n=16) | 18.8% (4.0, 45.6) |
| \*\*IHC-MCV tumour status\*\* | N=77b |
| Positive (n=46) | 28.3% (16.0, 43.5) |
| Negative (n=31) | 35.5% (19.2, 54.6) |
IHC: Immunohistochemistry; MCV: Merkel cell polyomavirus; ORR: objective response rate
\\* ORR (cut-off date 14 September 2018)
a Based on data from patients evaluable for PD-L1
b Based on data from patients evaluable for MCV by immunohistochemistry (IHC)
\*Study 003 Part B – patients who have not received systemic therapy in the metastatic setting\*
The major efficacy outcome measure was durable response, defined as objective response (complete response (CR) or partial response (PR)) with a duration of at least 6 months; secondary outcome measures included BOR, DOR, PFS, and OS.
The primary analysis for Part B included 116 patients who received at least one dose of avelumab with a minimum follow-up of 15 months at the time of the data cut-off (cut-off date 02 May 2019).
Of the 116 patients, 81 (70%) were male, the median age was 74 years (range: 41 to 93 years), 75 (65%) were white, and 72 (62%) and 44 (38%) had an ECOG performance status of 0 and 1 respectively.
Table 6 summarises the primary analysis of efficacy endpoints including an estimate of the 24-month rates by Kaplan-Meier for DOR, and PFS in patients receiving avelumab at the recommended dose for study EMR100070-003, Part B.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*6: Primary analysis of response to avelumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks in patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part B)\\*\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy endpoints (Part B)\*\* \*\*(per RECIST v1.1, IERC)\*\* | \*\*Results\*\* \*\*(N=116)\*\* |
| \*\*Durable response\*\* ≥ 6 months (95% CI) | 30.2% (22.0, 39.4) |
| \*\*Objective response rate (ORR)\*\* Response rate, CR+PR\\*\\* n (%) (95% CI) | 46 (39.7%) (30.7, 49.2) |
| \*\*Confirmed best overall response (BOR)\*\* Complete response (CR)\\*\\* n (%) Partial response (PR)\\*\\* n (%) | 19 (16.4%) 27 (23.3%) |
| \*\*Duration of response (DOR)\*\*a Median, months (95% CI) Minimum, maximum (months) ≥ 3 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 6 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 12 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 18 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 24 months by K-M, (95% CI) | 18.2 (11.3, not estimable) 1.2, 28.3 89% (75, 95) 78% (63, 87) 66% (50, 78) 52% (34, 67) 45% (25, 63) |
| \*\*Progression-free survival (PFS)\*\* Median PFS, months (95% CI) 3-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 6-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 12-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 24-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) | 4.1 (1.4, 6.1) 51% (42, 60) 41% (32, 50) 31% (23, 40) 20% (12, 30) |
CI: Confidence interval; RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours; IERC: Independent Endpoint Review Committee; K-M: Kaplan-Meier
\\* Efficacy data with a minimum follow-up of 15 months (cut-off date 02 May 2019)
\\*\\* CR or PR was confirmed at a subsequent tumour assessment
a Based on number of patients with confirmed response (CR or PR)
Figure 2 presents the Kaplan-Meier estimates for PFS from the primary analysis with 116 patients enrolled into Part B with a minimum follow-up of 15 months.
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*2: Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival (PFS) per RECIST v1.1, IERC (Part B, N=116)\*\*
Tumour samples were evaluated for PD-L1 tumour cell expression, and for MCV using an investigational IHC assay. Table 7 summarises the objective response rates by PD-L1 expression and MCV status of patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part B).
\*\*Table 7: Objective response rates by PD-L1 expression and MCV tumour status in patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part B)\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | \*\*Avelumab\*\* \*\*ORR (95% CI)\\*\*\* |
| \*\*PD-L1 expression at cut-off of ≥ 1%\*\* | N=108a |
| Positive (n=21) | 61.9% (38.4, 81.9) |
| Negative (n=87) | 33.3% (23.6, 44.3) |
| \*\*IHC-MCV tumour status\*\* | N=107b |
| Positive (n=70) | 34.3% (23.3, 46.6) |
| Negative (n=37) | 48.6% (31.9, 65.6) |
IHC: Immunohistochemistry; MCV: Merkel cell polyomavirus; ORR: objective response rate
\\* ORR (cut-off date 02 May 2019)
a Based on data from patients evaluable for PD-L1
b Based on data from patients evaluable for MCV by IHC
\*Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (study B9991001)\*
The efficacy and safety of avelumab was demonstrated in study B9991001, a randomised, multi-centre, open-label study conducted in 700 patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma whose disease had not progressed with 4-6 cycles of first-line platinum-based induction chemotherapy. Patients with autoimmune disease or a medical condition that required immunosuppression were excluded.
Randomization was stratified by best response to chemotherapy (CR/PR vs. stable disease [SD]) and site of metastasis (visceral vs. non-visceral) at the time of initiating first-line induction chemotherapy. Patients were randomised (1:1) to receive either avelumab 10 mg/kg intravenous infusion every 2 weeks plus best supportive care (BSC) or BSC alone.
Administration of avelumab was permitted beyond Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) v1.1-defined progression of disease by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) if the patient was clinically stable and considered to be deriving clinical benefit by the investigator. Assessment of tumour status was performed at baseline, 8 weeks after randomization, then every 8 weeks up to 12 months after randomization, and every 12 weeks thereafter until documented confirmed disease progression based on BICR assessment per RECIST v1.1.
Demographic and baseline characteristics were generally well balanced between the avelumab plus BSC and the BSC alone arm. Baseline characteristics were a median age of 69 years (range: 32 to 90), 66% of patients were 65 years or older, 77% were male, 67% were White, and the ECOG PS was 0 (61%) or 1 (39%) for both arms.
For first-line induction chemotherapy, 56% of patients received cisplatin plus gemcitabine, 38% of patients received carboplatin plus gemcitabine and 6% of patients received cisplatin plus gemcitabine and carboplatin plus gemcitabine (i.e. these patients received one or more cycles of each combination). Best response to first-line induction chemotherapy was CR or PR (72%) or SD (28%). Sites of metastasis prior to chemotherapy were visceral (55%) or non-visceral (45%). Fifty-one percent of patients had PD-L1-positive tumours. Six percent of patients in the avelumab plus BSC arm and 44% of patients in the BSC alone arm received another PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor after discontinuation of treatment.
The primary efficacy outcome measure was overall survival (OS) in all randomized patients and in patients with PD-L1-positive tumours. Progression-free survival (PFS) based on BICR assessment per RECIST v1.1 was an additional efficacy outcome measure. Efficacy outcomes were measured from time of randomisation after 4 to 6 cycles of platinum-based induction chemotherapy.
The PD-L1 status of the tumour was assessed using the Ventana PD-L1 (SP263) assay. PD-L1-positivity was defined as ≥ 25% of tumour cells stained for PD-L1; or ≥ 25% of immune cells stained for PD-L1 if > 1% of the tumour area contained immune cells; or 100% of immune cells stained for PD-L1 if = 1% of the tumour area contained immune cells.
At the pre-specified interim analysis (cut-off date 21 October 2019), study B9991001 met its primary endpoint for OS in both coprimary populations: in all randomized patients with a median OS of 21.4 months (95% CI: 18.9, 26.1; HR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.556, 0.863) in the avelumab plus BSC arm and with a median OS of 14.3 months (95% CI: 12.9, 17.8) in the BSC alone arm. For patients with PD-L1-positive tumours the median OS was not reached (95% CI: 20.3, not reached; HR 0.56, 95%, CI: 0.404, 0.787) in the avelumab plus BSC arm and the median OS in the BSC alone arm was 17.1 months (95% CI: 13.5, 23.7). Updated OS results with a data cut-off date of 19 January 2020 and PFS data with a cut-off date of 21 October 2019 are presented in Table 8 and in Figure 3 and Figure 4 below.
\*\*Table 8: Efficacy results by PD-L1 expression in study B9991001\*\*
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy endpoints\*\* | \*\*Avelumab plus BSC\*\* | \*\*BSC\*\* | \*\*Avelumab plus BSC\*\* | \*\*BSC\*\* | \*\*Avelumab plus BSC\*\* | \*\*BSC\*\* |
| (N=350) | (N=350) | (N=189) | (N=169) | (N=139) | (N=131) |
| \*\*All randomized patients\*\* | | \*\*PD-L1-positive tumours\*\* | | \*\*PD-L1-negative tumours\*\*c | |
| \*\*Overall survival (OS)\*\*a | | | | | | |
| Events (%) | 156 (44.6) | 190 (54.3) | 68 (36.0) | 85 (50.3) | 80 (57.6) | 80 (61.1) |
| Median in months | 22.1 | 14.6 | NE | 17.5 | 18.9 | 13.4 |
| (95% CI) | (19.0, 26.1) | (12.8, 17.8) | (20.6, NE) | (13.5, 31.6) | (13.3, 22.1) | (10.4, 17.3) |
| Hazard ratio | 0.70 | | 0.60 | | 0.83 | |
| (95% CI) | (0.564, 0.862) | | (0.439, 0.833) | | (0.603, 1.131) | |
| 2-sided p-valued | 0.0008 | | 0.0019 | | \*\*-\*\* | |
| \*\*Progression-free survival (PFS)\*\*b, e, f | | | | | | |
| Events (%) | 225 (64.3) | 260 (74.3) | 109 (57.7) | 130 (76.9) | 103 (74.1) | 99 (75.6) |
| Median in months | 3.7 | 2.0 | 5.7 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 1.9 |
| (95% CI) | (3.5, 5.5) | (1.9, 2.7) | (3.7, 7.4) | (1.9, 3.5) | (2.0, 3.7) | (1.9, 2.1) |
| Hazard ratio | 0.62 | | 0.56 | | 0.63 | |
| (95% CI) | (0.519, 0.751) | | (0.431, 0.728) | | (0.474, 0.847) | |
| 2-sided p-valued | < 0.0001 | | < 0.0001 | | \*\*-\*\* | |
CI: Confidence interval; K-M: Kaplan-Meier, NE: not estimable
Note: 72 patients (22 patients on avelumab plus BSC arm and 50 patients on BSC alone arm) had a tumour with an unknown PD-L1 status
a OS cut-off date 19 January 2020
b PFS cut-off date 21 October 2019
c PD-L1-negative population analyses were exploratory and no formal test was performed
d p-value based on stratified log-rank
e Based on BICR assessment per RECIST v1.1
f PFS censoring reasons follow the hierarchy in sequential order: no adequate baseline assessment, start of new anti-cancer therapy, event after 2 or more missing assessments, withdrawal of consent, lost to follow-up, no adequate post-baseline tumour assessment, ongoing without an event
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*3: Kaplan-Meier estimates for overall survival (OS) by PD-L1 expression (cut-off date 19 January 2020) - Full analysis set\*\*
(A): All randomized patients
(B): Patients by PD-L1 expression
\*\*Figure 4: Kaplan-Meier estimates for progression-free survival (PFS) by PD-L1 expression based on BICR assessment (RECIST v1.1) (cut-off date 21 October 2019) - Full analysis set\*\*
(A): All randomized patients
(B): Patients by PD-L1 expression
\*Renal cell carcinoma (study B9991003)\*
The efficacy and safety of avelumab in combination with axitinib was demonstrated in study B9991003, a randomised, multi-centre, open-label study of avelumab in combination with axitinib in 886 patients with untreated advanced or metastatic RCC with a clear-cell component.
Patients were included irrespective of prognostic risk groups or tumour PD-L1 expression and had to have at least one measurable lesion as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) version 1.1 that was not been previously irradiated. Patients with prior systemic therapy directed at advanced or metastatic RCC; prior systemic immunotherapy treatment with IL-2, IFN-α, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, or active brain metastasis; active autoimmune disease that might deteriorate when receiving an immunostimulatory agents; a history of other malignancies within the last 5 years; organ transplant were ineligible.
Randomization was stratified according to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS) (0 vs. 1) and region (United States vs. Canada/Western Europe vs. the rest of the world). Patients were randomised (1:1) to one of the following treatment arms:
• Avelumab 10 mg/kg intravenous infusion every 2 weeks in combination with axitinib 5 mg twice daily orally (N=442). Patients who tolerated axitinib 5 mg twice daily without Grade 2 or greater axitinib-related adverse events for 2 consecutive weeks could increase to 7 mg and then subsequently to 10 mg twice daily. Axitinib could be interrupted or reduced to 3 mg twice daily and subsequently to 2 mg twice daily to manage toxicity.
• Sunitinib 50 mg once daily orally for 4 weeks followed by 2 weeks off (N=444) until radiographic or clinical progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Treatment with avelumab and axitinib continued until RECIST v1.1-defined progression of disease by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) assessment or unacceptable toxicity. Administration of avelumab and axitinib was permitted beyond RECIST-defined disease progression based on investigator's assessment of the patient's benefit-risk and clinical condition, including performance status, clinical symptoms, adverse events and laboratory data. The majority (n=160, 71.4%) of the patients with progressive disease continued treatment with both medicinal products after progression. Assessment of tumour status was performed at baseline, after randomisation at 6 weeks, then every 6 weeks thereafter up to 18 months after randomisation, and every 12 weeks thereafter until documented confirmed disease progression by BICR.
The primary efficacy endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), as assessed by BICR using RECIST v1.1 and overall survival (OS) in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced RCC who have PD-L1-positive tumours (PD-L1 expression level ≥ 1%). The key secondary endpoints were PFS based on BICR assessment per RECIST v1.1 and OS irrespective of PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 status was determined by immunohistochemistry. Additional secondary endpoints included objective response (OR), time to response (TTR) and duration of response (DOR).
Study population characteristics: median age of 61 years (range: 27.0 to 88.0), 38% of patients were 65 years or older, 75% were male, 75% were White, and the ECOG performance score was 0 (63%) or 1 (37%).
Patient distribution by International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) risk groups was 21% favourable, 62% intermediate, and 16% poor. Patient distribution by Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) risk groups was 22% favourable, 65% intermediate, and 11% poor.
Efficacy results are presented in Table 9 and Figure 5 based on a data cut-off date of 28 January 2019. With a median OS follow-up of 19 months, OS data were immature with 27% deaths. The observed hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.616, 1.027) for avelumab in combination with axitinib compared to sunitinib.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*9: Efficacy results from study B9991003 in patients irrespective of PD-L1 expression\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy endpoints\*\* \*\*(Based on BICR assessment)\*\* | \*\*Avelumab plus axitinib\*\* (N=442) | \*\*Sunitinib\*\* (N=444) |
| \*\*Progression-free survival (PFS)\*\* | | |
| Events (%) | 229 (52) | 258 (58) |
| Median in months (95% CI) | 13.3 (11.1, 15.3) | 8.0 (6.7, 9.8) |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 0.69 (0.574, 0.825) | |
| p-value\\* | < 0.0001 | |
| 12-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI)\\*\\* | 52.4% (47.4, 57.2) | 39.2% (34.1, 44.2) |
| 18-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI)\\*\\* | 43.9% (38.8, 49.0) | 29.3% (24.2, 34.6) |
| \*\*Confirmed objective response rate (ORR)\*\* | | |
| Objective response rate (ORR) n (%) | 232 (52.5) | 121 (27.3) |
| (95% CI) | 47.7, 57.2 | 23.2, 31.6 |
| Complete response (CR) n (%) | 17 (3.8) | 9 (2.0) |
| Partial response (PR) n (%) | 215 (48.6) | 112 (25.2) |
| \*\*Time to response (TTR)\*\* | | |
| Median, months (range) | 2.7 (1.2, 20.7) | 4.0 (1.2, 18.0) |
| \*\*Duration of response (DOR)\*\* | | |
| Median, months (95% CI) | 18.5 (17.8, NE) | NE (16.4, NE) |
BICR: Blinded Independent Central Review; CI: Confidence interval; K-M: Kaplan-Meier; NE: Not estimable
\\* 1-sided p-value based on stratified log-rank
\\*\\* CIs are derived using the log-log transformation with back transformation to untransformed scale
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*5: Kaplan-Meier estimates for progression-free survival based on BICR assessment in patients irrespective of PD-L1 expression\*\*
Improvement of PFS was observed across pre-specified subgroups.
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*6: Forest plot of progression-free survival based on BICR assessment in patients irrespective of PD-L1 expression\*\*
Immunogenicity
Treatment emergent anti-drug antibodies (ADA) were detected in 8.5% of MCC patients (study EMR107000-003, 8.9% for Part A and 8.2% for Part B), 19% of UC patients (study B9991001) and 16% of RCC patients (study B9991003). The majority of the ADA were of neutralising character. No evidence of ADA or neutralising antibodies (nAb) impact on pharmacokinetics, efficacy or safety was observed.
Paediatric population
Study MS100070-0306 was a multi-centre, open-label, Phase I/II study to evaluate the dose, safety and tolerability, antitumour activity, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics of avelumab in paediatric patients from birth to less than 18 years of age with refractory or relapsed solid tumours including central nervous system (CNS) tumours and lymphoma for which no standard therapy is available or for which the patient was not eligible for the existing therapy.
The study enrolled 21 paediatric patients with an age ranged from 3 to 17 years (11 patients ≤ 12 years and 10 patients > 12 years) receiving either 10 mg/kg (N=6) or 20 mg/kg (N=15) avelumab intravenously every 2 weeks until confirmed progression, death, or unacceptable toxicity.
The primary tumour categories were soft tissue/bone sarcoma (N=12), CNS malignancies (N=8), and gastro-intestinal (GI) carcinoma (N=1).
There was no complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) in this study as assessed according to RECIST 1.1.
The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Bavencio in all subsets of the paediatric population for the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Avelumab pharmacokinetics (PK) was assessed using a population PK approach for avelumab as monotherapy and avelumab in combination with axitinib.
Based on a population PK analysis for avelumab as monotherapy and in combination with axitinib, there are no expected clinically meaningful differences in exposure of avelumab between settings administered every 2 weeks at 800 mg or 10 mg/kg.
Distribution
Avelumab is expected to be distributed in the systemic circulation and to a lesser extent in the extracellular space. The volume of distribution at steady state was 4.72 L.
Consistent with a limited extravascular distribution, the volume of distribution of avelumab at steady state is small. As expected for an antibody, avelumab does not bind to plasma proteins in a specific manner.
Elimination
Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis from 1 629 patients, the value of total systemic clearance (CL) is 0.59 L/day. In the supplemental analysis, avelumab CL was found to decrease over time: the largest mean maximal reduction (% coefficient of variation [CV%]) from baseline value with different tumour types was approximately 32.1% (CV 36.2%).
Steady-state concentrations of avelumab were reached after approximately 4 to 6 weeks (2 to 3 cycles) of repeated dosing at 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks, and systemic accumulation was approximately 1.25-fold.
The elimination half-life (t½) at the recommended dose is 6.1 days based on the population PK analysis.
Linearity/non-linearity
The exposure of avelumab increased dose-proportionally in the dose range of 10 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg every 2 weeks.
When avelumab 10 mg/kg was administered in combination with axitinib 5 mg, the respective exposures of avelumab and axitinib were unchanged compared to the single agents. There was no evidence to suggest a clinically relevant change of avelumab clearance over time in patients with advanced RCC.
Special populations
A population pharmacokinetic analysis suggested no difference in the total systemic clearance of avelumab based on age, gender, race, PD-L1 status, tumour burden, renal impairment and mild or moderate hepatic impairment.
Total systemic clearance increases with body weight. Steady-state exposure was approximately uniform over a wide range of body weights (30 to 204 kg) for body weight normalised dosing.
\*Renal impairment\*
No clinically important differences in the clearance of avelumab were found between patients with mild (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 60 to 89 mL/min, Cockcroft-Gault Creatinine Clearance (CrCL); n=623), moderate (GFR 30 to 59 mL/min, n=320) and patients with normal (GFR ≥ 90 mL/min, n=671) renal function.
Avelumab has not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR 15 to 29 mL/min).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No clinically important differences in the clearance of avelumab were found between patients with mild hepatic impairment (bilirubin ≤ ULN and AST > ULN or bilirubin between 1 and 1.5 times ULN, n=217) and normal hepatic function (bilirubin and AST ≤ ULN, n=1 388) in a population PK analysis. Hepatic impairment was defined by National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria of hepatic dysfunction.
Avelumab has not been studied in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (bilirubin between 1.5 and 3 times ULN) or severe hepatic impairment (bilirubin > 3 times ULN).
\*Paediatric population\*
The pharmacokinetics of avelumab was evaluated in 21 children and adolescents from 3 years to 17 years in study MS100070-0306 receiving either 10 mg/kg (N=6) or 20 mg/kg (N=15) avelumab intravenously every 2 weeks until confirmed progression, death, or unacceptable toxicity.
The paediatric PK parameters and the corresponding PK profiles for all patients were evaluated according to dosing and stratified by bodyweight.
The exposure in paediatric patients receiving 20 mg/kg avelumab were similar or higher compared to those in adults receiving 10 mg/kg or 800 mg avelumab. In paediatric patients receiving 10 mg/kg avelumab the exposure was lower compared to those in adults.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity in Cynomolgus monkeys administered intravenously doses of 20, 60 or 140 mg/kg once a week for1 month and 3 months, followed by a 2-month recovery period after the 3-month dosing period. Perivascular mononuclear cell cuffing was observed in the brain and spinal cord of monkeys treated with avelumab at ≥ 20 mg/kg for 3 months. Although there was no clear dose-response relationship, it cannot be excluded that this finding was related to avelumab treatment.
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with avelumab. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is thought to be involved in maintaining tolerance to the foetus throughout pregnancy. Blockade of PD-L1 signalling has been shown in murine models of pregnancy to disrupt tolerance to the foetus and to result in an increase in foetal loss. These results indicate a potential risk that administration of avelumab during pregnancy could cause foetal harm, including increased rates of abortion or stillbirth.
No studies have been conducted to assess the potential of avelumab for carcinogenicity or genotoxicity.
Fertility studies have not been conducted with avelumab. In 1-month and 3-month repeat-dose toxicology studies in monkeys, there were no notable effects in the female reproductive organs. Many of the male monkeys used in these studies were sexually immature and thus no explicit conclusions regarding effects on male reproductive organs can be made.
- Instruction Pharmaceutical Particulars
- 6.1 List of excipients
Mannitol (E421)
Glacial acetic acid
Polysorbate 20 (E432)
Sodium hydroxide
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.6.3 Shelf life
Unopened vial
3 years
After opening
From a microbiological point of view, once opened, the medicinal product should be diluted and infused immediately.
After preparation of infusion
Chemical and physical in-use stability of the diluted solution has been demonstrated as follows:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Infusion preparation\*\* | \*\*Storage at 2°C to 8°C\*\* protected from light | \*\*Storage at 20°C to 25°C\*\* and room light |
| Sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion | 96 hours | 72 hours |
| Sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion | 24 hours | 24 hours |
From a microbiological point of view, unless the method of dilution precludes the risk of microbial contamination, the diluted solution should be infused immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C).
Do not freeze.
Store in the original package in order to protect from light.
For storage conditions after dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
10 mL of concentrate in a vial (Type I glass) with a halobutyl rubber stopper and an aluminium seal fitted with a removable plastic cap.
Pack size of 1 vial.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Bavencio is compatible with polyethylene, polypropylene, and ethylene vinyl acetate infusion bags, glass bottles, polyvinyl chloride infusion sets and in-line filters with polyethersulfone membranes with pore sizes of 0.2 micrometre.
Handling instructions
An aseptic technique for the preparation of the solution for infusion should be used.
• The vial should be visually inspected for particulate matter and discoloration. Bavencio is a clear, colourless to slightly yellow solution. If the solution is cloudy, discoloured, or contains particulate matters, the vial should be discarded.
• An infusion bag of appropriate size (preferably 250 mL) containing either sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or with sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion should be used. The required volume of Bavencio should be withdrawn from the vial(s) and transferred to the infusion bag. Any partially used or empty vials have to be discarded.
• The diluted solution should be mixed by gently inverting the bag in order to avoid foaming or excessive shearing of the solution.
\*•\* The solution should be inspected to ensure it is clear, colourless, and free of visible particles. The diluted solution should be used immediately once prepared.
• Do not co-administer other medicinal products through the same intravenous line. Administer the solution for infusion using a sterile, non-pyrogenic, low-protein binding 0.2 micrometre in-line or add-on filter as described in section 4.2.
After administration of Bavencio, the line should be flushed with either sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or with sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion .
Do not freeze or shake the diluted solution. If refrigerated, allow the diluted solution in the intravenous bags to come to room temperature (20°C to 25°C) prior to use.
Disposal
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
- Instruction Content
- ## Composition
Each mL of concentrate contains 20 mg of avelumab.
One vial of 10 mL contains 200 mg of avelumab.
Avelumab is a human monoclonal IgG1 antibody directed against the immunomodulatory cell surface ligand protein PD-L1 and produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells by recombinant DNA technology.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
## Pharmaceutical Form
Concentrate for solution for infusion (sterile concentrate).
Clear, colourless to slightly yellow solution. The solution pH is in the range of 5.0 - 5.6 and the osmolality is between 285 and 350 mOsm/kg.
## Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Bavencio is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).
Bavencio is indicated as monotherapy for the first-line maintenance treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) who are progression-free following platinum-based chemotherapy.
Bavencio in combination with axitinib is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (see section 5.1).4.2 Posology and method of administration
Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the treatment of cancer.
Posology
The recommended dose of Bavencio as monotherapy is 800 mg administered intravenously over 60 minutes every 2 weeks.
Administration of Bavencio should continue according to the recommended schedule until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
The recommended dose of Bavencio in combination with axitinib is 800 mg administered intravenously over 60 minutes every 2 weeks and axitinib 5 mg orally taken twice daily (12 hours apart) with or without food until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
For information on the posology of axitinib, please refer to the axitinib product information.
\*Premedication\*
Patients have to be premedicated with an antihistamine and with paracetamol prior to the first 4 infusions of Bavencio. If the fourth infusion is completed without an infusion-related reaction, premedication for subsequent doses should be administered at the discretion of the physician.
\*Treatment modifications\*
Dose escalation or reduction is not recommended. Dosing delay or discontinuation may be required based on individual safety and tolerability; see Table 1.
Detailed guidelines for the management of immune-mediated adverse reactions are described in section 4.4.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*1: Guidelines for withholding or discontinuation of Bavencio\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Treatment-related adverse reaction\*\* | \*\*Severity\\*\*\* | \*\*Treatment modification\*\* |
| Infusion-related reactions | Grade 1 infusion-related reaction | Reduce infusion rate by 50% |
| Grade 2 infusion-related reaction | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1; restart infusion with a 50% slower rate |
| Grade 3 or Grade 4 infusion-related reaction | Permanently discontinue |
| Pneumonitis | Grade 2 pneumonitis | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Grade 3 or Grade 4 pneumonitis or recurrent Grade 2 pneumonitis | Permanently discontinue |
| Hepatitis For Bavencio in combination with axitinib, see below | Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) greater than 3 and up to 5 times upper limit of normal (ULN) or total bilirubin greater than 1.5 and up to 3 times ULN | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| AST or ALT greater than 5 times ULN or total bilirubin greater than 3 times ULN | Permanently discontinue |
| Colitis | Grade 2 or Grade 3 colitis or diarrhoea | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Grade 4 colitis or diarrhoea or recurrent Grade 3 colitis | Permanently discontinue |
| Pancreatitis | Suspected pancreatitis | Withhold |
| Confirmed pancreatitis | Permanently discontinue |
| Myocarditis | Suspected myocarditis | Withhold |
| Confirmed myocarditis | Permanently discontinue |
| Endocrinopathies (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hyperglycaemia) | Grade 3 or Grade 4 endocrinopathies | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Nephritis and renal dysfunction | Serum creatinine more than 1.5 and up to 6 times ULN | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Serum creatinine more than 6 times ULN | Permanently discontinue |
| Skin reactions | Grade 3 rash | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| Grade 4 or recurrent Grade 3 rash or confirmed Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) or Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) | Permanently discontinue |
| Other immune-mediated adverse reactions (including other clinically important immune-mediated adverse reactions listed under 'Other immune-mediated adverse reactions' (see section 4.4)) | For any of the following: • Grade 2 or Grade 3 clinical signs or symptoms of an immune-mediated adverse reaction not described above | Withhold until adverse reactions recover to Grade 0-1 |
| For any of the following: • Life threatening or Grade 4 adverse reaction (excluding endocrinopathies controlled with hormone replacement therapy) • Recurrent Grade 3 immune-mediated adverse reaction • Requirement for 10 mg per day or greater prednisone or equivalent for more than 12 weeks • Persistent Grade 2 or Grade 3 immune-mediate adverse reactions lasting 12 weeks or longer | Permanently discontinue |
\\* Toxicity was graded per National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0 (NCI-CTCAE v4.03)
\*Treatment modifications when Bavencio is used in combination with axitinib\*
If ALT or AST ≥ 3 times ULN but < 5 times ULN or total bilirubin ≥ 1.5 times ULN but < 3 times ULN, both Bavencio and axitinib should be withheld until these adverse reactions recover to Grades 0-1. If persistent (greater than 5 days), corticosteroid therapy with prednisone or equivalent followed by a taper should be considered. Rechallenge with Bavencio or axitinib or sequential rechallenge with both Bavencio and axitinib after recovery should be considered. Dose reduction according to the axitinib product information should be considered if rechallenging with axitinib.
If ALT or AST ≥ 5 times ULN or > 3 times ULN with concurrent total bilirubin ≥ 2 times ULN or total bilirubin ≥ 3 times ULN, both Bavencio and axitinib should be permanently discontinued and corticosteroid therapy should be considered.
\*Dose modification advice for axitinib when used with Bavencio\*
When Bavencio is administered in combination with axitinib, please refer to the axitinib product information for recommended dose modifications for axitinib.
\*Special populations\*
\*Elderly\*
No dose adjustment is needed for elderly patients (≥ 65 years) (see sections 5.1 and 5.2).
\*Renal impairment\*
No dose adjustment is needed for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment (see section 5.2). There are insufficient data in patients with severe renal impairment for dosing recommendations.
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No dose adjustment is needed for patients with mild hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). There are insufficient data in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment for dosing recommendations.
\*Paediatric population\*
The safety and efficacy of Bavencio in children and adolescents below 18 years of age have not been established. Currently available data of Bavencio are described in section 5.1 but no recommendation on a posology can be made.
Method of administration
Bavencio is for intravenous infusion only. It must not be administered as an intravenous push or bolus injection.
Bavencio has to be diluted with either sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or with sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion. It is administered over 60 minutes as an intravenous infusion using a sterile, non-pyrogenic, low-protein binding 0.2 micrometre in-line or add-on filter.
For instructions on the preparation and administration of the medicinal product, see section 6.6.4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Traceability
In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.
Infusion-related reactions
Infusion-related reactions, which might be severe, have been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of infusion-related reactions including pyrexia, chills, flushing, hypotension, dyspnoea, wheezing, back pain, abdominal pain, and urticaria.
For Grade 3 or Grade 4 infusion-related reactions, the infusion should be stopped and avelumab should be permanently discontinued (see section 4.2).
For Grade 1 infusion-related reactions, the infusion rate should be slowed by 50% for the current infusion. For patients with Grade 2 infusion-related reactions, the infusion should be temporary discontinued until Grade 1 or resolved, then the infusion will restart with a 50% slower infusion rate (see section 4.2).
In case of recurrence of Grade 1 or Grade 2 infusion-related reaction, the patient may continue to receive avelumab under close monitoring, after appropriate infusion rate modification and premedication with paracetamol and antihistamine (see section 4.2).
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 24.6% (513/2 082) of patients experienced infusion-related reactions. Of these, 97.7% (501/513) had a first infusion-related reaction during the first 4 infusions of which 2.7% (14/513) were Grade ≥ 3. In the remaining 2.3% (12/513) of patients, infusion-related reactions occurred after the first 4 infusions and 91.7% (11/12) were of Grade 1 or Grade 2.
Immune-mediated adverse reactions
Most immune-mediated adverse reactions with avelumab were reversible and managed with temporary or permanent discontinuation of avelumab, administration of corticosteroids and/or supportive care.
For suspected immune-mediated adverse reactions, adequate evaluation should be performed to confirm aetiology or exclude other causes. Based on the severity of the adverse reaction, avelumab should be withheld and corticosteroids administered. If corticosteroids are used to treat an adverse reaction, a taper of at least 1 month duration should be initiated upon improvement.
In patients, whose immune-mediated adverse reactions could not be controlled with corticosteroid use, administration of other systemic immunosuppressants may be considered.
In patients with pre-existing autoimmune disease (AID), data from observational studies suggest that the risk of immune-mediated adverse reactions following immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy may be increased as compared with the risk in patients without pre-existing AID. In addition, flares of the underlying AID were frequent, but the majority were mild and manageable.
\*Immune-mediated pneumonitis\*
Immune-mediated pneumonitis occurred in patients treated with avelumab. One fatal case has been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of immune-mediated pneumonitis and causes other than immune-mediated pneumonitis should be ruled out. Suspected pneumonitis should be confirmed with radiographic imaging.
Corticosteroids should be administered for Grade ≥ 2 events (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent, followed by a corticosteroid taper).
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 immune-mediated pneumonitis until resolution, and permanently discontinued for Grade 3, Grade 4 or recurrent Grade 2 immune-mediated pneumonitis (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated hepatitis\*
Immune-mediated hepatitis occurred in patients treated with avelumab. Two fatal cases have been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for changes in liver function and symptoms of immune-mediated hepatitis and causes other than immune-mediated hepatitis should be ruled out.
Corticosteroids should be administered for Grade ≥ 2 events (initial dose 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent, followed by a corticosteroid taper).
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 immune-mediated hepatitis until resolution and permanently discontinued for Grade 3 or Grade 4 immune-mediated hepatitis (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated colitis\*
Immune-mediated colitis has been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of immune-mediated colitis and causes other than immune-mediated colitis should be ruled out. Corticosteroids should be administered for Grade ≥ 2 events (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent followed by a corticosteroid taper).
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 or Grade 3 immune-mediated colitis until resolution, and permanently discontinued for Grade 4 or recurrent Grade 3 immune-mediated colitis (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated pancreatitis\*
Immune-mediated pancreatitis has been reported in patients receiving avelumab. Two fatal cases have been reported in patients receiving avelumab in combination with axitinib (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of immune-mediated pancreatitis. In symptomatic patients, obtain gastroenterology consultation and laboratory investigations (including imaging) to ensure the initiation of appropriate measures at an early stage. Corticosteroids should be administered for immune-mediated pancreatitis (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent followed by a corticosteroid taper).
Avelumab should be withheld in the event of suspected immune-mediated pancreatitis. Avelumab should be permanently discontinued if immune-mediated pancreatitis is confirmed (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated myocarditis\*
Immune-mediated myocarditis has been reported in patients receiving avelumab. Two fatal cases have been reported in patients receiving avelumab in combination with axitinib (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of immune-mediated myocarditis. In symptomatic patients, obtain cardiologic consultation and laboratory investigations to ensure the initiation of appropriate measures at an early stage. Corticosteroids should be administered for immune-mediated myocarditis (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent followed by a corticosteroid taper). If no improvement within 24 hours on corticosteroids, additional immunosuppression (e.g., mycophenolate, infliximab, anti-thymocyte globulin) should be considered.
Avelumab should be withheld in the event of suspected immune-mediated myocarditis. Avelumab should be permanently discontinued if immune-mediated myocarditis is confirmed (see section 4.2).
\*Immune-mediated endocrinopathies\*
Immune-mediated thyroid disorders, immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus have been reported in patients receiving avelumab (see section 4.8). Patients should be monitored for clinical signs and symptoms of endocrinopathies. Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 3 or Grade 4 endocrinopathies until resolution (see section 4.2).
\*Thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism)\*
Thyroid disorders can occur at any time during treatment (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for changes in thyroid function (at the start of treatment, periodically during treatment, and as indicated based on clinical evaluation) and for clinical signs and symptoms of thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism should be managed with replacement therapy and hyperthyroidism with anti-thyroid medicinal product, as needed.
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 3 or Grade 4 thyroid disorders (see section 4.2).
\*Adrenal insufficiency\*
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency during and after treatment. Corticosteroids should be administered (1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone intravenously or oral equivalent) for Grade ≥ 3 adrenal insufficiency followed by a taper until a dose of less than or equal to 10 mg/day has been reached.
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 3 or Grade 4 symptomatic adrenal insufficiency (see section 4.2).
\*Type 1 diabetes mellitus\*
Avelumab can cause Type 1 diabetes mellitus, including diabetic ketoacidosis (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for hyperglycaemia or other signs and symptoms of diabetes. Initiate treatment with insulin for Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Avelumab should be withheld and anti-hyperglycaemics in patients with Grade ≥ 3 hyperglycaemia should be administered. Treatment with avelumab should be resumed when metabolic control is achieved on insulin replacement therapy.
\*Immune-mediated nephritis and renal dysfunction\*
Avelumab can cause immune-mediated nephritis (see section 4.8).
Patients should be monitored for elevated serum creatinine prior to and periodically during treatment. Corticosteroids (initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day prednisone or equivalent followed by a corticosteroid taper) should be administered for Grade ≥ 2 nephritis. Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 or Grade 3 nephritis until resolution to ≤ Grade 1 and permanently discontinued for Grade 4 nephritis.
\*Other immune-mediated adverse reactions\*
Other clinically important immune-mediated adverse reactions were reported in clinical studies or from post-marketing use of avelumab: myositis, hypopituitarism, uveitis, myasthenia gravis, myasthenic syndrome, cystitis noninfective, sarcoidosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, sclerosing cholangitis, arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and Sjogren's syndrome (see section 4.8).
For suspected immune-mediated adverse reactions, ensure adequate evaluation to confirm aetiology or to rule out other causes. Based on the severity of the adverse reaction, avelumab should be withheld and corticosteroids to be administered. Avelumab should be resumed when the immune-mediated adverse reaction returns to Grade 1 or less following corticosteroid taper. Avelumab should be permanently discontinued for any Grade 3 immune-mediated adverse reaction that recurs and for Grade 4 immune-mediated adverse reaction (see section 4.2).
\*Hepatotoxicity (in combination with axitinib)\*
Hepatotoxicity occurred in patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib with higher than expected frequencies of Grade 3 and Grade 4 ALT and AST elevation compared to avelumab alone (see section 4.8).
Patients should be more frequently monitored for changes in liver function and symptoms as compared to when avelumab is used as monotherapy.
Avelumab should be withheld for Grade 2 hepatotoxicity until resolution and permanently discontinued for Grade 3 or Grade 4 hepatotoxicity. Corticosteroids should be considered for Grade ≥ 2 events (see section 4.2).
Patients excluded from clinical studies
Patients with the following conditions were excluded from clinical studies: active central nervous system (CNS) metastasis; active or a history of autoimmune disease; a history of other malignancies within the last 5 years; organ transplant; conditions requiring therapeutic immune suppression or active infection with HIV, or hepatitis B or C.
Avelumab should be used with caution in these populations after careful consideration of the potential benefit/risk on an individual basis.
Sodium content
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per 200 mg dose, that is to say essentially “sodium-free”. Bavencio has to be diluted with either sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or with sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion. This should be taken into consideration for patients on a controlled sodium diet (see section 6.6).4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
No interaction studies have been conducted with avelumab.
Avelumab is primarily metabolised through catabolic pathways, therefore, it is not expected that avelumab will have pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with other medicinal products.4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Women of childbearing potential/Contraception
Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant while receiving avelumab and should use effective contraception during treatment with avelumab and for at least 1 month after the last dose of avelumab.
Pregnancy
There are no or limited data from the use of avelumab in pregnant women.
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with avelumab. However, in murine models of pregnancy, blockade of PD-L1 signalling has been shown to disrupt tolerance to the foetus and to result in an increased foetal loss (see section 5.3). These results indicate a potential risk, based on its mechanism of action, that administration of avelumab during pregnancy could cause foetal harm, including increased rates of abortion or stillbirth.
Human IgG1 immunoglobulins are known to cross the placental barrier. Therefore, avelumab has the potential to be transmitted from the mother to the developing foetus. It is not recommended to use avelumab during pregnancy unless the clinical condition of the woman requires treatment with avelumab.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether avelumab is excreted in human milk. Since it is known that antibodies can be secreted in human milk, a risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded.
Breast-feeding women should be advised not to breast-feed during treatment and for at least 1 month after the last dose due to the potential for serious adverse reactions in breast-fed infants.
Fertility
The effect of avelumab on male and female fertility is unknown.
Although studies to evaluate the effect of avelumab on fertility have not been conducted, there were no notable effects in the female reproductive organs in monkeys based on 1-month and 3-month repeat-dose toxicity studies (see section 5.3).4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Avelumab has negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Fatigue has been reported following administration of avelumab (see section 4.8). Patients should be advised to use caution when driving or operating machines until they are certain that avelumab does not adversely affect them.4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
Avelumab is associated with immune-mediated adverse reactions. Most of these, including severe reactions, resolved following initiation of appropriate medical therapy or withdrawal of avelumab (see “Description of selected adverse reactions” below).
The most common adverse reactions with avelumab were fatigue (30.0%), nausea (23.6%), diarrhoea (18.5%), constipation (18.1%), decreased appetite (17.6%), infusion-related reactions (15.9%), vomiting (15.6%), and weight decreased (14.5%).
The most common Grade ≥ 3 adverse reactions were anaemia (5.6%), hypertension (3.9%), hyponatraemia (3.6%), dyspnoea (3.5%), and abdominal pain (2.6%). Serious adverse reactions were immune-mediated adverse reactions and infusion-related reaction (see section 4.4).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The safety of avelumab as monotherapy has been evaluated in 2 082 patients with solid tumours including metastatic MCC or locally advanced or metastatic UC receiving 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks of avelumab in clinical studies or reported from post-marketing use of avelumab (see Table 2).
These reactions are presented by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1 000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10 000 to < 1/1 000); very rare (< 1/10 000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in the order of decreasing seriousness.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*2: Adverse reactions in patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Frequency\*\* | \*\*Adverse reactions\*\* |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Anaemia |
| Common | Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia |
| Uncommon | Eosinophilia§ |
| Not known | Neutropenia\\* |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Hypersensitivity, drug hypersensitivity, sarcoidosis\\*\\* |
| Rare | Anaphylactic reaction, Type I hypersensitivity |
| \*\*Endocrine disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Hypothyroidism\\*, hyperthyroidism\\* |
| Uncommon | Adrenal insufficiency\\*, autoimmune thyroiditis\\*, thyroiditis\\*, autoimmune hypothyroidism\\* |
| Rare | Adrenocortical insufficiency acute\\*, hypopituitarism\\* |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Decreased appetite |
| Common | Hyponatraemia |
| Uncommon | Hyperglycaemia\\* |
| Rare | Diabetes mellitus\\*, Type 1 diabetes mellitus\\* |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Headache, dizziness, neuropathy peripheral |
| Uncommon | Myasthenia gravis\\*†, myasthenic syndrome\\*† |
| Rare | Guillain-Barré Syndrome\\*, Miller Fisher syndrome\\* |
| \*\*Eye disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Uveitis\\* |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | |
| Rare | Myocarditis\\* |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Hypertension |
| Uncommon | Hypotension, flushing |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Cough, dyspnoea |
| Common | Pneumonitis\\* |
| Rare | Interstitial lung disease\\* |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Nausea, diarrhoea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal pain |
| Common | Dry mouth |
| Uncommon | Ileus, colitis\\* |
| Rare | Pancreatitis\\*, autoimmune colitis\\*, enterocolitis\\*, autoimmune pancreatitis\\*, enteritis\\*, proctitis\\* |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Autoimmune hepatitis\\* |
| Rare | Acute hepatic failure\\*, hepatic failure\\*, hepatitis\\*, hepatotoxicity\\* |
| Not known | Sclerosing cholangitis\\* |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Pruritus\\*, rash\\*, dry skin, rash maculo-papular\\* |
| Uncommon | Eczema, dermatitis, rash pruritic\\*, psoriasis\\*, erythema\\*, rash erythematous\\*, rash generalised\\*, rash macular\\*, rash papular\\* |
| Rare | Erythema multiforme\\*, purpura\\*, vitiligo\\*, pruritus generalised\\*, dermatitis exfoliative\\*, pemphigoid\\*, dermatitis psoriasiform\\*, drug eruption\\*, lichen planus\\* |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Back pain, arthralgia |
| Common | Myalgia |
| Uncommon | Myositis\\*, rheumatoid arthritis\\* |
| Rare | Arthritis\\*, polyarthritis\\*, oligoarthritis\\*, Sjogren's syndrome\\* |
| Not known | Polymyalgia rheumatica\\* |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Renal failure\\*, nephritis\\* |
| Rare | Tubulo-interstitial nephritis\\*, cystitis noninfective\\* |
| \*\*General disorders and administrative site conditions\*\* | |
| Very common | Fatigue, pyrexia, oedema peripheral |
| Common | Asthenia, chills, influenza like illness |
| Rare | Systemic inflammatory response syndrome\\* |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* | |
| Very common | Weight decreased |
| Common | Blood creatinine increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, lipase increased, gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, amylase increased |
| Uncommon | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased\\*, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased\\*, blood creatine phosphokinase increased\\* |
| Rare | Transaminases increased\\*, thyroxine free decreased\\*, blood thyroid stimulating hormone increased\\* |
| \*\*Injury, poisoning and procedural complications\*\* | |
| Very common | Infusion-related reaction |
\\* Immune-mediated adverse reaction based on medical review
\\*\\* Sarcoidosis was observed in clinical studies in patients receiving avelumab in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy
† Adverse reactions occurred in estimated 4 000 patients exposed to avelumab monotherapy beyond the pooled analysis
§ Reaction only observed from study EMR 100070-003 (Part B) after the data cut-off of the pooled analysis, hence frequency estimated
\*Renal cell carcinoma\*
Summary of the safety profile
The safety of avelumab in combination with axitinib has been evaluated in 489 patients with advanced RCC receiving 10 mg/kg avelumab every 2 weeks and axitinib 5 mg orally twice daily in two clinical studies.
In this patient population, the most common adverse reactions were diarrhoea (62.8%), hypertension (49.3%), fatigue (42.9%), nausea (33.5%), dysphonia (32.7%), decreased appetite (26.0%), hypothyroidism (25.2%), cough (23.7%), headache (21.3%), dyspnoea (20.9%), and arthralgia (20.9%).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
Adverse reactions reported for 489 patients with advanced RCC treated in two clinical studies or reported from post-marketing use of avelumab in combination with axitinib are presented in Table 3.
These reactions are presented by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1 000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10 000 to < 1/1 000); very rare (< 1/10 000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in the order of decreasing seriousness.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*3: Adverse reactions in patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Frequency\*\* | \*\*Adverse reactions\*\* |
| \*\*Infections and infestations\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Rash pustular\\* |
| \*\*Blood and lymphatic system disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Anaemia, thrombocytopenia |
| Uncommon | Lymphopenia, eosinophilia |
| Not known | Neutropenia\\* |
| \*\*Immune system disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Hypersensitivity |
| \*\*Endocrine disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Hypothyroidism\\* |
| Common | Hyperthyroidism\\*, adrenal insufficiency\\*, thyroiditis\\* |
| Uncommon | Autoimmune thyroiditis\\*, hypophysitis\\* |
| \*\*Metabolism and nutrition disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Decreased appetite |
| Common | Hyperglycaemia\\* |
| Uncommon | Diabetes mellitus\\*, Type 1 diabetes mellitus\\* |
| \*\*Nervous system disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Headache, dizziness |
| Common | Neuropathy peripheral |
| Uncommon | Myasthenia gravis\\*, myasthenic syndrome\\* |
| \*\*Cardiac disorders\*\* | |
| Uncommon | Myocarditis\\* |
| \*\*Vascular disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Hypertension |
| Common | Hypotension, flushing |
| \*\*Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Dysphonia, cough, dyspnoea |
| Common | Pneumonitis\\* |
| \*\*Gastrointestinal disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Diarrhoea, nausea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal pain |
| Common | Dry mouth, colitis\\* |
| Uncommon | Autoimmune colitis\\*, autoimmune pancreatitis\\*, enterocolitis\\*, ileus, pancreatitis necrotizing\\* |
| \*\*Hepatobiliary disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Hepatic function abnormal\\* |
| Uncommon | Hepatitis\\*, hepatotoxicity\\*, immune-mediated hepatitis\\*, liver disorder\\* |
| Not known | Sclerosing cholangitis\\* |
| \*\*Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Rash\\*, pruritus\\* |
| Common | Rash pruritic\\*, rash maculo-papular\\*, pruritus generalized\\*, dermatitis acneiform, erythema\\*, rash macular\\*, rash papular\\*, rash erythematous\\*, dermatitis\\*, eczema, rash generalized\\* |
| Uncommon | Drug eruption\\*, erythema multiforme\\*, psoriasis\\* |
| \*\*Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders\*\* | |
| Very common | Arthralgia, back pain, myalgia |
| Uncommon | Arthritis\\* |
| Not known | Polymyalgia rheumatica\\*, Sjogren's syndrome\\* |
| \*\*Renal and urinary disorders\*\* | |
| Common | Acute kidney injury\\* |
| \*\*General disorders and administrative site conditions\*\* | |
| Very common | Fatigue, chills, asthenia, pyrexia |
| Common | Oedema peripheral, influenza like illness |
| \*\*Investigations\*\* | |
| Very common | Weight decreased, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased\\*, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased\\* |
| Common | Blood creatinine increased, amylase increased, lipase increased, gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, blood creatine phosphokinase increased\\*, blood thyroid stimulating hormone decreased\\*, transaminases increased\\* |
| Uncommon | Liver function test increased\\* |
| \*\*Injury, poisoning and procedural complications\*\* | |
| Very common | Infusion related reaction |
\\*Immune-mediated adverse reaction based on medical review
Description of selected adverse reactions
Data for immune-mediated adverse reactions for avelumab as a monotherapy are based on 2 082 patients including 1 650 patients in the phase I study EMR100070-001 in solid tumours, 88 patients in study EMR100070-003 in MCC, and 344 patients in study B9991001 in UC, and for avelumab in combination with axitinib are based on 489 patients in studies B9991002 and B9991003 in RCC (see section 5.1).
The management guidelines for these adverse reactions are described in section 4.4.
\*Immune-mediated pneumonitis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 1.3% (28/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated pneumonitis. Of these patients, there was 1 (less than 0.1%) patient with a fatal outcome, 1 (less than 0.1%) patient with Grade 4, and 6 (0.3%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated pneumonitis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated pneumonitis was 2.5 months (range: 3 days to 13.8 months). The median duration was 8.1 weeks (range: 4 days to more than 4.9 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.4% (9/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated pneumonitis. All 28 patients with immune-mediated pneumonitis were treated with corticosteroids and 21 (75%) of the 28 patients were treated with high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 9 days (range: 1 day to 2.3 months). Immune-mediated pneumonitis resolved in 18 (64.3%) of the 28 patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 0.6% (3/489) of patients developed immune-mediated pneumonitis. Of these patients, none experienced immune-mediated pneumonitis Grade ≥ 3.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated pneumonitis was 3.7 months (range: 2.7 months to 8.6 months). The median duration was 2.6 months (range: 3.3 weeks to more than 7.9 months).
Immune-mediated pneumonitis did not lead to discontinuation of avelumab in any patient. All 3 patients with immune-mediated pneumonitis were treated with high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 3.3 months (range: 3 weeks to 22.3 months). Immune-mediated pneumonitis resolved in 2 (66.7%) of the 3 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Immune-mediated hepatitis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 1.0% (21/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated hepatitis. Of these patients, there were 2 (0.1%) patients with a fatal outcome, and 16 (0.8%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated hepatitis\*.\*
The median time to onset of immune-mediated hepatitis was 3.3 months (range: 9 days to 14.8 months). The median duration was 2.5 months (range: 1 day to more than 7.4 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.6% (13/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated hepatitis. All 21 patients with immune-mediated hepatitis were treated with corticosteroids and 20 (95.2%) of the 21 patients received high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 17 days (range: 1 day to 4.1 months). Immune-mediated hepatitis resolved in 12 (57.1%) of the 21 patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 6.3% (31/489) of patients developed immune-mediated hepatitis. Of these patients, there were 18 (3.7%) patients with Grade 3 and 3 (0.6%) patients with Grade 4 immune-mediated hepatitis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated hepatitis was 2.3 months (range: 2.1 weeks to 14.5 months). The median duration was 2.1 weeks (range: 2 days to 8.9 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 4.7% (23/489) of patients due to immune-mediated hepatitis. All 31 patients with immune-mediated hepatitis were treated for hepatitis including 30 (96.8%) patients treated with corticosteroids and 1 patient with a non-steroidal immunosuppressant. Twenty-eight (90.3%) of the 31 patients received high dose corticosteroids for a median of 2.4 weeks (range: 1 day to 10.2 months). Immune-mediated hepatitis resolved in 27 (87.1%) of the 31 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Immune-mediated colitis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 1.5% (31/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated colitis. Of these patients, there were 10 (0.5%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated colitis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated colitis was 2.0 months (range: 2 days to 11.5 months). The median duration was 5.9 weeks (range: 1 day to more than 14 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.5% (11/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated colitis. All 31 patients with immune-mediated colitis were treated with corticosteroids and 19 (61.3%) of the 31 patients received high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 19 days (range: 1 day to 2.3 months). Immune-mediated colitis resolved in 22 (71%) of 31 patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 2.7% (13/489) of patients developed immune-mediated colitis. Of these patients, there were 9 (1.8%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated colitis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated colitis was 5.1 months (range: 2.3 weeks to 14 months). The median duration was 1.6 weeks (range: 1 day to more than 9 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.4% (2/489) of patients due to immune-mediated colitis. All 13 patients with immune-mediated colitis were treated with corticosteroids and 12 (92.3%) of the 13 patients received high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 2.3 weeks (range: 5 days to 4.6 months). Immune-mediated colitis resolved in 10 (76.9%) of 13 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Immune-mediated pancreatitis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, immune-mediated pancreatitis occurred in less than 1% (1/4 000) of patients across clinical studies in multiple tumour types and in 0.6% (3/489) of patients receiving avelumab in combination with axitinib including 2 (0.4%) patients with fatal outcome.
\*Immune-mediated myocarditis\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, immune-mediated myocarditis occurred in less than 1% (5/4 000) of patients across clinical studies in multiple tumour types and in 0.6% (3/489) of patients receiving avelumab in combination with axitinib including 2 (0.4%) patients with fatal outcome.
\*Immune-mediated endocrinopathies\*
\*Thyroid disorders\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 6.7% (140/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated thyroid disorders, including 127 (6.1%) patients with hypothyroidism, 23 (1.1%) with hyperthyroidism, and 7 (0.3%) with thyroiditis. Of these patients, there were 4 (0.2%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated thyroid disorders.
The median time to onset of thyroid disorders was 2.8 months (range: 2 weeks to 12.8 months). The median duration was not estimable (range: 3 days to more than 27.6 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.2% (4/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated thyroid disorders. Thyroid disorders resolved in 14 (10%) of the 140 patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 24.7% (121/489) of patients developed immune-mediated thyroid disorders, including 111 (22.7%) patients with hypothyroidism, 17 (3.5%) with hyperthyroidism, and 7 (1.4%) with thyroiditis. Of these patients, there were 2 (0.4%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated thyroid disorders.
The median time to onset of thyroid disorders was 2.8 months (range: 3.6 weeks to 19.3 months). The median duration was not estimable (range: 8 days to more than 23.9 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.2% (1/489) of patients due to immune-mediated thyroid disorders. Thyroid disorders resolved in 15 (12.4%) of the 121 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Adrenal insufficiency\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, 0.5% (11/2 082) of patients developed immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency. Of these patients, there was 1 (less than 0.1%) patient with Grade 3 immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency was 3.3 months (range: 1 day to 7.6 months). The median duration was not estimable (range: 2 days to more than 10.4 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.1% (2/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency. All 11 patients with immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency were treated with corticosteroids, and 5 (45.5%) of the 11 patients received high-dose systemic corticosteroids (≥ 40 mg prednisone or equivalent) for a median of 2 days (range: 1 day to 24 days). Adrenal insufficiency resolved in 3 (27.3%) of patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, 1.8% (9/489) of patients developed immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency. Of these patients, there were 2 (0.4%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency was 5.5 months (range: 3.6 weeks to 8.7 months). The median duration was 2.8 months (range: 3 days to more than 15.5 months).
Immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency did not lead to discontinuation of avelumab in any patient. Eight (88.9%) patients with immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency were treated with corticosteroids and 2 (25%) of the 8 patients received high-dose corticosteroids (≥ 40 mg prednisone or equivalent) for a median of 8 days (range: 5 days to 11 days). Adrenal insufficiency resolved in 4 (44.4%) of the 9 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Type 1 diabetes mellitus\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, Type 1 diabetes mellitus without an alternative aetiology occurred in 0.2% (5/2 082) of patients. All 5 patients experienced Grade 3 Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
The median time to onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus was 3.3 months (range: 1 day to 18.7 months). The median duration was not estimable (range: 14 days to more than 4.8 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.1% (2/2 082) of patients due to Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus resolved in 2 (40%) patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, Type 1 diabetes mellitus without an alternative aetiology occurred in 1.0% (5/489) of patients. Of these patients, there was 1 (0.2%) patient with Grade 3 Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
The median time to onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus was 1.9 months (range: 1.1 months to 7.3 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.2% (1/489) of patients due to Type 1 diabetes mellitus. All 5 patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus were treated with insulin. Type 1 diabetes mellitus did not resolve in any of the patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Immune-mediated nephritis and renal dysfunction\*
In patients treated with avelumab as monotherapy, immune-mediated nephritis occurred in 0.3% (7/2 082) of patients. There was 1 (less than 0.1%) patient with Grade 3 immune-mediated nephritis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated nephritis was 2.4 months (range: 7.1 weeks to 21.9 months). The median duration was 6.1 months (range: 9 days to 6.1 months).
Avelumab was discontinued in 0.2% (4/2 082) of patients due to immune-mediated nephritis. All 7 patients with immune-mediated nephritis were treated with corticosteroids. 6 (85.7%) of those 7 patients with immune-mediated nephritis were treated with high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 2.5 weeks (range: 6 days to 2.8 months). Immune-mediated nephritis resolved in 4 (57.1%) patients at the time of data cut-off.
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, immune-mediated nephritis occurred in 0.4% (2/489) of patients. Of these patients, there were 2 (0.4%) patients with Grade 3 immune-mediated nephritis.
The median time to onset of immune-mediated nephritis was 1.2 months (range: 2.9 weeks to 1.8 months). The median duration was 1.3 weeks (range: more than 4 days to 1.3 weeks).
Immune-mediated nephritis did not lead to discontinuation of avelumab in any patient. All 2 patients with immune-mediated nephritis were treated with high-dose corticosteroids for a median of 1.1 weeks (range: 3 days to 1.9 weeks). Immune-mediated nephritis resolved in 1 (50%) of the 2 patients at the time of data cut-off.
\*Hepatotoxicity (in combination with axitinib)\*
In patients treated with avelumab in combination with axitinib, Grades 3 and Grade 4 increased ALT and increased AST were reported in 9% and 7% of patients, respectively.
In patients with ALT ≥ 3 times ULN (Grades 2-4, n=82), ALT resolved to Grades 0-1 in 92%.
Among the 73 patients who were rechallenged with either avelumab (59%) or axitinib (85%) monotherapy or with both (55%), 66% had no recurrence of ALT ≥ 3 times ULN.
\*Immune checkpoint inhibitor class effects\*
There have been cases of the following adverse reactions reported during treatment with other immune checkpoint inhibitors which might also occur during treatment with avelumab: pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, coeliac disease.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via
\*\*United Kingdom\*\*
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store4.9 Overdose
Three patients were reported to be overdosed with 5% to 10% above the recommended dose of avelumab. The patients had no symptoms, did not require any treatment for the overdose, and continued on avelumab therapy.
In case of overdose, patients should be closely monitored for signs or symptoms of adverse reactions. The treatment is directed to the management of symptoms.
## Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies, PD-1/PDL-1 (Programmed cell death protein 1/death ligand 1) inhibitors, ATC code: L01FF04.
Mechanism of action
Avelumab is a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Avelumab binds PD-L1 and blocks the interaction between PD-L1 and the programmed death 1 (PD-1) and B7.1 receptors. This removes the suppressive effects of PD-L1 on cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells, resulting in the restoration of anti-tumour T-cell responses. Avelumab has also shown to induce natural killer (NK) cell-mediated direct tumour cell lysis via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Clinical efficacy and safety
\*Merkel cell carcinoma (study EMR100070-003)\*
The efficacy and safety of avelumab was investigated in the single arm, multi-centre study EMR100070-003 with two parts. Part A was conducted in patients with histologically confirmed metastatic MCC, whose disease had progressed on or after chemotherapy administered for distant metastatic disease, with a life expectancy of more than 3 months. Part B included patients with histologically confirmed metastatic MCC who were treatment-naïve to systemic therapy in the metastatic setting.
Patients with active or a history of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis; active or a history of autoimmune disease; a history of other malignancies within the last 5 years; organ transplant; conditions requiring therapeutic immune suppression or active infection with HIV, or hepatitis B or C were excluded.
Patients received avelumab at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients with radiological disease progression not associated with significant clinical deterioration, defined as no new or worsening symptoms, no change in performance status for greater than two weeks, and no need for salvage therapy could continue treatment.
Tumour response assessments were performed every 6 weeks, as assessed by an Independent Endpoint Review Committee (IERC) using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) v1.1.
\*Study 003 Part A – previously-treated patients\*
The major efficacy outcome measure was confirmed best overall response (BOR); secondary efficacy outcome measures included duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).
An efficacy analysis was conducted in all 88 patients after a minimum follow-up of 36 months. Patients received a median of 7 doses of avelumab (range: 1 dose to 95 doses), and the median duration of treatment was 17 weeks (range: 2 weeks to 208 weeks).
Of the 88 patients, 65 (74%) were male, the median age was 73 years (range 33 years to 88 years), 81 (92%) patients were Caucasian, and 49 (56%) patients and 39 (44%) patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 and 1, respectively.
Overall, 52 (59%) patients were reported to have had 1 prior anti-cancer therapy for MCC, 26 (30%) with 2 prior therapies, and 10 (11%) with 3 or more prior therapies. Forty-seven (53%) of the patients had visceral metastases.
Table 4 summarises efficacy endpoints in patients receiving avelumab at the recommended dose for study EMR100070-003, Part A with a minimum follow-up of 36 months. Overall survival was evaluated in an analysis with a minimum follow-up of 44 months. The median OS was 12.6 months (95% CI 7.5, 17.1).
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*4: Response to avelumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks in patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part A)\\*\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy endpoints (Part A)\*\* \*\*(per RECIST v1.1, IERC)\*\* | \*\*Results\*\* \*\*(N=88)\*\* |
| \*\*Objective response rate (ORR)\*\* Response rate, CR+PR\\*\\* n (%) (95% CI) | 29 (33.0%) (23.3, 43.8) |
| \*\*Confirmed best overall response (BOR)\*\* Complete response (CR)\\*\\* n (%) Partial response (PR)\\*\\* n (%) | 10 (11.4%) 19 (21.6%) |
| \*\*Duration of response (DOR)\*\*a Median, months (95% CI) Minimum, maximum (months) ≥ 6 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 12 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 24 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 36 months by K-M, (95% CI) | 40.5 (18, not estimable) 2.8, 41.5+ 93% (75, 98) 71% (51, 85) 67% (47, 82) 52% (26, 73) |
| \*\*Progression-free survival (PFS)\*\* Median PFS, months (95% CI) 6-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 12-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 24-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 36-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) | 2.7 (1.4, 6.9) 40% (29, 50) 29% (19, 39) 26% (17, 36) 21% (12, 32) |
CI: Confidence interval; RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours; IERC: Independent Endpoint Review Committee; K-M: Kaplan-Meier; +denotes a censored value
\\* Efficacy data with a minimum follow-up of 36 months (cut-off date 14 September 2018)
\\*\\* CR or PR was confirmed at a subsequent tumour assessment
a Based on number of patients with confirmed response (CR or PR)
The median time to response was 6 weeks (range: 6 weeks to 36 weeks) after the first dose of avelumab. Twenty-two out of 29 (76%) patients with response were reported to have responded within 7 weeks after the first dose of avelumab.
The Kaplan-Meier estimates of PFS of the 88 patients (Part A) with metastatic MCC is presented in Figure 1.
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*1: Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival (PFS) per RECIST v1.1, IERC (Part A, minimum follow-up of 36 months)\*\*
Tumour samples were evaluated for PD-L1 tumour cell expression, and for Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) using an investigational immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. Table 5 summarises the objective response rates by the PD-L1 expression and MCV status of patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part A).
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*5:\*\* \*\*Objective response rates by PD-L1 expression and MCV tumour status in patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part A)\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | \*\*Avelumab\*\* \*\*ORR (95% CI)\\*\*\* |
| \*\*PD-L1 expression at cut-off of ≥ 1%\*\* | N=74a |
| Positive (n=58) | 36.2% (24.0, 49.9) |
| Negative (n=16) | 18.8% (4.0, 45.6) |
| \*\*IHC-MCV tumour status\*\* | N=77b |
| Positive (n=46) | 28.3% (16.0, 43.5) |
| Negative (n=31) | 35.5% (19.2, 54.6) |
IHC: Immunohistochemistry; MCV: Merkel cell polyomavirus; ORR: objective response rate
\\* ORR (cut-off date 14 September 2018)
a Based on data from patients evaluable for PD-L1
b Based on data from patients evaluable for MCV by immunohistochemistry (IHC)
\*Study 003 Part B – patients who have not received systemic therapy in the metastatic setting\*
The major efficacy outcome measure was durable response, defined as objective response (complete response (CR) or partial response (PR)) with a duration of at least 6 months; secondary outcome measures included BOR, DOR, PFS, and OS.
The primary analysis for Part B included 116 patients who received at least one dose of avelumab with a minimum follow-up of 15 months at the time of the data cut-off (cut-off date 02 May 2019).
Of the 116 patients, 81 (70%) were male, the median age was 74 years (range: 41 to 93 years), 75 (65%) were white, and 72 (62%) and 44 (38%) had an ECOG performance status of 0 and 1 respectively.
Table 6 summarises the primary analysis of efficacy endpoints including an estimate of the 24-month rates by Kaplan-Meier for DOR, and PFS in patients receiving avelumab at the recommended dose for study EMR100070-003, Part B.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*6: Primary analysis of response to avelumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks in patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part B)\\*\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy endpoints (Part B)\*\* \*\*(per RECIST v1.1, IERC)\*\* | \*\*Results\*\* \*\*(N=116)\*\* |
| \*\*Durable response\*\* ≥ 6 months (95% CI) | 30.2% (22.0, 39.4) |
| \*\*Objective response rate (ORR)\*\* Response rate, CR+PR\\*\\* n (%) (95% CI) | 46 (39.7%) (30.7, 49.2) |
| \*\*Confirmed best overall response (BOR)\*\* Complete response (CR)\\*\\* n (%) Partial response (PR)\\*\\* n (%) | 19 (16.4%) 27 (23.3%) |
| \*\*Duration of response (DOR)\*\*a Median, months (95% CI) Minimum, maximum (months) ≥ 3 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 6 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 12 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 18 months by K-M, (95% CI) ≥ 24 months by K-M, (95% CI) | 18.2 (11.3, not estimable) 1.2, 28.3 89% (75, 95) 78% (63, 87) 66% (50, 78) 52% (34, 67) 45% (25, 63) |
| \*\*Progression-free survival (PFS)\*\* Median PFS, months (95% CI) 3-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 6-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 12-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) 24-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI) | 4.1 (1.4, 6.1) 51% (42, 60) 41% (32, 50) 31% (23, 40) 20% (12, 30) |
CI: Confidence interval; RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours; IERC: Independent Endpoint Review Committee; K-M: Kaplan-Meier
\\* Efficacy data with a minimum follow-up of 15 months (cut-off date 02 May 2019)
\\*\\* CR or PR was confirmed at a subsequent tumour assessment
a Based on number of patients with confirmed response (CR or PR)
Figure 2 presents the Kaplan-Meier estimates for PFS from the primary analysis with 116 patients enrolled into Part B with a minimum follow-up of 15 months.
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*2: Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival (PFS) per RECIST v1.1, IERC (Part B, N=116)\*\*
Tumour samples were evaluated for PD-L1 tumour cell expression, and for MCV using an investigational IHC assay. Table 7 summarises the objective response rates by PD-L1 expression and MCV status of patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part B).
\*\*Table 7: Objective response rates by PD-L1 expression and MCV tumour status in patients with metastatic MCC in study EMR100070-003 (Part B)\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | \*\*Avelumab\*\* \*\*ORR (95% CI)\\*\*\* |
| \*\*PD-L1 expression at cut-off of ≥ 1%\*\* | N=108a |
| Positive (n=21) | 61.9% (38.4, 81.9) |
| Negative (n=87) | 33.3% (23.6, 44.3) |
| \*\*IHC-MCV tumour status\*\* | N=107b |
| Positive (n=70) | 34.3% (23.3, 46.6) |
| Negative (n=37) | 48.6% (31.9, 65.6) |
IHC: Immunohistochemistry; MCV: Merkel cell polyomavirus; ORR: objective response rate
\\* ORR (cut-off date 02 May 2019)
a Based on data from patients evaluable for PD-L1
b Based on data from patients evaluable for MCV by IHC
\*Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (study B9991001)\*
The efficacy and safety of avelumab was demonstrated in study B9991001, a randomised, multi-centre, open-label study conducted in 700 patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma whose disease had not progressed with 4-6 cycles of first-line platinum-based induction chemotherapy. Patients with autoimmune disease or a medical condition that required immunosuppression were excluded.
Randomization was stratified by best response to chemotherapy (CR/PR vs. stable disease [SD]) and site of metastasis (visceral vs. non-visceral) at the time of initiating first-line induction chemotherapy. Patients were randomised (1:1) to receive either avelumab 10 mg/kg intravenous infusion every 2 weeks plus best supportive care (BSC) or BSC alone.
Administration of avelumab was permitted beyond Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) v1.1-defined progression of disease by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) if the patient was clinically stable and considered to be deriving clinical benefit by the investigator. Assessment of tumour status was performed at baseline, 8 weeks after randomization, then every 8 weeks up to 12 months after randomization, and every 12 weeks thereafter until documented confirmed disease progression based on BICR assessment per RECIST v1.1.
Demographic and baseline characteristics were generally well balanced between the avelumab plus BSC and the BSC alone arm. Baseline characteristics were a median age of 69 years (range: 32 to 90), 66% of patients were 65 years or older, 77% were male, 67% were White, and the ECOG PS was 0 (61%) or 1 (39%) for both arms.
For first-line induction chemotherapy, 56% of patients received cisplatin plus gemcitabine, 38% of patients received carboplatin plus gemcitabine and 6% of patients received cisplatin plus gemcitabine and carboplatin plus gemcitabine (i.e. these patients received one or more cycles of each combination). Best response to first-line induction chemotherapy was CR or PR (72%) or SD (28%). Sites of metastasis prior to chemotherapy were visceral (55%) or non-visceral (45%). Fifty-one percent of patients had PD-L1-positive tumours. Six percent of patients in the avelumab plus BSC arm and 44% of patients in the BSC alone arm received another PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor after discontinuation of treatment.
The primary efficacy outcome measure was overall survival (OS) in all randomized patients and in patients with PD-L1-positive tumours. Progression-free survival (PFS) based on BICR assessment per RECIST v1.1 was an additional efficacy outcome measure. Efficacy outcomes were measured from time of randomisation after 4 to 6 cycles of platinum-based induction chemotherapy.
The PD-L1 status of the tumour was assessed using the Ventana PD-L1 (SP263) assay. PD-L1-positivity was defined as ≥ 25% of tumour cells stained for PD-L1; or ≥ 25% of immune cells stained for PD-L1 if > 1% of the tumour area contained immune cells; or 100% of immune cells stained for PD-L1 if = 1% of the tumour area contained immune cells.
At the pre-specified interim analysis (cut-off date 21 October 2019), study B9991001 met its primary endpoint for OS in both coprimary populations: in all randomized patients with a median OS of 21.4 months (95% CI: 18.9, 26.1; HR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.556, 0.863) in the avelumab plus BSC arm and with a median OS of 14.3 months (95% CI: 12.9, 17.8) in the BSC alone arm. For patients with PD-L1-positive tumours the median OS was not reached (95% CI: 20.3, not reached; HR 0.56, 95%, CI: 0.404, 0.787) in the avelumab plus BSC arm and the median OS in the BSC alone arm was 17.1 months (95% CI: 13.5, 23.7). Updated OS results with a data cut-off date of 19 January 2020 and PFS data with a cut-off date of 21 October 2019 are presented in Table 8 and in Figure 3 and Figure 4 below.
\*\*Table 8: Efficacy results by PD-L1 expression in study B9991001\*\*
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy endpoints\*\* | \*\*Avelumab plus BSC\*\* | \*\*BSC\*\* | \*\*Avelumab plus BSC\*\* | \*\*BSC\*\* | \*\*Avelumab plus BSC\*\* | \*\*BSC\*\* |
| (N=350) | (N=350) | (N=189) | (N=169) | (N=139) | (N=131) |
| \*\*All randomized patients\*\* | | \*\*PD-L1-positive tumours\*\* | | \*\*PD-L1-negative tumours\*\*c | |
| \*\*Overall survival (OS)\*\*a | | | | | | |
| Events (%) | 156 (44.6) | 190 (54.3) | 68 (36.0) | 85 (50.3) | 80 (57.6) | 80 (61.1) |
| Median in months | 22.1 | 14.6 | NE | 17.5 | 18.9 | 13.4 |
| (95% CI) | (19.0, 26.1) | (12.8, 17.8) | (20.6, NE) | (13.5, 31.6) | (13.3, 22.1) | (10.4, 17.3) |
| Hazard ratio | 0.70 | | 0.60 | | 0.83 | |
| (95% CI) | (0.564, 0.862) | | (0.439, 0.833) | | (0.603, 1.131) | |
| 2-sided p-valued | 0.0008 | | 0.0019 | | \*\*-\*\* | |
| \*\*Progression-free survival (PFS)\*\*b, e, f | | | | | | |
| Events (%) | 225 (64.3) | 260 (74.3) | 109 (57.7) | 130 (76.9) | 103 (74.1) | 99 (75.6) |
| Median in months | 3.7 | 2.0 | 5.7 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 1.9 |
| (95% CI) | (3.5, 5.5) | (1.9, 2.7) | (3.7, 7.4) | (1.9, 3.5) | (2.0, 3.7) | (1.9, 2.1) |
| Hazard ratio | 0.62 | | 0.56 | | 0.63 | |
| (95% CI) | (0.519, 0.751) | | (0.431, 0.728) | | (0.474, 0.847) | |
| 2-sided p-valued | < 0.0001 | | < 0.0001 | | \*\*-\*\* | |
CI: Confidence interval; K-M: Kaplan-Meier, NE: not estimable
Note: 72 patients (22 patients on avelumab plus BSC arm and 50 patients on BSC alone arm) had a tumour with an unknown PD-L1 status
a OS cut-off date 19 January 2020
b PFS cut-off date 21 October 2019
c PD-L1-negative population analyses were exploratory and no formal test was performed
d p-value based on stratified log-rank
e Based on BICR assessment per RECIST v1.1
f PFS censoring reasons follow the hierarchy in sequential order: no adequate baseline assessment, start of new anti-cancer therapy, event after 2 or more missing assessments, withdrawal of consent, lost to follow-up, no adequate post-baseline tumour assessment, ongoing without an event
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*3: Kaplan-Meier estimates for overall survival (OS) by PD-L1 expression (cut-off date 19 January 2020) - Full analysis set\*\*
(A): All randomized patients
(B): Patients by PD-L1 expression
\*\*Figure 4: Kaplan-Meier estimates for progression-free survival (PFS) by PD-L1 expression based on BICR assessment (RECIST v1.1) (cut-off date 21 October 2019) - Full analysis set\*\*
(A): All randomized patients
(B): Patients by PD-L1 expression
\*Renal cell carcinoma (study B9991003)\*
The efficacy and safety of avelumab in combination with axitinib was demonstrated in study B9991003, a randomised, multi-centre, open-label study of avelumab in combination with axitinib in 886 patients with untreated advanced or metastatic RCC with a clear-cell component.
Patients were included irrespective of prognostic risk groups or tumour PD-L1 expression and had to have at least one measurable lesion as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) version 1.1 that was not been previously irradiated. Patients with prior systemic therapy directed at advanced or metastatic RCC; prior systemic immunotherapy treatment with IL-2, IFN-α, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, or active brain metastasis; active autoimmune disease that might deteriorate when receiving an immunostimulatory agents; a history of other malignancies within the last 5 years; organ transplant were ineligible.
Randomization was stratified according to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS) (0 vs. 1) and region (United States vs. Canada/Western Europe vs. the rest of the world). Patients were randomised (1:1) to one of the following treatment arms:
• Avelumab 10 mg/kg intravenous infusion every 2 weeks in combination with axitinib 5 mg twice daily orally (N=442). Patients who tolerated axitinib 5 mg twice daily without Grade 2 or greater axitinib-related adverse events for 2 consecutive weeks could increase to 7 mg and then subsequently to 10 mg twice daily. Axitinib could be interrupted or reduced to 3 mg twice daily and subsequently to 2 mg twice daily to manage toxicity.
• Sunitinib 50 mg once daily orally for 4 weeks followed by 2 weeks off (N=444) until radiographic or clinical progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Treatment with avelumab and axitinib continued until RECIST v1.1-defined progression of disease by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) assessment or unacceptable toxicity. Administration of avelumab and axitinib was permitted beyond RECIST-defined disease progression based on investigator's assessment of the patient's benefit-risk and clinical condition, including performance status, clinical symptoms, adverse events and laboratory data. The majority (n=160, 71.4%) of the patients with progressive disease continued treatment with both medicinal products after progression. Assessment of tumour status was performed at baseline, after randomisation at 6 weeks, then every 6 weeks thereafter up to 18 months after randomisation, and every 12 weeks thereafter until documented confirmed disease progression by BICR.
The primary efficacy endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), as assessed by BICR using RECIST v1.1 and overall survival (OS) in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced RCC who have PD-L1-positive tumours (PD-L1 expression level ≥ 1%). The key secondary endpoints were PFS based on BICR assessment per RECIST v1.1 and OS irrespective of PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 status was determined by immunohistochemistry. Additional secondary endpoints included objective response (OR), time to response (TTR) and duration of response (DOR).
Study population characteristics: median age of 61 years (range: 27.0 to 88.0), 38% of patients were 65 years or older, 75% were male, 75% were White, and the ECOG performance score was 0 (63%) or 1 (37%).
Patient distribution by International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) risk groups was 21% favourable, 62% intermediate, and 16% poor. Patient distribution by Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) risk groups was 22% favourable, 65% intermediate, and 11% poor.
Efficacy results are presented in Table 9 and Figure 5 based on a data cut-off date of 28 January 2019. With a median OS follow-up of 19 months, OS data were immature with 27% deaths. The observed hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.616, 1.027) for avelumab in combination with axitinib compared to sunitinib.
\*\*Table\*\* \*\*9: Efficacy results from study B9991003 in patients irrespective of PD-L1 expression\*\*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Efficacy endpoints\*\* \*\*(Based on BICR assessment)\*\* | \*\*Avelumab plus axitinib\*\* (N=442) | \*\*Sunitinib\*\* (N=444) |
| \*\*Progression-free survival (PFS)\*\* | | |
| Events (%) | 229 (52) | 258 (58) |
| Median in months (95% CI) | 13.3 (11.1, 15.3) | 8.0 (6.7, 9.8) |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 0.69 (0.574, 0.825) | |
| p-value\\* | < 0.0001 | |
| 12-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI)\\*\\* | 52.4% (47.4, 57.2) | 39.2% (34.1, 44.2) |
| 18-month PFS rate by K-M, (95% CI)\\*\\* | 43.9% (38.8, 49.0) | 29.3% (24.2, 34.6) |
| \*\*Confirmed objective response rate (ORR)\*\* | | |
| Objective response rate (ORR) n (%) | 232 (52.5) | 121 (27.3) |
| (95% CI) | 47.7, 57.2 | 23.2, 31.6 |
| Complete response (CR) n (%) | 17 (3.8) | 9 (2.0) |
| Partial response (PR) n (%) | 215 (48.6) | 112 (25.2) |
| \*\*Time to response (TTR)\*\* | | |
| Median, months (range) | 2.7 (1.2, 20.7) | 4.0 (1.2, 18.0) |
| \*\*Duration of response (DOR)\*\* | | |
| Median, months (95% CI) | 18.5 (17.8, NE) | NE (16.4, NE) |
BICR: Blinded Independent Central Review; CI: Confidence interval; K-M: Kaplan-Meier; NE: Not estimable
\\* 1-sided p-value based on stratified log-rank
\\*\\* CIs are derived using the log-log transformation with back transformation to untransformed scale
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*5: Kaplan-Meier estimates for progression-free survival based on BICR assessment in patients irrespective of PD-L1 expression\*\*
Improvement of PFS was observed across pre-specified subgroups.
\*\*Figure\*\* \*\*6: Forest plot of progression-free survival based on BICR assessment in patients irrespective of PD-L1 expression\*\*
Immunogenicity
Treatment emergent anti-drug antibodies (ADA) were detected in 8.5% of MCC patients (study EMR107000-003, 8.9% for Part A and 8.2% for Part B), 19% of UC patients (study B9991001) and 16% of RCC patients (study B9991003). The majority of the ADA were of neutralising character. No evidence of ADA or neutralising antibodies (nAb) impact on pharmacokinetics, efficacy or safety was observed.
Paediatric population
Study MS100070-0306 was a multi-centre, open-label, Phase I/II study to evaluate the dose, safety and tolerability, antitumour activity, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics of avelumab in paediatric patients from birth to less than 18 years of age with refractory or relapsed solid tumours including central nervous system (CNS) tumours and lymphoma for which no standard therapy is available or for which the patient was not eligible for the existing therapy.
The study enrolled 21 paediatric patients with an age ranged from 3 to 17 years (11 patients ≤ 12 years and 10 patients > 12 years) receiving either 10 mg/kg (N=6) or 20 mg/kg (N=15) avelumab intravenously every 2 weeks until confirmed progression, death, or unacceptable toxicity.
The primary tumour categories were soft tissue/bone sarcoma (N=12), CNS malignancies (N=8), and gastro-intestinal (GI) carcinoma (N=1).
There was no complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) in this study as assessed according to RECIST 1.1.
The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Bavencio in all subsets of the paediatric population for the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Avelumab pharmacokinetics (PK) was assessed using a population PK approach for avelumab as monotherapy and avelumab in combination with axitinib.
Based on a population PK analysis for avelumab as monotherapy and in combination with axitinib, there are no expected clinically meaningful differences in exposure of avelumab between settings administered every 2 weeks at 800 mg or 10 mg/kg.
Distribution
Avelumab is expected to be distributed in the systemic circulation and to a lesser extent in the extracellular space. The volume of distribution at steady state was 4.72 L.
Consistent with a limited extravascular distribution, the volume of distribution of avelumab at steady state is small. As expected for an antibody, avelumab does not bind to plasma proteins in a specific manner.
Elimination
Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis from 1 629 patients, the value of total systemic clearance (CL) is 0.59 L/day. In the supplemental analysis, avelumab CL was found to decrease over time: the largest mean maximal reduction (% coefficient of variation [CV%]) from baseline value with different tumour types was approximately 32.1% (CV 36.2%).
Steady-state concentrations of avelumab were reached after approximately 4 to 6 weeks (2 to 3 cycles) of repeated dosing at 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks, and systemic accumulation was approximately 1.25-fold.
The elimination half-life (t½) at the recommended dose is 6.1 days based on the population PK analysis.
Linearity/non-linearity
The exposure of avelumab increased dose-proportionally in the dose range of 10 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg every 2 weeks.
When avelumab 10 mg/kg was administered in combination with axitinib 5 mg, the respective exposures of avelumab and axitinib were unchanged compared to the single agents. There was no evidence to suggest a clinically relevant change of avelumab clearance over time in patients with advanced RCC.
Special populations
A population pharmacokinetic analysis suggested no difference in the total systemic clearance of avelumab based on age, gender, race, PD-L1 status, tumour burden, renal impairment and mild or moderate hepatic impairment.
Total systemic clearance increases with body weight. Steady-state exposure was approximately uniform over a wide range of body weights (30 to 204 kg) for body weight normalised dosing.
\*Renal impairment\*
No clinically important differences in the clearance of avelumab were found between patients with mild (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 60 to 89 mL/min, Cockcroft-Gault Creatinine Clearance (CrCL); n=623), moderate (GFR 30 to 59 mL/min, n=320) and patients with normal (GFR ≥ 90 mL/min, n=671) renal function.
Avelumab has not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR 15 to 29 mL/min).
\*Hepatic impairment\*
No clinically important differences in the clearance of avelumab were found between patients with mild hepatic impairment (bilirubin ≤ ULN and AST > ULN or bilirubin between 1 and 1.5 times ULN, n=217) and normal hepatic function (bilirubin and AST ≤ ULN, n=1 388) in a population PK analysis. Hepatic impairment was defined by National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria of hepatic dysfunction.
Avelumab has not been studied in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (bilirubin between 1.5 and 3 times ULN) or severe hepatic impairment (bilirubin > 3 times ULN).
\*Paediatric population\*
The pharmacokinetics of avelumab was evaluated in 21 children and adolescents from 3 years to 17 years in study MS100070-0306 receiving either 10 mg/kg (N=6) or 20 mg/kg (N=15) avelumab intravenously every 2 weeks until confirmed progression, death, or unacceptable toxicity.
The paediatric PK parameters and the corresponding PK profiles for all patients were evaluated according to dosing and stratified by bodyweight.
The exposure in paediatric patients receiving 20 mg/kg avelumab were similar or higher compared to those in adults receiving 10 mg/kg or 800 mg avelumab. In paediatric patients receiving 10 mg/kg avelumab the exposure was lower compared to those in adults.5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity in Cynomolgus monkeys administered intravenously doses of 20, 60 or 140 mg/kg once a week for1 month and 3 months, followed by a 2-month recovery period after the 3-month dosing period. Perivascular mononuclear cell cuffing was observed in the brain and spinal cord of monkeys treated with avelumab at ≥ 20 mg/kg for 3 months. Although there was no clear dose-response relationship, it cannot be excluded that this finding was related to avelumab treatment.
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with avelumab. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is thought to be involved in maintaining tolerance to the foetus throughout pregnancy. Blockade of PD-L1 signalling has been shown in murine models of pregnancy to disrupt tolerance to the foetus and to result in an increase in foetal loss. These results indicate a potential risk that administration of avelumab during pregnancy could cause foetal harm, including increased rates of abortion or stillbirth.
No studies have been conducted to assess the potential of avelumab for carcinogenicity or genotoxicity.
Fertility studies have not been conducted with avelumab. In 1-month and 3-month repeat-dose toxicology studies in monkeys, there were no notable effects in the female reproductive organs. Many of the male monkeys used in these studies were sexually immature and thus no explicit conclusions regarding effects on male reproductive organs can be made.
## Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Mannitol (E421)
Glacial acetic acid
Polysorbate 20 (E432)
Sodium hydroxide
Water for injections6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.6.3 Shelf life
Unopened vial
3 years
After opening
From a microbiological point of view, once opened, the medicinal product should be diluted and infused immediately.
After preparation of infusion
Chemical and physical in-use stability of the diluted solution has been demonstrated as follows:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| \*\*Infusion preparation\*\* | \*\*Storage at 2°C to 8°C\*\* protected from light | \*\*Storage at 20°C to 25°C\*\* and room light |
| Sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion | 96 hours | 72 hours |
| Sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion | 24 hours | 24 hours |
From a microbiological point of view, unless the method of dilution precludes the risk of microbial contamination, the diluted solution should be infused immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user.6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C).
Do not freeze.
Store in the original package in order to protect from light.
For storage conditions after dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.6.5 Nature and contents of container
10 mL of concentrate in a vial (Type I glass) with a halobutyl rubber stopper and an aluminium seal fitted with a removable plastic cap.
Pack size of 1 vial.6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Bavencio is compatible with polyethylene, polypropylene, and ethylene vinyl acetate infusion bags, glass bottles, polyvinyl chloride infusion sets and in-line filters with polyethersulfone membranes with pore sizes of 0.2 micrometre.
Handling instructions
An aseptic technique for the preparation of the solution for infusion should be used.
• The vial should be visually inspected for particulate matter and discoloration. Bavencio is a clear, colourless to slightly yellow solution. If the solution is cloudy, discoloured, or contains particulate matters, the vial should be discarded.
• An infusion bag of appropriate size (preferably 250 mL) containing either sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or with sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion should be used. The required volume of Bavencio should be withdrawn from the vial(s) and transferred to the infusion bag. Any partially used or empty vials have to be discarded.
• The diluted solution should be mixed by gently inverting the bag in order to avoid foaming or excessive shearing of the solution.
\*•\* The solution should be inspected to ensure it is clear, colourless, and free of visible particles. The diluted solution should be used immediately once prepared.
• Do not co-administer other medicinal products through the same intravenous line. Administer the solution for infusion using a sterile, non-pyrogenic, low-protein binding 0.2 micrometre in-line or add-on filter as described in section 4.2.
After administration of Bavencio, the line should be flushed with either sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or with sodium chloride 4.5 mg/mL (0.45%) solution for infusion .
Do not freeze or shake the diluted solution. If refrigerated, allow the diluted solution in the intravenous bags to come to room temperature (20°C to 25°C) prior to use.
Disposal
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
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