• Basket trials leverage drug-target relationships to extend drug indications across different tumor types, identifying effective therapies based on shared molecular targets.
• Umbrella trials validate multiple therapies for a specific disease by comprehensively profiling molecular features, enabling personalized treatment strategies based on individual subtypes.
• Platform trials, as dynamic umbrella designs, efficiently screen optimal treatments in a long-term, adaptive model, ensuring patients receive the most effective interventions based on ongoing efficacy assessments.