In 2002, botulinum toxin A, also known as onabotulinumtoxinA or Botox, was the first type A botulism toxin to be introduced into the market for cosmetic use. With a wide variety of applications and favourable safety profile, Botulinum toxin A injection is a minimally invasive and promising treatment for cosmetic imperfections, muscle spasms, and other condit...
Botulinum toxin A is indicated for a variety of conditions, depending on the preparations. Cosmetically, it is used for the treatment of facial fine lines and wrinkles, specifically for upper facial rhytides, including forehead, lateral canthus, and glabellar lines.
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Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt
K. Kay Durairaj, MD, A Medical Corp., Pasadena, California, United States
Gaziosmanpasa Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul, Gaziosmanpaşa, Turkey
Aswan University-Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Aswan Governorate, Egypt
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
University of São Paulo (Clinical Hospital), São Paulo, Brazil
Ophthalmology Dept. University of Sao Paulo General Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong, China
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