A Comprehensive Monograph on Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L. and Chamaemelum nobile L.): Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy, and Regulatory Status

Introduction and Identification

Overview and Botanical Origin

Chamomile is one of the most ancient, widely utilized, and well-documented medicinal plants in the world, with a history of continuous use that spans millennia.[1] Its therapeutic applications were recorded by prominent Greek physicians such as Hippocrates and Galen, and it held a place of honor as one of the nine sacred herbs in Anglo-Saxon culture, underscoring its deep integration into traditional European medicine.[2] The name itself, derived from the Greek kamai melon meaning "ground apple," alludes to its pleasant, apple-like aroma.[3] In German traditional medicine, its reputation as a panacea is captured by the term "alles zutraut," meaning "capable of anything," a testament to its broad range of perceived benefits.[4] This global significance is further cemented by its official inclusion in the national pharmacopoeias of at least 26 countries.[2]

Botanically, the term "chamomile" primarily refers to two distinct but related species from the Asteraceae (daisy) family: German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L., also known as Chamomilla recutita) and Roman or English Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile L., formerly Anthemis nobilis).[4] While both are used therapeutically, German Chamomile is the subject of more extensive scientific investigation and is generally considered to be more potent, making it the focus of the majority of modern pharmacological and clinical research.[7] The dried flower heads of these plants are the parts used for medicinal preparations, which range from simple herbal infusions (teas) to highly concentrated extracts and essential oils.[2]

Classification and Nomenclature