Columbia University scientists have developed what they describe as the world's first prototype universal antiviral therapy, an experimental mRNA-based treatment designed to provide temporary protection against a wide range of viruses. The research, published August 13 in Science Translational Medicine, represents a novel approach to pandemic preparedness that could offer immediate defense during viral outbreaks.
Rare Genetic Mutation Provides Blueprint
The breakthrough stems from research conducted by Columbia immunologist Dr. Dusan Bogunovic, who began studying patients with ISG15 deficiency approximately 15 years ago. This rare immune condition affects a small number of individuals who, despite being more susceptible to certain bacterial infections, demonstrate remarkable resistance to viral illnesses without developing symptoms.
"The type of inflammation they had was antiviral," Bogunovic explained in a Columbia University statement. The mutation causes a constant, low-level state of immune activation that creates highly effective viral resistance through background inflammation.
mRNA Technology Mimics Natural Defense
Rather than reproducing the harmful aspects of ISG15 deficiency, Bogunovic's team identified 10 specific proteins responsible for most of the antiviral protection. They engineered an mRNA-based therapy, similar in design to COVID-19 vaccines, that instructs cells to temporarily produce these protective proteins.
The treatment is delivered through the nose into the lungs using tiny lipid particles. In animal studies, the nasal therapy significantly reduced replication of both influenza and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in mice and hamsters. Cell culture tests demonstrated the therapy's effectiveness against a wide variety of viruses, including Zika.
Short-Term Protection with Strategic Applications
Unlike traditional vaccines that build lasting immunity to specific pathogens, this universal antiviral provides only short-term protection, estimated at three to four days in animal models. However, researchers believe this temporary shield could prove particularly valuable at the beginning of viral outbreaks.
The therapy could offer immediate protection for first responders, healthcare workers, and high-risk populations while vaccines are still in development. Importantly, the treatment does not interfere with long-term immunity, allowing patients to still develop protective memory after infection or vaccination.
Development Challenges and Future Prospects
The concept remains in early developmental stages, with several hurdles to overcome before human trials. Researchers identify improving the delivery system as the biggest challenge, specifically ensuring adequate protein production in the right tissues. Additional work is needed to determine the duration of protection in humans and the safety profile of repeated dosing.
The therapy's virus-agnostic approach could provide defense even when the identity of a new pathogen is unknown, potentially revolutionizing pandemic response strategies. By activating the body's own antiviral machinery rather than targeting specific viral components, the treatment offers broad-spectrum protection that could prove invaluable during emerging infectious disease outbreaks.
