Obesity, a complex chronic disease characterized by excessive fat deposits, significantly elevates the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), heart disease, and certain cancers. The 2019 Global Burden of Disease study estimates that obesity contributed to approximately 5 million deaths worldwide, underscoring the urgent need for effective treatments. While several anti-obesity medications (AOMs) have previously reached the market, many have faced withdrawal due to severe adverse effects, including cardiovascular events and suicidality. Recent advancements in understanding the role of entero-pancreatic hormones have paved the way for safer and more effective therapies, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists.
Resurgence of GLP-1R Agonists
Novo Nordisk's semaglutide (WEGOVY) was the first GLP-1R agonist approved for obesity treatment since 2014, receiving FDA approval in June 2021. Semaglutide rapidly achieved blockbuster status, generating USD 7.73 billion in sales in 2023. This success highlights the efficacy and demand for GLP-1R agonists in managing obesity.
Expanding Therapeutic Options
Following semaglutide's success, additional drugs have been approved for obesity treatment. Lilly's tirzepatide (ZEPBOUND), a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR)/GLP-1R co-agonist, offers a dual-target approach to managing blood sugar and weight. Rhythm Pharmaceuticals' setmelanotide (IMCIVREE), a melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) agonistic peptide, provides a distinct mechanism of action targeting the MC4R pathway involved in appetite regulation.
Ongoing Research and Development
Currently, there are numerous ongoing clinical trials evaluating novel therapies for obesity. These trials aim to address the unmet medical needs of individuals struggling with obesity and its associated health risks. The focus remains on developing treatments that are both effective and safe for long-term use.
