• CD39-targeted therapies are emerging as a promising strategy to modulate immune responses in various diseases by influencing the purinergic signaling pathway.
• Inhibition of CD39 activity may restore immune functionality and improve patient outcomes in oncology, chronic viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and sepsis.
• Several CD39-targeting therapies are progressing through clinical trials, with IPH5201 being a leading candidate showing encouraging outcomes in early-phase investigations.
• The integration of anti-CD39 antibodies with other treatments may offer synergistic effects, but challenges remain in balancing immune activation and suppression.