Autoimmune diseases result from immune cells mistakenly attacking the body's own cells, leading to the production of autoantibodies. Judith James and other scientists aim to identify early biomarkers to prevent disease onset. Teplizumab, approved by the FDA in 2022, delays type 1 diabetes onset in children, inspiring hope for similar treatments in other autoimmune diseases. Researchers face challenges in understanding disease risk and developing non-toxic preventative treatments. Progress is being made, but the complexity of the immune system complicates prevention efforts.