• Self-amplifying mRNA (samRNA) vaccines offer potential advantages like extended efficacy and lower doses compared to traditional mRNA vaccines.
• Regulatory hurdles and a lack of extensive experience have slowed the widespread adoption of samRNA technology.
• Arcturus Therapeutics' Kostaive, approved in Japan, remains one of the few samRNA vaccines to reach the market, benefiting from pandemic-era acceleration.
• Technical complexities and concerns about potential immune responses to the replicon component pose challenges for samRNA vaccine development.