European biotech hubs like Cambridge, Leiden, Heidelberg, and Paris excel in scientific expertise, infrastructure, entrepreneurship, and financing. Despite strong clusters, Europe lags in translating research into commercial success, unlike the U.S., where Boston/Cambridge and the San Francisco Bay Area dominate. Factors like network, funding, patents, and jobs define successful clusters. German hubs, particularly Heidelberg, Berlin, and Munich, are innovative but face challenges in collaboration and venture funding, trailing behind Paris and London.