Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Lung diseases cause over 4 million premature deaths annually; lung tissue engineering aims to regenerate lungs using exosome-loaded bioscaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells. Lung transplantation is limited by donor scarcity and immunosuppression; bioartificial lungs combine native matrix scaffolds with patient-derived cells and exosomes. Recent advances enable full lung regeneration in labs via decellularized tissue scaffolds, organoids, and stem cells.