A Comparison of Insulin Sensitivity and Management in Hyperglycemic Patients in the Perioperative Period: ESRD vs. Non-ESRD

The objective of our study is to compare perioperative changes in blood glucose levels following insulin administration (Novolin R human insulin, Novo Nordisk Inc. Plainsboro, NJ) for preoperative hyperglycemia (as defined by blood glucose over 150 mg/dL) in diabetic ESRD patients on hemodialysis vs. diabetic non-ESRD patients without CKD. The investigators hypothesize that diabetic ESRD patients on hemodialysis with preoperative hyperglycemia will demonstrate a more rapid decrease in blood glucose following insulin administration compared to diabetic non-ESRD patients without CKD.

The study will take place at SUNY Downstate Medical Center at the University Hospital of Brooklyn. Following enrollment of eligible patients, the following data will be collected: age, gender, height, weight, BMI, indicated procedure, medical record number, past medical history (including liver dysfunction and EtOH abuse), ASA, and initial blood glucose. All patient data associated with renal function and dialysis will be obtained and recorded for ESRD patients. Relevant kidney function data, such as GFR, will also be obtained, if available. The surgical procedures will include but are not limited to the following elective surgeries: major abdominal surgery, major GU/GYN surgeries, vascular surgery, renal transplantation, neurosurgery, vascular and orthopedic surgery . The investigators expect patients in both groups to undergo similar surgical procedures. All medications prescribed to the patient will be noted, as will the type of diabetes the patient has, type 1 or type 2. If the patient takes insulin or oral diabetic medications, the time and amount of their last dose will be recorded. The interval between the last dialysis and insulin testing will not be similar and the extent of uremia will not be equivalent among participants.

All consented patients with hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 150 mg/dL) will be administered an IV bolus of Novolin R human insulin based on a sliding scale according to the table below. The anesthesiologist that is taking care of the patient for that specific surgery will administer the insulin based on the sliding scale, will measure and record blood glucose at 30 minute intervals, and will be responsible to adjust treatment as per the study's sliding scale. Prior to initiating the protocol, the particular anesthesiologist that is responsible for the case will be explained exactly how to follow the protocol. He/she will also be given a supplemental form with written instructions. He/she will also be given contact information for the principle investigator if they should have any questions or issues. The investigators developed a dosing protocol based on guidelines in previous studies, determined as safe and effective for perioperative hyperglycemic patients. The treatment protocol will be administered as follows:

1. Patients with preoperative blood glucose > 150 and < 200 mg/dL will be given a bolus of 2 insulin units.
2. Patients with preoperative blood glucose > 200 and < 250 mg/dL will be given a bolus of 3 insulin units.
3. Patients with preoperative blood glucose > 250 and < 350 mg/dL will be given a bolus of 4 insulin units.

Point-of-care blood glucose testing will be measured at 30-minute intervals using a glucometer (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA. USA), and the investigators will adjust treatment to maintain a safe glucose window. Plasma insulin levels will not be tested. ESRD patients will be administered normal saline and non-ESRD patients will be administered lactate ringers during study protocol. Glucose readings collected at each interval will be recorded, as will changes in insulin administration. Treatment will be adjusted as per the sliding scale given above. For the purpose of the study and statistical analysis, blood glucose sampling will be performed 3 times, one as baseline, second after ½ hour after the first dose of IV insulin, and the second after 30 additional minutes. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) for each group at each time point will be used to determine the difference between the ESRD and non-ESRD groups in the pilot study. Any additional blood glucose estimations will be strictly for clinical reasons to treat hyperglycemia and ascertain that no hypoglycemia has occurred. For patient safety, the investigators will not give insulin for blood glucose levels less than 150 mg/dL, but will continue to monitor blood glucose at 30-minute intervals for 2 hours after the last dose of insulin and will not administer insulin if the blood glucose levels fall below 150 mg/dL. Regular insulin when given intravenously has a rapid onset and a short duration of action; intravenously the half- life of regular insulin is 0.5 to 1 hour and the peak effect is 0.8 to 2 hours. The investigators will therefore monitor blood glucose levels until the expected peak effect of 2 hours where they expect the lowest blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemia is highly unlikely in renal patients at discharge. It is customary for patients to stay in the PACU for 2 hours post-surgery. During the 2-hour window from the patient's last dose of insulin, the patients will be required to remain NPO except water.