The Effect of Laughter Therapy on Distress, Depression and Psychological Well-being in Breast Cancer Patients Before Surgical Intervention: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Breast cancer is described as a type of disease caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells surrounding the milk glands and ducts in the breast. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women in the world and in our country. According to GLOBOCAN 2022 data, breast cancer constitutes 23.8% of all female cancers, and it was reported that 2.3 million women worldwide and 25 thousand women in Turkey were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2022.

As a result of mastectomy or breast conserving treatment, breast cancer can bring about various negative consequences such as body image and sexual life disorder. Women diagnosed with breast cancer often experience psychological problems such as fear of cancer recurrence, deterioration of body perception, decreased self-esteem, loss of femininity and fear of death, and cancer diagnosis and treatment can lead to anxiety, depression and anger in patients. Studies have reported that diagnosis, treatment outcomes, and the course of the disease are associated with depressive symptoms .Depressive symptoms have been identified as one of the most common complications in patients with breast cancer. Depression and anxiety are common diagnoses following breast cancer diagnosis and are vital as effective ways to identify patients at risk for psychological distress.

Psychosocial distress has long been identified as an important problem for breast cancer patients who face challenges in many different areas. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) has recognised distress as an important sequela of cancer diagnosis and treatment. In a qualitative study examining the preoperative distress and anxiety experiences of breast cancer patients, it was reported that the anxiety and distress of these patients increased mostly before surgery, but they were also affected by the care experiences surrounding their surgery. Formally, cancer-related distress is defined as 'a multifactorial unpleasant emotional experience of a psychological (i.e. cognitive, behavioural, emotional), social or spiritual nature that may interfere with the ability to cope effectively with cancer, its physical symptoms and treatment'. In addition, the definition of distress has drawn attention to the early identification and treatment of emotional distress in cancer, and the conceptualisation of psychological distress as the 6th vital sign has provided a framework for care providers to understand emotional difficulties in cancer patients. In a systematic review, it was reported that unmanaged distress negatively affects cancer-related morbidity and mortality as well as quality of life.

The diagnosis and treatment process of breast cancer may increase the level of depression and psychological distress and have a negative impact on the psychological well-being of patients. Psychological well-being is defined as the individual's self-actualisation, using his/her existing or unrealised potential in the most efficient way, accepting himself/herself with this potential, having life goals, establishing qualified relationships and feeling responsibility for his/her own life . It is stated that individuals with high levels of psychological well-being not only feel good about themselves, but also are more successful in interpersonal relationships, their life energy and creativity increase, their immune systems are strengthened, and they are more productive in business life. In the light of this information, considering that having cancer is one of the most stressful life events, psychological well-being levels should be increased in order to overcome the negative consequences of being diagnosed with breast cancer.

In recent years, laughter therapy has attracted attention among methods of coping with stress. Laughter therapy/yoga, which is classified as complementary therapy in medicine, is a unique form of exercise consisting of a combination of laughter, yoga and breathing techniques that allow us to laugh without any sense of humour. Although it is a different approach from other therapeutic methods, it focuses on the approach that both body and mind can only be healthy when the psychological aspects of the brain change. Laughter yoga can be used as a nursing intervention to reduce the symptoms of different diseases and relieve general stress. Laughter yoga has been registered by the NIC (classification of nursing interventions) authority at the University of Iowa since 2023 and has been included in the latest version of the NIC. In this context, it is envisaged that laughter yoga as a nursing initiative will be widely used in nursing research and education in caring for both sick and healthy individuals.