Evaluating a Water Safety Plan Intervention in Ghana
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- Enrolling By Invitation
- 入组人数
- 4,500
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Reliability/availability of water (water supply impacts)
研究概览
简要总结
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of water safety plans (WSPs) in rural Ghana. The investigators aim to evaluate the effects of WSPs on water supply system infrastructure, water availability and reliability, water quality, consumer perceptions, water service provider management and financial sustainability, climate resilience, equity, and consumer health.
详细描述
Much of the global population is exposed to contaminated drinking water. In piped systems, it is often easier to mitigate at the water supplier level where it can be centrally managed. A water safety plan (WSP) is a holistic tool for proactively ensuring the safety of drinking water supplies from source to tap, and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends this systematic risk assessment and preventive management approach for water systems.
While application of WSPs has spread, systematic evidence for their implementation and effectiveness in improving water quality and health is limited, particularly in low-resource settings.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of WSPs on water supply system infrastructure, water availability and reliability, water quality, consumer perceptions, water service provider management and financial sustainability, climate resilience, equity, and consumer health. The investigators will use a randomized controlled trial across 92 piped water supply systems serving small towns and rural areas in Ghana to test the effectiveness of WSPs. The investigators will collect data at baseline before the intervention is implemented, and at endline approximately 2 years after implementation begins. The investigators will also conduct a process evaluation of the WSP implementation quality.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Other
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •Eligibility to receive the intervention was determined by water system criteria:
- •Inclusion Criteria:
- •Water systems must be operated by a partnering private, non-profit water supplier.
- •Water systems must be functional during baseline data collection.
- •To be eligible to participate in household surveys or focus group discussions, participants need to be at least 18 years of age and a customer of a eligible water system. To be eligible to participate in health care facility interviews, participants must be at least 18 years of age and work at a health care facility that serves community members using the included water system.
排除标准
- •Water systems did not meet both of the above inclusion criteria.
- •Water systems had already implemented a water safety plan.
- •Water systems were involved in another ongoing research trial with similar expected outcomes.
结局指标
主要结局
Reliability/availability of water (water supply impacts)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention)
Reliability/availability of water based on (1) service provider documented interruptions, and (2) consumer reported service interruptions
Free chlorine residue in water at point of collection (water quality impacts)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention)
Free chlorine residue in water at point of collection (public standpipes and private taps) at or above target level of 0.2 mg/L, and at or above detectable level of 0.1 mg/L
E. coli in water at point of collection (water quality impacts)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention)
E. coli in water at point of collection (binary and categorical)
Total coliform in water at point of collection (water quality impacts)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention)
Total coliform in water at point of collection (binary)
Turbidity of water at point of collection (water quality impacts)
时间窗: Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention)
Turbidity measured in NTU in water at point of collection
次要结局
- Consumer satisfaction (consumer perception impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Households perceive water quality issues with piped water system (consumer perception impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Household use of enrolled piped water system for drinking (consumer perception impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Number of complaints (consumer perception impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Prevalence of diarrhea (health impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Prevalence of severe diarrhea (health impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Blood in stool (health impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Prevalence of acute respiratory infection (health impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Number of clinic visits for water-related illness (health impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Total chlorine residue in stored water at point of consumption (water quality impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Total coliform in stored water at point of consumption (water quality impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- E. coli in stored water at point of consumption (water quality impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))
- Free chlorine residue in stored water at point of consumption (water quality impacts)(Baseline (before intervention), Endline (approximately 24-months after the start of the intervention))