The Effectiveness and Underlying Mechanisms of Parent Management Training and Mindful Parenting Program
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 156
- 试验地点
- 4
- 主要终点
- Parental Stress
研究概览
简要总结
Project Objective:
Parent management training (PMT), which focuses on teaching parents about effective discipline technique using a behavioral approach, has strong evidence base for promoting parent-child relationship, and reducing parental stress and children behavioural problem. Many PMTs, such as the Incredible Years and Triple P program, have been rated as well-established interventions for behavior problems in children.
In recent years, the application of mindfulness in the parenting context is emerging. Parental mindfulness was found to have positive effects on parent-child relationship quality and parenting stress. In particular, preliminary evidence of the eight-week mindfulness based intervention for parents, the Mindful Parenting (MP) program was found to reduce parental stress, and to decrease externalizing and internalizing problems in children.
The two lines of parenting intervention have different theoretical background but they yield similar positive effect in parents and children. The current study has the following objectives:
- To explore the similarities and differences of PMT and MP in terms treatment outcome. Outcome measures include parenting knowledge, parent's mindful awareness, parents' emotional competence, positive and negative parenting practice, parental stress,parent-child relationship, and parents' mental health, including parental stress, parents' sense of competence, as well as child behavioural problem
- To explore the underlying mechanisms for the effectiveness of PMT and MP, including their similarities and differences, and
- To examine for whom are PMT and MP more effective.
Hypotheses
In terms of treatment outcome, it is hypothesized that:
H1a) When compared to the waitlist control group, both PMT and MP programmes are similarly effective in reducing negative parenting behaviours and behavioural problems in children, promoting positive parenting behaviours, and enhancing parent-child relationship and parents' mental health.
H1b) Looking into the different aspects of parenting behaviours, however, PMT has stronger effects than the MP programme on increasing proactive parenting and the use of positive reinforcement, and reducing lax control. By contrast, the MP programme has stronger effects than the PMT on enhancing warmth and supportiveness and reducing parental hostility.
In terms of mechanisms of change, it is hypothesized that:
H2a) The PMT and MP programmes both have positive effects on parents' mental health by way of improved parenting practices, and such effect is mediated by the reduction in child behavioural problems and improvement in parent-child relationship.
H2b) The PMT and MP programmes are different in how they bring about improved parenting practices. Parenting knowledge is the mediator between the PMT programme and improved parenting practices, whereas parent's emotional competence is the mediator between MP programme and improved parenting practices.
Lastly, in terms of the effectiveness for particular target participants, it is hypothesized that:
H3) PMT is less effective for parents with low emotional competence whereas the MP programme is more effective for parents with low emotional competence.
详细描述
Parental Influence on Child Development
It is not surprising that parents, who set the climate in the home environment, have large impact on the behavioural and emotional development in children. Numerous studies have shown that children of parents who are warm and responsive are more likely to experience optimal child development outcomes. On the contrary, timid, permissive and reactive parenting is found to be associated with emotional and behavioural difficulties in children.
Parent Management Training
Given the significant role that parents play, how to support parents become a matter of concern. Parent Management Trainings (PMT) have been demonstrated to be an effective form of parental support. Traditional PMTs are generally based on a behavioural approach, with a primary focus on educating parents on effective behavioural management strategies so as to induce changes in child behaviour.
Past research has proven that PMT is particularly effective for addressing emotional and behavioural difficulties in children. In a review of evidence-based treatment, PMT was found to gain the strongest empirical support and yield the largest effect size among all other treatment approaches for disruptive behaviours in children and adolescents. Programmes of this type include the Incredible Years (IY) Parent Programme, and Positive Parenting Programme (Triple P), which are both classified as 'Well-supported' programme in California Evidence-based Clearinghouse (https://www.cebc4cw.org/) and proven to be clinically effective and cost effective for training parents of children with significant behavioural problems. Outcome evaluation of PMT suggests that PMT yields the following positive results:
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Prevention
- 盲法
- Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)
盲法说明
Participants do not have knowledge of the interventions assigned to individual participants.
The research assistant who supports in data collection do not know the interventions assigned to individual participants.
入排标准
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •having children aged 6 to 12 years.
排除标准
- •parents having a history of major mental illnesses and
- •parents who have received 8 week parent management trainings or mindfulness courses.
结局指标
主要结局
Parental Stress
时间窗: Post-intervention (Immediate)
Parental Stress Scale (PSS) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 6 (with higher scores indicating higher levels of parental stress)\]
Parenting Behaviours
时间窗: Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up)
Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 5 (with higher score indicating higher frequency of the parenting behaviours in the particular subscale)\]
Parenting Sense of Competence
时间窗: Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up)
Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 6 (with higher scores indicating higher parenting sense of competency)\]
Child Behaviours
时间窗: Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up)
Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) \[Intensity Score: Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 7; Problem score: Min Value: 0; Max Value: 1 (with higher score indicating more child behavioral problem)\]
Parent-Child Relationship
时间窗: Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up)
Parent-Child Relationship Factor in the Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS) \[Min. Value: 0; Max Value: 3 (with higher score indicating better parent child relationship)\]
次要结局
- Parent's Emotional Competence(Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up))
- Mindful Parenting(Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up))
- Parenting Knowledge(Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up))