Acute Effects of Different Potentiation Protocols During Warm-Up in Competitive Young Swimmers: A Randomized Crossover Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 招募中
- 入组人数
- 15
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Counter Movement Jump (CMJ)
研究概览
简要总结
Several warm-up strategies are commonly employed by athletes to optimize athletic performance and minimize the risk of injury. Recently, Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) has been demonstrated to be effective in improving athletic performance. Nevertheless, the difference with the general warm-up is still unclear and poorly studied. Conventionally, short-term performance improvements achieved after brief periods of maximal activity have been attributed to PAP, a muscle memory mechanism that generates involuntary and short-lived effects (~28 seconds). This condition appears to be activated only by a history of localized maximal contractions. In the literature, various conditioning protocols with differing durations and intensities have been explored, often finding conflicting results in terms of athletic performance. In swimming, few PAPE warm-up protocols outside the pool have been studied, despite their potential usefulness considering the waiting times before competitions.
Therefore, this study explores the effects of three different warm-up protocols in young swimmers. Specifically, different exercise protocols will be included in the athletes' usual warm-up routine, aimed at improving athletic performance through PAPE effects. In line with existing literature, the performance parameters examined are the countermovement jump (CMJ) and the times recorded for covering race distances ( 25 m, 50 m, 100 m). In addition, skin temperature, heart rate (HR), muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and perceived exertion (RPE) are also measured after the protocols to investigate possible relationships with performance measures. Nevertheless, the primary aim of this study is to compare different warm-up protocols in young swimmers to maximize their athletic performance.
详细描述
All outcome data will be expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The first warm-up section for all athletes will take place in the pool. Subsequently, baseline assessments (T0) will be conducted. Through a randomized study design, each participant will perform three plyometric protocols (squats with elastic bands, box jumps, or a combination of both).
To examine differences in the main outcomes, a repeated-measures ANOVA (4 conditions x 5 time points) will be conducted. When a significant condition × time interaction is detected, post hoc analyses to determine specific between and within-group differences. Effect sizes will be reported as partial eta squared (η²p). Statistical significance will be set at p < 0.05 for all analyses
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Crossover
- 主要目的
- Other
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 11 Years 至 18 Years（Child, Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •Active participation in competitive training programs (at least 10 hours per week), at least one year of experience in competitions organized by the Italian Swimming Federation, and no recent injuries.
- •Experience of resistance training for at least 6 months
排除标准
- •Irregular training participation
- •History of injuries in the 6 months prior to the study
结局指标
主要结局
Counter Movement Jump (CMJ)
时间窗: Before the start of the investigated warm-up phase (baseline, T0), 15 seconds after the protocols (T1), 3 minutes after the protocols (T2), 6 minutes after the protocols (T3), 9 minutes after the protocols (T4), 12 minutes after the protocols (T5)
Initially, the athlete stands upright on a flat surface or force platform, feet shoulder-width apart, hands on hips (to eliminate arm swing). Without a pause, the athlete performs a quick downward movement (countermovement) by bending the knees and hips, then immediately jumps vertically as high as possible. The athlete lands in an upright position on the same spot, trying to absorb the impact with knees slightly bent. Jump height and flight time is recorded using an optical system, Optojump™ system(Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) connected to a personal computer with dedicated software(OptojumpTM Next software). The system consists of two optical bars, a receiver and a transmitter, positioned 1m apart. The bars identify ground contact time(with a precision of 1ms) and then convert non-contact time into cm. Based on recommendations on optimal jump height (20 to 60cm).
Time Swimming Trials
时间窗: Before the start of the investigated warm-up phase (baseline, T0) and after the individual time of recovery resulting from the height of the CMJ (T1)
In a second moment, after establishing the best warm-up protocol (from among those proposed) with the best recovery (derived from the CMJ height with the time ratio) for each individual, the 25, 50, and 100 m measurements will be evaluated in the pool. This will take place at a later stage in a 25 m pool. The first part of the warm-up will be the same for all subjects, while the second part will be personalized, based on their Post Activation Performance Enhancement.
次要结局
- Skin Temperature(Before the start of the investigated warm-up phase (baseline, T0), 15 seconds after the protocols (T1), 3 minutes after the protocols (T2), 6 minutes after the protocols (T3), 9 minutes after the protocols (T4), 12 minutes after the protocols (T5))
- Heart Rate (HR)(Before the start of the investigated warm-up phase (baseline, T0), 15 seconds after the protocols (T1), 3 minutes after the protocols (T2), 6 minutes after the protocols (T3), 9 minutes after the protocols (T4), 12 minutes after the protocols (T5))
- Muscle Oxygen Saturation (SmO2)(Before the start of the investigated warm-up phase (baseline, T0), 15 seconds after the protocols (T1), 3 minutes after the protocols (T2), 6 minutes after the protocols (T3), 9 minutes after the protocols (T4), 12 minutes after the protocols (T5))
- Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)(Before the start of the investigated warm-up phase (baseline, T0), 15 seconds after the protocols (T1), 3 minutes after the protocols (T2), 6 minutes after the protocols (T3), 9 minutes after the protocols (T4), 12 minutes after the protocols (T5))
研究者
Giacomo Belmonte
Dr.
University of Palermo