Testing Multiple Behavioral Science Strategies to Increase Flu-Shot Rates at a Large Retail Pharmacy
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 734,383
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Whether participants receive a flu shot vaccination at our pharmacy partner by December 31, 2020
研究概览
简要总结
This research aims to identify which behavioral science strategies are most effective at increasing flu vaccination rates overall and based on patients' individual characteristics. Past behavioral science interventions have shown promise in increasing flu vaccinations. For example, successful interventions have encouraged people to make concrete plans for when they will get a flu vaccination, sent automated calls or text messages reminding patients to get a flu vaccination , or provided financial incentives for getting vaccinated. Although these results are promising, these studies have been conducted in isolation on different populations, which makes it difficult to compare their interventions' effectiveness or to have enough power to reliably detect differing responses to interventions based on individual characteristics.
This research will simultaneously test 22 different SMS interventions to increase flu vaccinations compared to a holdout control condition in a "mega-study" and apply machine learning to identify which interventions work best for whom. The interventions are designed by behavioral science experts from the Behavior Change for Good Initiative (BCFG), Penn Medicine Nudge Unit (PMNU), and Geisinger Behavioral Insights Team (BIT). Customers of a large retail pharmacy who received a flu shot from the pharmacy last year and receive SMS notifications will be included in this study. We expect this to include approximately 1.2 million participants.
The specific aims of this research are to identify (1) which behavioral science strategies effectively increase flu vaccination rates overall, and (2) which strategies are most effective for different subgroups (e.g., based on age, gender, race).
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Health Services Research
- 盲法
- Double (Care Provider, Outcomes Assessor)
盲法说明
As treated participants will receive text messages, there is no scope for blinding. Care providers will not be made aware of subjects' participation in the study, or assigned treatment arms. The study team will only receive data on subjects' assigned arms and outcomes at the end of the study.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Have agreed to receive SMS messages from the pharmacy
- •Received a flu shot from the pharmacy in the 2019-2020 flu season, as documented in their pharmacy records.
排除标准
- 未提供
研究组 & 干预措施
Holdout control
Participants will only receive the standard pharmacy messaging.
Foot-in-the-Door Control
Participants will be informed of the opportunity to receive a flu vaccine at their appointment. They will receive a reminder 3 days later.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Self-Generated Social Norms Control
articipants will be informed of the opportunity to receive a flu vaccine at their appointment. They will receive a reminder 3 days later.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Self-Generated Social Norms Treatment
Participants will first receive a message enjoining them to consider 2 peers who would want them to vaccinate. Then they will be asked to do those peers a favor by getting a vaccine at their next opportunity. They will receive a reminder 3 days later.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Dynamic Norm
Participants will receive a text message encouraging them to get a flu shot and informing them that more American adults are getting their flu shot than ever before.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
No Humor Condition
Participants will receive a text message encouraging them to get the flu shot.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Connecting the Past Self to the Future Self Treatment
Participants will receive a text message prompt to recall the negative experience of getting sick. When asked, "Do you wish you could have avoided getting sick by getting a simple shot?", participants will have the chance to respond Y for yes or N for no. Regardless of their response, they will be prompted with a second text message to connect their past experience with present-day opportunities for preventative care (getting a flu shot) to protect the future self from the flu.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Unpacking Risks Treatment
Participants will be asked to think about the risks of catching the flu this flu season and to respond with the location they are most likely to catch the flu out of a list of given options (e.g. at work, at home).
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Unpacking Risks Control
Participants will be asked to think about the risks of catching the flu this flu season and to respond to confirm that they have received the message.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Active Commitment Treatment
Participants receive a gain framed notification that they are eligible for a flu shot. In addition, participants are told "Many people find it helpful to make a plan to get their shot" and are asked to commit by texting back "I will get a flu shot." Depending on their response, participants receive a general reminder or a commitment reminder 3 days later.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Active Commitment Control
Participants receive a gain framed notification that they are eligible for a flu shot. Participants receive a general reminder 3 days later.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Foot-in-the-Door Treatment
Participants will first receive a message enjoining them to encourage someone else to receive a flu vaccine this year. They will then be given a message that they might copy-paste to forward to friends, thereby lowering the effort costs of messaging others. They will receive a reminder 3 days later.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Prosocial Condition
Participants will receive a message describing the condition-specific benefit of getting a flu shot, and a reminder to ask for their flu shot. The message will also give prosocial reasons for vaccinating (i.e., protecting loved ones; preserving scarce resources).
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Self-Oriented Condition
Participants will receive a message describing the condition-specific benefit of getting a flu shot, and a reminder to ask for their flu shot.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Prosocial + COVID-19
Participants will receive a message describing the condition-specific benefit of getting a flu shot, and a reminder to ask for their flu shot. The message will also give prosocial reasons for vaccinating (e.g., protecting loved ones; preserving scarce resources). The message will also emphasize the pandemic (e.g., risk of hospital-acquired COVID-19 infection; wasting scarce resources).
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Self-Oriented + COVID-19
Participants will receive a message describing the condition-specific benefit of getting a flu shot, and a reminder to ask for their flu shot. The message will also emphasize the pandemic (e.g., risk of hospital-acquired COVID-19 infection; wasting scarce resources).
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Dynamic + Static Norm
Participants will receive a text message encouraging them to get a flu shot and informing them that more American adults are getting their flu shot than ever before and how many Americans got their flu shot last year.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Dynamic Norms Control
Participants will only receive a text message encouraging them to get a flu shot. They will not receive any norm information.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Sharing Humor
Participants will receive a text message encouraging them to get the flu shot. The message will include a joke about the flu and will encourage participants to share the joke with nurses, doctors, or pharmacists.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Humor Placebo
Participants will receive a text message encouraging them to get the flu shot. This message will include the same joke but participants will not be encouraged to share it.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Connecting the Past Self to the Future Self Control
In the first text message, participants will receive a simple text message encouragement to receive a flu shot. In the second text message, they will receive a reminder of the appointment time and provider name.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Reverse Inference Condition
Participants will receive a text message encouraging them to get a flu shot and informing them that Americans who get flu shots are healthier, wealthier, and more educated.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
Reverse Inference Control Condition
Participants will receive a text message encouraging them to get a flu shot and informing them that Americans who get flu shots are less likely to get the flu.
干预措施: Flu shot text messages (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
Whether participants receive a flu shot vaccination at our pharmacy partner by December 31, 2020
时间窗: 98 days
The primary outcome measure is whether participants receive a flu shot at our retail pharmacy partner by December 31, 2020 (as recorded in their pharmacy records) after receiving the SMS intervention on September 25, 2020. Participants who receive a flu shot before September 25, 2020 when they received the SMS intervention will be excluded from the analyses.
次要结局
- Whether participants receive a flu shot vaccination at our pharmacy partner by October 31, 2020(37 days)