Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding TB Among Senior Management Officials of Companies With Increased Silica Dust Exposure in Lusaka and Southern Provinces of Zambia

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a significant global health burden, particularly among individuals in the economically productive age group of 15-64 years. In Zambia, 85% of TB cases occur in this demographic, underscoring the dual public health and socio-economic impact. The risk is compounded in industries with high exposure to crystalline silica dust, such as mining, construction, drilling, cement, brick, tile, glass, and ceramics manufacturing. Prolonged inhalation of silica dust can lead to silicosis, a condition that increases the risk of TB three to four times compared to individuals without silicosis. Even without silicosis, silica exposure alone elevates TB risk. Poor workplace conditions, including overcrowding and inadequate ventilation, further exacerbate transmission risks.

Recognizing these occupational hazards, the study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of senior management officials in companies with high silica exposure. These officials play a critical role in shaping workplace policies and interventions, making their understanding and attitudes toward TB prevention and management essential for effective workplace health strategies.

The research was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study between February and October 2022 in Lusaka and Southern provinces of Zambia. These provinces were selected due to their concentration of industries associated with silica dust exposure. The study focused on senior management officials, defined as either the most senior staff in an organization or heads of divisions/departments, given their influence on workplace health policies.

The sample population was drawn from the Zambia Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ZACCI), an umbrella organization representing businesses across all sectors. ZACCI advocates for workplace legislation and a conducive business environment. Companies known to produce silica dust were identified under categories including mining, construction, cement manufacturing, brick and tile manufacturing, and glass and ceramic manufacturing. The sampling frame included 1 mining company, 73 construction companies, 1 cement company, 9 brick/tile companies, and 10 glass/ceramic companies.

Each company was asked to nominate at least one senior official to complete the questionnaire, with a maximum of two responses per company. This ensured representation across industries while maintaining focus on individuals with policy-making authority.