Role of Low Lactose Infant Formula In The Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

At birth, and after written informed consent, investigators will encourage opiate dependent mothers to breast feed if appropriate in accordance with hospital NAS management guidelines (sober for at least 4-6 months, enrolled in a drug treatment program, HIV negative). If mother is unable to breast feed and or chooses formula feeding for the infant or the infant needs supplemental formula due to inadequate lactation or poor weight gain, then the infant will be randomized to either receive blinded "low lactose formula Similac Sensitive" or "regular cow mild based formula Similac Advance". These will be simply labelled as Formula A and formula B. The randomization will be done using computer generated random number coupled with stratified balanced blocked methodology. Recent reformulations by Abbott Nutrition in the US market nation wide has resulted in "low lactose formula Similac Sensitive" being made 19 cal/oz or 20 cal/oz or "regular cow mild based formula Similac Advance" which is now only available as 19 cal/oz instead of 20 cal/oz. This change in calorie density has occured to reflect newer data suggested that human breast milk has 19 cal/oz instead of 20 cal/oz as believed previously. Abbott has continued to make 20 cal/oz Similac sensitive because many many providers across the country are using this for NAS babies. There are some differences in other carbohydrates other than lactose (both have <1% lactose) in the two Similac Sensitive 19 and 20 cal/oz. The calorie difference is of no clinical significance in term infants because they modulate their volume of milk consumed.

After recruitment and randomization at birth, infants will be fed every 2-3 hrs or on demand and will also be observed for NAS score every 2-3 hours starting soon after birth. Infants will receive their "medical provider directed" standard pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.

Those who do not demonstrate NAS, will be discharged after 5-7 days of observation. Study formula will be discontinued or may be continued if they or their provider chose to do so.

Infants who develop NAS will continue to receive blinded formula as part of non-pharmacological treatment and will also receive pharmacological treatment (morphine/methadone) as per hospital guidelines directed by their medical care providers. Pharmacological treatment will be optimized and weaned as per standard hospital guidelines. Use of blinded formula A or B will be continued until 2 weeks of age at which point its use as study intervention will be completed. After this point, parents and medical care providers may use formula of their preference. However investigators will offer a choice of continuing the blinded formula until the infant is discharged at which point standard formula will have to be initiated. General clinical data will be collected at discharge including length of stay and weight.