The Effect of a Preventive Diabetic Foot Care Program on Knowledge, Behavior, Self-Management, and Glycemic Control Levels in Patients at Risk of Diabetic Foot
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 尚未招募
- 入组人数
- 78
- 主要终点
- Diabetes Foot Knowledge Scale
研究概览
简要总结
This study aims to evaluate the effect of a preventive diabetic foot care program on the knowledge, behavior, self-management, and glycemic control levels of type 2 diabetic patients at risk of diabetic foot. The development of a Preventive Diabetic Foot Care Program (DiaFOOTCare) for patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of diabetic foot is expected to make a significant contribution to preventing diabetic foot formation. The DiaFOOTCare program consists of two stages. In the first phase, a comprehensive, multi-component, and evidence-based preventive diabetic foot care program will be designed specifically for type 2 diabetic patients at risk of diabetic foot. The internal validity of the program will be tested through expert evaluations by specialists in diabetic foot care, assessments using readability formulas, and pre-application testing with patients identified as being at risk of diabetic foot. As part of the final implementation of the first phase, all interventions included in the DiaFOOTCare protocol will be administered to four patients with diabetic foot risk over a three-week period. Following this, the DiaFOOTCare protocol will be evaluated based on the feedback provided by these four pre-application participants. In the second phase, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a single-blinded and active control group design will be conducted at the Akdeniz University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic. A group of patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot risk will be identified, and pre-tests will be administered. The patients will then be randomly assigned to the intervention group (n=39) and the control group (n=39). The effectiveness of the DiaFOOTCare program will be assessed through post-tests.
详细描述
Diabetic foot, a complication of diabetes, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, as well as associated challenges such as high healthcare costs and reduced quality of life. Studies have shown that adherence to treatment among individuals at risk for diabetic foot is consistently low. However, patient education and proper guidance on care can significantly reduce the incidence of foot ulcers. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a preventive diabetic foot care program on the knowledge, behavior, self-management, and glycemic control levels of type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic foot risk. The development of the Preventive Diabetic Foot Care Program (DiaFOOTCare) for patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of diabetic foot is expected to play a pivotal role in preventing diabetic foot formation.
Study Design and Methods This study is structured in two phases. In the first phase, the DiaFOOTCare program will be developed, and in the second phase, its effectiveness will be tested through a randomized active-controlled trial.
First Phase: Development of the DiaFOOTCare Program
The DiaFOOTCare program includes various educational and behavioral interventions:
An e-booklet on type 2 diabetes management and preventive diabetic foot care will be prepared. The e-booklet's content will be recorded as voice-over modules, allowing patients to listen to the training at any time during the follow-up period.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Supportive Care
- 盲法
- Single (Participant)
盲法说明
Participants will be assigned to groups based on a randomization list created to ensure balanced allocation. The assignment of participants to the intervention and control groups, as well as the evaluation of outcome measurement data, will be conducted by two independent investigators.
Although the researchers delivering the interventions will not be blinded to group assignments, participant blinding will be maintained. Participants will remain unaware of the study hypotheses and the group to which they have been assigned, ensuring that their responses and engagement are not influenced by this knowledge.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 30 Years 至 65 Years（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •Participants must meet all of the following criteria to be included in the study:
- •Patients with type 2 diabetes receiving follow-up and treatment at the Akdeniz University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic.
- •Presence of one or more diabetic foot risk factors, categorized as category 2 or 3 according to the IWGDF (International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot) Risk Classification System.
- •Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least six months.
- •Aged between 30 and 65 years.
- •Literate.
- •No physical or mental disabilities that would prevent answering the study questions.
- •No communication barriers.
- •Able to understand and verbalize their diagnosis.
- •HbA1c ≥7.5%.
- •Internet access at home and possession of a device such as a computer, tablet, or smartphone, with the ability to use these tools.
- •Willing to provide informed consent to participate in the study.
排除标准
- •Participants will be excluded if they meet any of the following conditions:
- •Myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, or angina pectoris within the last year.
- •Diagnosed with type 1 diabetes or gestational diabetes.
- •Presence of an active diabetic foot ulcer.
- •Diagnosed with dementia or cognitive deficits.
- •Diagnosed with glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy.
- •Diagnosed with a terminal illness.
- •Inability to provide accurate information or participate in the study.
- •Criteria for Exclusion During Follow-Up
- •Participants will be excluded from the study during the follow-up period if they meet any of the following conditions:
- •Voluntarily choose to withdraw from the study.
- •Fail to complete at least two-thirds of the follow-up period for any reason.
- •Undergo bariatric surgery during the study.
- •Exhibit non-adherence to prescribed medications.
- •Have a general health condition that, according to their own statement, is unsuitable for continuing the study.
研究组 & 干预措施
DiaFOOTCare Group
The DiaFOOTCare Group will receive interventions to support diabetic foot self-management. An e-booklet on type 2 diabetes management and preventive diabetic foot care will be shared via WhatsApp or email, along with audio modules for easy access. An educational video featuring a simulated patient will demonstrate preventive foot care practices and be shared digitally. A 25-30-minute face-to-face training session will provide personalized guidance using a tablet. Goal-tracking cards will establish three-month behavioral goals, with patients documenting progress. SMS reminders will be sent three times weekly to reinforce adherence. Patients will have access to DiaFOOTCare resources for 12 weeks. At the three-month follow-up, outcomes will be assessed using the Glycemic Control Form, Goal-Tracking Card, Diabetic Foot Knowledge Scale, Foot Care Behavior Scale, Nottingham Functional Foot Care Diagnostic Form, and Diabetic Foot Self-Management Scale.
干预措施: DiaFOOTCare Program (Behavioral)
Active Control Group
The active control group will receive routine outpatient follow-ups and a diabetic foot care brochure from the Ministry of Health, explained by the researcher and shared via WhatsApp or email. Goal-tracking cards from the DiaFOOTCare program will be used to set individual diabetic foot self-management behavioral goals collaboratively during the initial interview. Patients will be instructed on how to complete the cards and maintain them over a three-month period. Post-tests will be conducted at the three-month follow-up to evaluate outcomes using the Glycemic Control Form, Goal-Tracking Card, Diabetic Foot Knowledge Scale, Foot Care Behavior Scale, Nottingham Functional Foot Care Diagnostic Form, Diabetic Foot Development Follow-up Form, and Diabetic Foot Self-Management Scale. After the follow-up, the e-booklet, audio modules, and preventive foot care video from DiaFOOTCare will be shared via WhatsApp or email to provide additional education and support.
干预措施: Ministry of Health and Education (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
Diabetes Foot Knowledge Scale
时间窗: 12 weeks
The Diabetic Foot Knowledge Scale is a validated tool designed to assess individuals' knowledge of diabetic foot care and complications. It evaluates key areas such as risk factors, preventive strategies, warning signs, and footwear selection. The scale typically includes 20 items, with each correct response earning 1 point, resulting in a score range of 0 to 20. Higher scores indicate strong awareness and reduced risk of complications, while lower scores highlight knowledge gaps requiring targeted education. Psychometric properties include a Cronbach's alpha of 0.63, indicating acceptable internal consistency, and an intra-item correlation coefficient of 0.25. The scale is widely used in clinical and research settings to identify at-risk patients, evaluate educational interventions, and guide strategies to improve diabetic foot self-management. Its practical design makes it a valuable resource for promoting preventive care and reducing diabetic foot complications.
Diabetic Foot Behaviour Scale
时间窗: 12 weeks
The Diabetic Foot Behavior Scale is a tool designed to evaluate foot self-care behaviors in individuals with diabetes. The scale consists of 15 items within a single dimension, utilizing a 5-point Likert-type format with responses scored as "Never," "Occasionally," "Sometimes," "Often," and "Always." Total scores range from a minimum of 15 to a maximum of 75, with higher scores indicating better self-care behaviors. The scale has demonstrated good internal consistency, with a reported Cronbach's alpha of 0.83.
Nottingham Functional Foot Care Diagnosis Form
时间窗: 12 weeks
The Nottingham Functional Foot Care Diagnosis Form is a comprehensive tool designed to assess foot care practices and identify areas for improvement in individuals with diabetes or other conditions affecting foot health. The form evaluates multiple aspects of foot care through subscales, including hygiene and skin care, nail care, footwear, inspection and monitoring, and symptom management. Responses are scored using a numerical system, often based on frequency or quality of behaviors, with higher scores indicating better foot care practices and lower scores highlighting areas needing improvement or intervention. The form has demonstrated excellent reliability and validity, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.80 to 0.90, confirming its strong internal consistency.
Diabetic Foot Self-Management Scale
时间窗: 12 weeks
The Diabetic Foot Self-Management Scale is a validated tool designed to evaluate self-management behaviors related to diabetic foot care and their impact on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The scale comprises 16 items that assess various aspects of self-care, including regular foot inspections, appropriate footwear selection, and management of foot-related symptoms. Each item is scored on a Likert-type scale, typically ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always), resulting in a total score range from 16 to 80. Higher scores indicate better adherence to diabetic foot self-management practices, reflecting a proactive approach to preventing complications such as ulcers or infections. The scale has demonstrated strong reliability, with a reported Cronbach's alpha of 0.85, indicating excellent internal consistency.
Diabetic Foot Development Monitoring Form
时间窗: 12 weeks
The Diabetic Foot Evaluation Form is a comprehensive tool used to assess foot health and identify risks for complications in individuals with diabetes. It evaluates key areas such as skin integrity, presence of ulcers or calluses, vascular health, neurological status, and footwear suitability. The form includes both objective clinical assessments and patient-reported inputs, ensuring a thorough evaluation of foot health. The scoring system typically assigns points to various categories, with a higher cumulative score indicating better foot health and lower scores reflecting higher risk levels or areas requiring intervention. For example, scores might range from 0 to 100, where 90-100 represents excellent foot health, 70-89 indicates moderate risk, and below 70 highlights high-risk patients requiring immediate attention. The form has demonstrated strong reliability, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.80 to 0.90, indicating excellent internal consistency across its components.
Glycaemic Control Form
时间窗: 12 weeks
The Glycemic Control Form will be used to evaluate and monitor patients' glycemic control through the analysis of key parameters. These include fasting blood glucose levels (mmol/L), postprandial blood glucose levels (mmol/L), and HbA1c levels (percentage). Fasting and postprandial glucose levels provide immediate insights into daily glucose management, while HbA1c reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, offering a comprehensive picture of long-term glycemic control. These metrics will guide the assessment of patients' diabetes management and inform necessary interventions.
Target Tracking Cards
时间窗: 12 weeks
As part of the DiaFOOTCare program, patient goal-tracking cards have been developed to support effective self-management of type 2 diabetes. These cards will facilitate the creation of a three-month individualized goal plan in collaboration with each patient, focusing on adherence to treatment and self-management behaviors. Goals will be set in key areas, including medication adherence, dietary compliance, physical activity, blood glucose regulation, and HbA1c targets. The cards will also document patients' self-reported progress, enabling regular monitoring and adjustment of goals based on their experiences and outcomes. At the end of the three-month period, the information recorded on the goal-tracking cards will be used to evaluate the patient's level of goal achievement and overall progress. This approach ensures a patient-centered, self-report-based method for assessing adherence and facilitating continuous improvement in diabetes management.
次要结局
未报告次要终点
研究者
Sultan Patat
MSc, Lecturer
Akdeniz University