Evaluating Treatment as Prevention Among People Who Inject Drugs in Dundee for HCV

Hepatitis C is a blood-borne virus (HCV) that can seriously damage the liver and is spread mainly through blood-to-blood contact with an infected person. The "serious and significant public health risk" posed by HCV was recognised during a member's debate in the Scottish Parliament in 2004. By December 2006, Health Protection Scotland estimated that 50,000 persons in Scotland had been infected with the Hepatitis C virus and that 38,000 were chronic carriers. Currently, the greatest risk of acquiring the virus in the UK is through injecting drug use. In Scotland, it is estimated that over 85% of individuals who have Hepatitis C were infected in this way.

The outcome of HCV infection varies considerably between individuals. Some (up to 25%) are able to clear the infection spontaneously, whilst the remaining 75% become chronically infected. Within the subpopulation of chronically infected patients, some will develop serious liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, within a few years, whilst in others liver disease will not progress even over a period of more than forty years. Hepatitis C is often referred to as the 'silent epidemic.' Many who are infected are unaware of it, and often show no symptoms over a long period of time. While there is presently no vaccination for Hepatitis C, the recent introduction of protease inhibitor-based directly acting anti-viral treatments (DAA) has begun a new era in treatment of this disease. These new oral treatments are extremely safe, have shorter treatment regimens than previous drugs, and are effective, producing a cure in over 90% of cases providing compliance is adequate.

The advent of more effective DAA therapies raises the possibility of using therapy as prevention, turning the epidemic off at source, by targeting active infected drug users who are the main source of new infections.

The modelling work of the investigators shows that HCV treatment is a critical component to HCV prevention among people who inject drugs and is likely to be cost-effective compared to delaying treatment or treating non-PWID with mild or moderate disease. For example, the investigators show in a number of settings with chronic HCV in PWID below 60% that treating 10-20 per 1000 drug users per year can reduce HCV prevalence by 50-90% over 10-15 years; that for every one PWID treated in the 20% chronic HCV setting 2 new HCV infections are averted. The scale of the benefit is inversely and exponentially related to prevalence of HCV in the population, the lower the prevalence the sooner and bigger the impact.

Current conventional treatment pathways focus on populations drawn from those known to drug problem services and former drug users. Treating people who are the most stable and with a low risk of relapse back into chaotic injecting will reduce future morbidity in the individual patients but may not achieve additional benefit in terms of averting future infections. The recent work of the investigators within Tayside has shown that they are able to test less stable, actively injecting drug users for Hepatitis C and then successfully treat them using both the conventional care pathway and non-conventional care pathways, such as needle exchange clinics (e.g. Eradicate study, completed February 2017; Advance study, aiming to start in October 2017), community pharmacies (SuperDOTC study, ongoing) and prisons. If the models are correct, this intensive treatment programme will effectively eradicate Hepatitis C from Tayside over the next few years. However, the models are not yet empirically tested and they make some assumptions that if violated may lead to over or under-estimation of the intervention effect. For example, the models assume that (a) heterogeneity in injecting risk and uptake of HCV testing and treatment will even out as PWID move and transition between high and low risk periods; and (b) that HCV transmission risk for susceptible PWID is similar for those that have achieved SVR or are untreated.