Preoperative Self-managed Respiratory Therapy for Reduction of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications After Non-cardiothoracic Surgery

Postoperative pulmonary complications account for >50% of all adverse postoperative events and are more costly and carry greater comorbidity than cardiac complications. Much research has been performed to identify potential risk reduction strategies for PPCs. Until recently all of these focused on intraoperative and postoperative interventions, including lung-protective mechanical ventilation, lung expansion techniques, and use of regional anesthesia and analgesia. In the last few years several studies have investigated the potential role of preoperative interventions to improve respiratory status. These studies have demonstrated benefit from preoperative inspiratory muscle training (IMT). A recent systematic review found that any preoperative intervention, such as education, IMT, exercise training or relaxation reduced PPC rates. However, these studies have focused on cardiothoracic and abdominal surgery, and almost all have utilized respiratory therapist-directed interventions. Likely due to the additional costs and difficulty of arranging respiratory therapy on an outpatient basis, this promising new risk mitigation strategy has yet to be adopted on a large scale. Incentive spirometry devices offer a potentially easier and less costly preoperative respiratory intervention. Incentive spirometers are a drug-free, easy to use, hand-held device that promotes deep breathing and respiratory muscle strength by providing visual feedback during sustained inhalation. It opens weak or collapsed airways to mobilize and assist mucociliary clearance to the upper airways where it can be coughed out. This study evaluates the hypothesis that providing preoperative, patient self-directed respiratory therapy with use of an incentive spirometry device will reduce the incidence of PPCs in patients with increased pulmonary risk undergoing any major, non-cardiothoracic surgery with general anesthesia.