Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Patients With Multiple Myeloma in Assuit University Hospitals ( Prospective and Retrospective Study)

Multiple Myeloma MM (plasma cell myeloma) represents a malignant proliferation of plasma cells derived from B cells. Its median age of diagnosis is 52-61 years but is less common under 40 years. Males are affected more than females.

Diagnostic criteria for Multiple Myeloma:

1. Clonal bone marrow plasma cells or biopsy-proven bony or extramedullary plasmacytoma and any one of the following myeloma-defining events.
2. Evidence of one or more end-organ damage that can be attributed to the underlying plasma cell proliferative disorder specifically:

• Hypercalcemia: serum calcium > 0.25mmol/l(>1 mg /dl) higher than the upper limit of normal or > 2.75mmol/l (>11mg/dl).

• Renal insufficiency: creatinine clearance <40 ml per min or serum creatinine >177 µmol (>2 mg/dl) .

• Anaemia : (hemoglobin value of < 10g/dl or hemoglobin > 2g/dl below the lower limit of normal

• Bone lesions: one or more osteolytic lesions on skeletal radiography, CT or PET CT ∙ Any one or more of the following biomarkers of malignancy:

• Clonal bone marrow plasma cells percentage > 60 %.

• Involved: uninvolved serum-free light chain ratio ≥100.

• >1 focal lesion on MRI studies. It causes many organ dysfunctions and symptoms such as renal failure, bony pains or fractures, anemia, susceptibility to infection, hypercalcemia, neurologic symptoms, and manifestation of hyperviscosity. It is characterized by the development of osteolytic lesions in the bone and involves the activation of osteoclasts with simultaneous suppression of new bone formation of osteoblast inhibition Bone pain is the most common symptom. Other presentations are anemia, hypercalcemia, renal failure, weight loss. Rare features are cord compression and CNS involvement.