The Effectiveness of Mobile Application Prototype (NutriDent4Mom) in Improving Nutrient Intake, Diet Quality, and Periodontal Health Status of Pregnant Women: A Cluster Randomized Trial

Mean Community Periodontal Index score

时间窗: From baseline to the end of intervention period at 8 weeks

Periodontal health status was measured using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The mouth was divided into 6 sextants (18-14, 13-23, 24-28, 38-34, 33-43, 44-48) and 10 index teeth (17, 16, 11, 26, 27, 36, 37, 31, 47, and 46) were examined using a CPI probe and given scores as follows: 0 = healthy periodontium, 1 = bleeding after probing, 2 = calculus detected during probing but the black band on the probe was visible, 3 = shallow pocket 4-5 mm (gingival margin within the black band on the probe), and 4 = deep pocket ≥ 6 mm (black band on the probe not visible). The highest CPI score of each patient was recorded, and the mean number of sextants having CPI code of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 was calculated to indicate the severity of periodontal disease.

Nutrient Value

时间窗: From baseline to the end of intervention period at 8 weeks

Nutrient intake was assessed using 24-hour diet recall. The 24-hour recall was done for 3 days (1 weekend and 2 weekdays) to establish intake of nutrients. Data were analysed using Nutritionist Pro™ software to establish the nutrient intake value. The nutrient values were compared with the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for pregnancy and categorised as follows: 1) Inadequate for values below the estimated average requirement, 2) Adequate for values between the estimated average requirement and tolerable upper intake level, and 3) Excessive for values exceed the tolerable upper intake level.

Healthy Eating Index

时间窗: From baseline to the end of intervention period at 8 weeks

Diet quality was assessed using a self-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ comprises of 82 food items organized into 10 main food groups as follows: 1) Cereal and cereal products, 2) Meat and eggs, 3) Milk and milk products, 4) Nuts, 5) Vegetables, 6) Fruits and fruit juices, 7) Beverages, 8) Fats, 9) Sweet and baked goods, and 10) Condiments. The frequency of food intake has a 7-point scale rating as follows: 1=never or rarely, 2=once a month, 3=2 to 3 times a month, 4=once a week, 5=2 to 3 times a week, 6=once daily, and 7=2 to 3 times daily. The conversion factor was used to estimate food intake based on frequency of intake. The score of each food group was calculated using a validated formula. Diet quality was categorized as 1) Poor diet for score less than 51%, 2) diet requiring improvement for score 51 to 80%, and 3) Good diet for score more than 80%.

Mean Gingival Index score

时间窗: From baseline to the end of intervention period at 8 weeks

The Gingival Index (GI) was used to assess the severity of gingival inflammation. Four gingival areas of 6 index teeth (16, 12, 24, 36, 32 and 44) were examined using a CPI probe and given scores as follows: 0 = normal healthy gingiva; 1 = mild inflammation with slight colour change and oedema but no bleeding on probing; 2 = moderate inflammation with red, oedematous and glazing gingival tissues that bleed on probing; and 3 = severely inflamed gingival tissues with marked redness and oedema, ulceration, and tendency to bleed spontaneously. The scores from each index tooth were added and divided by 4 to give the GI for the tooth. The GI of each patient was determined by adding the scores for all index teeth and dividing it by the number of teeth examined.