Patient's Experience and Choice Between Investigations for Endometrial Cancer in Postmenopausal Bleeding

Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract in Hong Kong. It is estimated that around 10% of women experience postmenopausal bleeding. Around 90% of women with endometrial cancer initially presented with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). The aim in the evaluation of PMB is to exclude underlying malignancy. Clinical tests to evaluate the endometrium include transvaginal ultrasound scanning (TVS) to measure endometrial thickness (ET), endometrial biopsy or sampling (ES), saline infusion sonography, and hysteroscopy. TVS ET or ES has been recommended as the first-line investigation.

There are, however, different ET cut-off values recommended by various professional groups. From a study between 2002-2013 in the One-stop PMB clinic, investigators found that ET was able to identify women with endometrial cancer with the sensitivity at 3mm, 4mm, and 5mm, the current levels recommended in professional guidelines, being 97.0%, 94.1%, and 93.5% respectively.

Although clinical management guidelines and accuracy data are available, little is known about the level of patient's acceptance of the false negative rate and how patient would trade residual risk with more invasive test. There is also a lack of study on the experience of women during the management pathway especially the level of anxiety before and after investigations and the pain experience from the investigations offered. There is only one study identified from the literature which suggested high levels of anxiety in women who experienced PMB.

There is a dedicated Postmenopausal Bleeding Clinic for the one-stop evaluation for PMB in Hong Kong and investigators receive referrals from other centers in Hong Kong. It is a tertiary-care university institution with two affiliated hospitals.

All patients who are new referrals for the symptom of PMB will be invited to participate in the study. Informed consent form will be obtained from all patients participating in the study. Patients will be asked to read written information on postmenopausal bleeding including the risk of endometrial cancer and investigation options including TVS ET, hysteroscopy and ES. The information will be focused on the detection rate and procedure-related risk. The interviewer will specify that 1) hysteroscopy and ES will be considered to offer 100% detection rate but there is procedure related risks including pain, bleeding, infection, uterine perforation because entrance into the uterine cavity is required 2) TVS ET do not require entry into uterine cavity but the detection rate is not 100%. Then patients will undergo a structured interview by an interviewer using the standard gamble technique.