Study of the Functional Status Neutrophils in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients to Identify New Biomarkers of Response to Anti-TNFalpha Therapy

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease with substantial impact on the lives of millions of people across Europe. It is a disease of considerable socioeconomic burden, with direct and indirect costs across Europe reaching hundreds of billions of Euros per year. Demographic studies indicate that the next decade will see this burden dramatically rise. Ultimately, RA results in substantial pain, disability, adverse social consequences and significantly increased risk of mortality for the individual, while at the same time having a massive impact on health economies across Europe. In recent years, RA treatment has been partially effective due to the introduction of effective, although extremely costly, bDMARDs (biological Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug) as monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapies.

From the clinical, immunological and molecular perspectives, RA is a heterogeneous disease and treatments effective for one patient frequently do not work for another. Due to individual differences, the response rate to first line treatment currently lies at an inadequate 60-70%. In addition, even if patients with RA frequently achieve an inactive disease status, sustained remission without need of medication is still elusive for most. Considering that mAb-based therapies are still very expensive, it is important to thoroughly identify the mechanisms that block their efficacy as well as the predictive factors of therapeutic response. Thus, a better use of mAb-based therapies could result in a therapeutic benefit but also in a considerable economic reduction for National Health Care Systems.

Most studies of immune cells in RA have limitations, such as the analysis of only a small number of cell subsets (in which PMN are most often not included) and limited integrative longitudinal data on patient phenotypes. Studies on PMN and other myeloid cells activation may lead to the identification of mechanisms of disease induction and maintenance.

It has been described that PMN play diverse roles in various infectious and inflammatory diseases, making them a potentially attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Excessive or inappropriate activation of PMN likely contributes to tissue damage in inflammatory disorders. In such cases, therapeutic neutrophil-targeted strategies should aim to inhibit the neutrophil compartment, either by reducing the number of PMN or by inhibiting their functional response. The latter can be achieved by reducing neutrophil activation or dampening the effects of neutrophil-derived mediators. A number of ongoing studies are therefore aiming to manipulate neutrophils for the treatment of several diseases, with therapeutic approaches including targeting neutrophil development and production, interfering with neutrophil accumulation at the site of infection or inflammation and reversing the detrimental changes of neutrophil phenotype that occur during certain pathological conditions. In the past, drug development efforts have always shied away from targeting PMN, mainly for fear of severe infectious complications. Several studies suggest the existence of a therapeutic window of attenuating neutrophil-mediated inflammatory processes without interfering with neutrophil-mediated host defense. It is possible to envision the development of agents that can block defined neutrophil functions while only modestly impairing host-defense. Therefore, the knowledge gathered about the role of PMN in health and disease will lead to the development of therapeutic strategies that target specific features of PMN biology.

The study of PMN in inflammatory diseases has recently brought the concept of neutrophil heterogeneity and plasticity, which is suggested to occur in a context-dependent manner. Upon specific inflammatory conditions PMN are able to change their phenotypes and molecular properties. However, the phenotypic and functional diversity of PMN is ill-understood in RA pathogenesis and mostly overlooked in response to current treatments, including those involving mAbs. Studying the neutrophil heterogeneity has significant therapeutic relevance. In particular, the identification and characterization of PMN subsets will allow targeting a specific PMN subpopulations with deleterious functions, mitigating their harmful aspects without compromising host defense. It will also be possible to reinforce PMN subsets displaying beneficial functions.