Randomized Test of Financial Incentives for Smoking Cessation Treatment Engagement Among A Healthcare System's Universal Primary Care Population

In this randomized controlled trial, each patient of participating Group Health Cooperative of South Central Wisconsin (GHC-SCW) primary care clinics who is listed in the Cigarette User Registry receiving standard telephone contact from their GHC-SCW Tobacco Cessation Outreach Specialist (TCOS) to discuss tobacco use treatment options will be reminded of GHC-SCW's commitment to helping them improve their health, advised to quit smoking, offered support to quit smoking, recruited, screened, consented, and randomized over the phone to one of three conditions of financial engagement incentives. Smokers unwilling to participate in the incentivized treatment program will be offered entry into the existing GHC-SCW standard smoking cessation program. Participants in the research study will also receive smoking treatment via the existing GHC-SCW standard smoking cessation program. Participants in the research study will be told that they may receive a treatment engagement incentive, with the amount consistent with their randomized incentive condition; receipt of their assigned incentive amount is dependent upon their setting a quit date and completing two smoking cessation treatment counseling contacts. The smoking cessation treatment includes medication and 3 quit smoking counseling calls scheduled to occur after the recruitment contact call, which is the standard smoking cessation program available to all GHC-SCW patients. This program entails a brief counseling call a week (typically 5-7 days) pre-quit i.e., before the patient's target quit date (TQD), approximately 5-7 days following the TQD (Week 1), and about one month following the TQD (Week 4).

Research participants will be asked to complete brief (3 to 5 minute) assessments during each standard care smoking treatment counseling call by GHC-SCW, plus 15-25 minute research study phone interviews 3- and 6-months post-TQD for study purposes. Those claiming abstinence at the 6-month post-TQD phone interview will be asked to return to their primary care clinic to complete breath, urine, and/or saliva testing to verify abstinence from combustible tobacco. This will entail providing breath samples for carbon monoxide testing and/or a urine or saliva sample for immediate cotinine testing (no samples will be stored). Participants may also be asked to collect a saliva sample at home and return it in the mail if they do not attend a biochemical verification visit.

Primary Aims:

• To determine the relations between treatment engagement financial incentive amounts offered and likelihood of patient engagement in smoking cessation treatment.

• Primary outcome measure: Patient engagement in smoking cessation treatment (defined as setting a TQD and completing two phone counseling calls).