Physiological and Eating-behavioral Responses to Viewing Sensory-specific Food Pictures
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 25
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Pancreatic polypeptide concentrations (pg/ml)
研究概览
简要总结
The overall objective of the research project is to characterize the consequences of digital food stimuli exposure on eating behavior. Specifically, we aim to study cephalic phase physiology, food choice and quantity, as well as post-ingestive sensations in response to viewing sensory-specific food pictures. Furthermore, we want to examine whether these outcomes depend on sweet taste liking, as determined by FGF21 concentrations in the blood and the phenotypical Sweet Taste Liker Test. Section 2.1 lists the primary hypotheses.
详细描述
Watching television is associated with an increased risk of being overweight. On the more modern internet-based digital media food represents a major content category. The vast majority of people in the United States look at screens during the majority of their meals. It, therefore, seems prudent to study the eating behavioral impact of common (food-related) digital media habits.
One particularly popular digital media type is food pictures. While food pictures can elicit hunger, they might also cause satiation. One study showed that rating the taste of 60 (vs. 20) food pictures of a salty (vs. sweet) taste decreased liking for subsequently consumed peanuts (i.e., a salty food). The mechanism behind this finding is an implicit mental simulation of food consumption - necessary to make a hedonic judgment - and a process that spontaneously occurs at the sight of food. Analogous research in mental imagery - explicit mental simulation - similarly found that repeated imagined consumption of a food can decrease subsequent actual intake of that same food.
Cephalic phase responses are conditioned or learned physiological anticipatory responses to food. In the subsequent century, scientific investigation has moved beyond saliva to also include hormones measured in blood. Many cephalic phase responses depend on vagus nerve efferent activation. Pancreatic polypeptide is the most robust and reliable proxy for such vagal activity. Researchers have used a multitude of methods to trigger the cephalic phase responses, including actual food consumption, sham feeding (i.e., orosensory stimulation without absorption), and visual, olfactory, and cognitive cues.
There are some indications that cephalic phase vagal activation might be sensory-specific, i.e., that the vagus nerve is differentially stimulated by sweet and salty stimuli. Pancreatic polypeptide responds differently to (modified) sham feeding solid food with palatable or unpalatable levels of sweet or salty taste while keeping the macronutrient content constant. Specifically, the palatable-sweet conditions had a significantly increased pancreatic polypeptide response compared to the salty conditions.
Contrary to the common belief that sweetness is universally liked, researchers have consistently found marked differences in individuals' taste preferences. Recent research identified FGF21 as a key physiological determinant of sweet taste liking. Fasting FGF21 blood concentrations are lower in participants classified as sweet taste likers compared to dislikers, based on a taste preference questionnaire. FGF21 gene variants were also predictive of habitual candy intake. The agreement between FGF21 blood levels and phenotypical assessment methods of sweet taste liking is unknown. Overall, it seems plausible to speculate that cephalic phase responses manifest sensory-specific differences based on both stimulus and participant.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Crossover
- 主要目的
- Basic Science
- 盲法
- None
盲法说明
Participants will be aware of the study visit assignment during the study visit when exposed to the experimental stimuli, but not beforehand. Investigators will be aware also before the study visit.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no color-blindness
- •Danish understanding
排除标准
- •Regular smoking
- •Dietary constraints, e.g., vegan/vegetarian, gluten or lactose intolerance, allergies
- •For women: pregnancy / planned pregnancy (within the study period) / lactating
- •Unable to understand the informed consent and the study procedures
- •Self-reported history of an eating disorder in the past 3 years
- •Self-reported weight change (>5 kg) within three months before inclusion
- •Uncontrolled medical issues, e.g.including, cardiovascular pulmonary, rheumatologic, hematologic, oncologic, infectious, GI or psychiatric disease, diabetes or other endocrine diseases, immunosuppression
- •Current treatment with medication or medical devices significantly affecting glucose metabolism, appetite, or energy balance
- •Current treatment with antidepressants
- •Bariatric surgery
- •Alcohol/drug abuse or in treatment with disulfiram (Antabus) at the time of inclusion
结局指标
主要结局
Pancreatic polypeptide concentrations (pg/ml)
时间窗: Change against baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) at t = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30 minutes, compared between visits (at least one week between each visit)
Assessed from blood samples in fasted state. Mixed models repeated measures comparison with subsequent post hoc testing.
次要结局
- Hunger (self-reported, VAS)(Baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) vs. after picture viewing (t = 15 minutes) vs. after breakfast consumption (t = 45 minutes), between-visit differences in differences (at least one week between each visit))
- Desire for something salty (self-reported, VAS)(Baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) vs. after picture viewing (t = 15 minutes) vs. after breakfast consumption (t = 45 minutes), between-visit differences in differences (at least one week between each visit))
- Eye movement(Measured during t = 0-15 minutes, and compared between each visit (at least one week between each visit).)
- Food choice(Captured during t = 15 minutes, and compared between each visit (at least one week between each visit).)
- Desire to eat something (self-reported, VAS)(Baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) vs. after picture viewing (t = 15 minutes) vs. after breakfast consumption (t = 45 minutes), between-visit differences in differences (at least one week between each visit))
- Feelings of satisfaction (self-reported, VAS)(Measured after meal consumption (t = 45 minutes) and compared between each visit (at least one week between each visit).)
- Desire for something sweet (self-reported, VAS)(Baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) vs. after picture viewing (t = 15 minutes) vs. after breakfast consumption (t = 45 minutes), between-visit differences in differences (at least one week between each visit))
- Feelings of fullness (self-reported, VAS)(Measured after meal consumption (t = 45 minutes) and compared between each visit (at least one week between each visit).)
- Ghrelin concentrations (pg/ml)(Change against baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) at t = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30 minutes, compared between visits (at least one week between each visit))
- GLP-1 concentrations (pmol/l)(Change against baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) at t = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30 minutes, compared between visits (at least one week between each visit))
- Peptide YY concentrations (pmol/l)(Change against baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) at t = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30 minutes, compared between visits (at least one week between each visit))
- Breakfast liking (self-reported, VAS)(Measured after meal consumption (t = 45 minutes) and compared between each visit (at least one week between each visit).)
- Desire for something fatty (self-reported, VAS)(Baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) vs. after picture viewing (t = 15 minutes) vs. after breakfast consumption (t = 45 minutes), between-visit differences in differences (at least one week between each visit))
- Glucose concentrations (mmol/l)(Change against baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) at t = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30 minutes, compared between visits (at least one week between each visit))
- FGF21 concentrations (pg/ml)(Change against baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) at t = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30 minutes, compared between visits (at least one week between each visit))
- Food intake (kcal)(Portion size is captured at t = 15 minutes. Actual food intake (kcal) is measured after meal completion (t = 45 minutes), and compared between each visit (at least one week between each visit).)
- Insulin concentrations (µg/ml)(Change against baseline (t = -15, 0 minutes) at t = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30 minutes, compared between visits (at least one week between each visit))