Effects of Resistance Training Programes At Different Intensities on Musculoskeletal, Metabolic, Lipid, Immunological, Inflammatory, Well-being and Functional Parameters in Older Adults.

This is a randomized clinical trial (RCT) with 6 parallel arms. The subjects will be divided in 6 groups with a randomized technique assigned to a 32-week of: a) progressive elastic band-based resistance training program at high intensity (HI); b) progressive elastic band-based resistance training program at moderate-high intensity (MHI-bands); c) progressive elastic band-based resistance training program at moderate intensity (MI); d) progressive elastic tubes-based resistance training program at moderate-high intensity (MHI-tubes); e) progressive water-resistance training program at moderate intensity (WMI); f) self-management control group (CG). The subjects will be submitted to a 2-session familiarization period and then a 32-week of training program will be performed twice a week.

The exercise groups engaged in progressive elastic-based (bands of tubes) resistance training twice a week with three to four sets of six (HI), 10 (MHI) or 15 (MI) submaximal repetitions including six overall body exercises at a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of 6-7 in the first four weeks and 8-9 in the remaining weeks on the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale (RES). The water-resistance group will perform similar exercises adapted to the water environment at maximal effort (maximal speed in the concentric and eccentric phases of each repetition) during 40 seconds. Members of the control group were instructed to continue their everyday lives.

Oxidative stress, bone health, body composition, neuromuscular strength, physical function, quality of life, lipidic, immune and cardiometabolic profile will be assessed. Oxidative stress status will be assessed in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (urinary 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine [8-oxo-dG], lipids (F2-isoprostanes[8-iso-P]; malonaldehyde [MDA], and proteins (protein carbonyls) products together with antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and glutathione peroxidase [GPx]), and thiol redox state (reduced glutathione [GSH], oxidized glutathione [GSSG], and the GSSG/GSH ratio. Bone health will be integrated by measures of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and the T-score of the lumbar spine (L1-L4 segments, L2-L4 segments, and L1, L2, L3, and L4 individual vertebrae) and proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, Ward's triangle, and total hip in both projects) will be assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Additionally bone health will be also composed by fracture risk (the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture and the 10-year probability of a hip fracture), bone turnover markers (BTMs) of bone formation (procollagen type I N propeptide [P1NP], a bone-specific isoform of alkaline phosphatase [bALP]) and bone resorption (a β-isomerized form of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [β-CTx]), and their relationship (bALP/ β-CTx ratio). Body composition (total body mass, total fat mass, total fat-free mass, and total body fat percentage) will be measured by DXA. Moreover, the neuromuscular strength of upper limbs (elbow flexor and extensor muscles) and lower limbs (hip abductor and hip adductor along with knee flexor and extensor muscles) will be assessed through isokinetic dynamometry at low (60°/s) and high (180°/s) velocities. Finally, physical performance will be measured using various functional tests and batteries widely used in the literature, such as the 30 seconds chair stand (30sec-CS) and 30 seconds arm curl (30sec-AC) for muscle strength/endurance of the lower and upper limbs; time up and go (TUG) for dynamic balance/agility; the six-minute walking test (6MWT) for aerobic endurance; five sit-to stand.